Separate

Particle Physics

model
1

Particle model facts Fold page here

1) What is the equation for density? 1) ρ = m ÷ V

2 2) What are the units for density, mass and 2) density – kg/m3, mass – kg, volume - m3
volume?
3) How are the particles in a solid arranged? 3) The particles are touching and vibrate around a fixed
pattern.
4) How are the particles in a liquid arranged? 4) Particles are touching but not in fixed positions. They
are free to flow around.
5) How are the particles in a gas arranged? 5) Particles are far apart and move around quickly and
randomly.
6) Which state of matter is most dense? 6) Solid.
7) What are the names of the five state 7) Melting (solid → liquid), evaporating (liquid → gas),
changes? freezing (liquid → solid), condensing (gas → liquid),
sublimating (solid → gas/gas → solid).
8) How do you measure the volume of a 8) Measure the length of the three sides and multiply
regular solid. together.
9) How do you measure the volume of an 9) Place the irregular solid in water in a measuring
irregular solid. cylinder. Measure how much the water level has
gone up by.
10) What is internal energy? 10) Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and
potential energy of all the particles that make up a
system.
11) What is the definition of specific heat 11) The energy needed to heat up 1kg of a material by a
capacity? temperature of 1°C.
12) What is the definition of latent heat? 12) The energy needed to change state of 1kg of a
substance without changing temperature.
13) Why doesn’t the temperature of a material 13) Energy goes into breaking/making bonds.
change as it’s changing state?
14) How do the molecules in a gas move? 14) In random motion.
15) What happens to the speed of particles in a 15) The speed of the particles increases as the gas is
gas as the gas is heated? heated.
16) What happens to pressure if the size of a 16) The pressure would increase as particles would hit
container is reduced? the walls of the container more often.
17) The specific latent heat of fusion gives what 17) From solid to liquid.
state change?
18) The specific latent heat of vaporisation gives 18) From liquid to gas.
what state change?
19) What is the equation to calculate energy 19) ΔE = m × c × Δθ
change from specific heat capacity?
20) What is the equation to calculate energy 20) E = m × L
needed for a state change?

Name ______________________________
Class ______________________________
Teacher ______________________________
 Density
3 The word means how much mass (particles) there are in a given volume (space).
4 The more particles in a volume, the higher the density.

6 The density of a substance is defined as its

7 mass per unit volume.

8 Objects float if they are less dense than

9 water. This is because they weigh less than the same volume of water.

10 Density ρ can be calculated as follows:

11 Density = Mass ÷ Volume

12 ρ=m÷V

13 Where:

14 • ρ is density in kilograms per

15 cubic metre (kg/m3)

16 • m is mass in kilograms (kg)

17 • V is volume in cubic metres (m3)

BASIC
3
1. Calculate the densityρ (in kg/m ) for each of the following:
 3
a. m = 10 kg and V = 10 m m/v = 1kg/m3
3
b. m = 15.5 kg and V = 0.1 m m/v = 155kg/m3
3
c. m = 20.20 kg and V = 0.01 m m/v =2020kg/m3

2. Calculate the mass m (in kg) for each of the following:

3 3
a. ρ = 10 kg/m and V = 15 m pv = 150kg
3 3
b. ρ = 0.15 kg/m and V = 12.20 m pv = 1.83kg
3 3
c. ρ = 0.006 kg/m and V = 1.005 m pv = 6.03x10-3kg
3
3. Calculate the volume V (in m ) for each of the following:
3
a. m = 20 kg and ρ = 10 kg/m m/p =2m3
3
b. m = 0.22 kg and ρ = 0.05 kg/m m/p = 4.4m3
3
c. m = 6.60 kg and ρ = 0.003 kg/m m/p = 2200m3

MEDIUM
3
1. Calculate the densityρ (in kg/m ) for each of the following:
3
a. m = 10 g and V = 10 cm
3 3
You need to change g into kg and cm into m
3 3
m = 10 g = 0.01 kg and V = 10 cm = 1x10-5 m Now you
can calculate the density in kg/m
3 To go from cm3 to m3→ ÷ 1,000,000
3
ρ = 1000 kg/m To go from g to kg → ÷ 1,000
3
b. m = 12.2 g and V = 200 cm p = m/v = 61kg/m3
3
c. m = 300.3 g and V = 600.6 cm p = m/v = 500kg/m3
3
2. Calculate the densityρ (in g/cm ) for each of the following:
3
a. m = 10 kg and V = 10 m
3 3
You need to change kg into g and m into cm
3 3
m = 10 kg = 10 000g g and V = 10 m = 10 000 000 cm Now you can calculate the density in
3
g/cm
3
ρ = 1x10-3g/cm
3 3
b. m = 0.001 kg and V = 0.002 m p = m/v = 5x10-4g/cm
3 -4 3 To go from m3 to cm3→ × 1,000,000
c. m = 0.015 kg and V = 0.050 m p = m/v = 3x10 g/cm
To go from kg to g → × 1,000
HARD
3
1. A wooden post has a volume of 0.025 m and a mass of 20 kg. Calculate its density in
3
kg/m .20 / 0.025 = 800 kg/m3
3 3
2. An object has a mass of 100 g and a volume of 20 cm . Calculate its density in kg/m .0.1/2x10-
5
=5000kg/m3
3 3
3. An object has a volume of 3 m and a density of 6 000 kg/m . Calculate its mass in kg.
6000 x 3 =18 000kg
3
4. An object has a mass of 20 000 kg and a density of 4 000 kg/m . Calculate its volume in
3
m .20000/4000 = 5 m3
3
5. The density of air is 1.3 kg /m . What mass of air is contained in a room measuring 2.5 m x 4
m x 10 m?1.3 x (2.5 x 4 x 10) =130 kg
3
6. The density of water is 1 000 kg/m . A water tank measures 2 m x 4 m x 5 m. What mass of
water (in g) will it contain?1000 x (2 x 4 x 5) = 40 000kg
7. A rectangular concrete slab is 0.80 m long, 0.60 m wide and 0.05 m thick.
 3
a. Calculate its volume in m .(0.8 x 0.6 x 0.05) = 0.024m3 b. The mass of the concrete slab is 60
kg.
3
Calculate its density in kg/m .60 / 0.024
=2500kg/m3
18 When a can of regular coke is put into water it sinks.
19 However, when a can of diet coke is put into water it
20 floats. Using the keywords below, explain why.

21

22 Keywords: Less, water (x2), more, volume, sugar,

23 sinks, floats.

24

25 Both diet coke and regular coke are in cans of the same volume [1].

26 However regular coke weighsmore[1]

27 Because it contains a lot of sugar [1].

28 The density of the regular coke is more than water. [1]

29 But the density of diet coke is less than water. [1]

30 Therefore diet coke floats, but regular coke sinks. [1]

 Density practical
31 Density – Regular Objects:
32 Object 1 :
33 Mass of object = ____________ g
34 Length = ___________ cm, Width = __________ cm, Height =
35 __________ cm
36 Volume = length × width × height = _________________ cm3
37 Density = mass ÷ volume = _____________ g/cm3
38 Compare with the table at the top of the sheet to predict what the object is made of.
39 Object is made of ____________________.
40 Object 2:
41 Mass of object = ____________ g
42 Length = ___________ cm, Width = __________ cm,
43 Height = __________ cm
44 Volume = length × width × height = _________________ cm3
45 Density = mass ÷ volume = _____________ g/cm3
46 Compare with the table at the top of the sheet to predict what the object is made of.
47 Object is made of ____________________.
48 Object 3:
49 Mass of object = ____________ g
50 Length = ___________ cm, Width = __________ cm, Height = __________ cm
51 Volume = length × width × height = _________________ cm3
52 Density = mass ÷ volume = _____________ g/cm3
53 Compare with the table at the top of the sheet to predict what the object is made of.

Substance Wood Aluminium Zinc Iron Copper Gold

Density in
0.4 2.7 7.1 7.9 8.9 19.3
g/cm3

54 Object is made of ____________________.

55
 Density – Irregular Objects
56 Method:
57 1. Measure the mass of a piece of plasticine in grams.
58
59 2. Note the level of the water before and after the plasticine is added.
60
61 3. Work out the volume of the plasticine by using the calculation –
62
63 Volume of water before object added – volume of water after object added.
64
65 4. Work out the density in g/cm3 of plasticine.
66
67 Results table:
68
Object Mass Volume of water Volume of water Volume Density of
(g) before object after object of object object
added (cm3) added (cm3) (cm3) (g/cm3)
1

69
70 Questions:
71
72 Circle the correct words in each sentence.
73
74 1. Density is how much (mass / volume) there is in 1cm3 of a material.
75
76 2. A material with a high density feels (lighter / heavier) than a material with a low
77 density.
78
79 3. Materials with a high density (float / sink) when you put them in water.
80
81 4. Materials with a (high / low) density float.
82
83 5. The density of water is 1g/cm3. If a material has a density (less / greater) than the
84 density of water, it will float.
85 Density – Liquids

86 Mass of measuring cylinder without water = ____________ g

87 Mass of measuring cylinder with 50 cm3 of water = _____________ g

88 Mass of water = __________ g

89 Volume of water = 50 cm3

90 Density = Mass ÷ Volume = _________ g/cm3

A student wanted to determine the density of a small piece of rock.

(a) Describe how the student could measure the volume of the piece of rock. (4)

Level 2: The method would lead to the production of a valid outcome. Key steps are
identified and logically sequenced.
3−4

Level 1: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid outcome. Some relevant
steps are identified, but links are not made clear.
1−2

No relevant content
0

Indicative content

• part fill a measuring cylinder with water

• measure initial volume
• place object in water
• measure final volume
• volume of object = final volume − initial volume

• fill a displacement / eureka can with water

• water level with spout
• place object in water
• collect displaced water
• measuring cylinder used to determine volume of displaced water

(b) The volume of the piece of rock was 18.0 cm3.

The student measured the mass of the piece of rock as 48.6 g.

Calculate the density of the rock in g/cm3. (2)

Use the equation:

density = 2.70 (g/cm3)

1
an answer of 2.70 (g/cm )3

scores 2 marks

The graph below shows the densities of

different types of rock.

(c) What is the most likely type of rock

that the student had? Tick one box.

Basalt
 Flint

Granite

Limestone x

Sandstone

Particle model

91 Everything is made up of particles. The three states of matter are solid, liquid,
92 and gas. They all have different properties due to the arrangement and
93 movement of their particles.

94 Solids have particles that are held tightly together by

95 strong forces. The particles vibrate around their fixed
96 positions. Solids have a definite shape and volume.
97 Solids are dense and they can not be compressed
98 easily because the particles are already packed closely
99 together. Solids have the least amount of energy.

100

101 A liquid can flow because the particles can move past
102 each other. The particles are still held closely together
103 by strong forces. Liquids are dense and they can not
104 be compressed easily (hydraulics make use of this). A
105 liquid can change its shape but not its volume.

106

107 There are only very weak forces between gas particles,
108 which are far apart. Because of this gases can be
109 compressed, and so they have no fixed volume. The
110 particles move around quickly, at a range of speeds.
111 They cause pressure when they collide with the walls
112 of a container. Gases have a low density and they do
113 not have a definite shape or volume. Gases have the most energy. As you heat a
114 gas, the particles move more quickly.

115 Energy is stored inside a system by the particles (atoms and molecules) that
116 make up the system. This is called internal energy.
117

118 Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all theparticles
119 (atoms and molecules) that make up a system.
Task:Complete in exercise book

120 Basic

121 The diagrams X, Y and Z show how the particles are

122 arranged in the three states of matter.

123 1. Which one of the diagrams shows the arrangement

124 of particles in a solid? Y
125 2. Which one of the diagrams shows the arrangement
126 of particles in a liquid? Z
127 3. Which one of the diagrams shows the arrangement of particles in a gas? X
128 4. Which state of matter:
129 a) Can be compressed. Gas
130 b) Takes up the shape of the container Liquid
131 c) Has no fixed volume Gas
132 d) Has no fixed shape. Gas /Liquid
133 e) Has a low density. Gas
134 f) Causes pressure. Gas

135 Medium

136 5. The diagram shows the model that a science teacher used to show her
137 students that there is a link between the temperature of a gas and the
138 speed of the gas particles.
139
140 The ball-bearings represent the gas particles. Switching the motor on makes
141 the ball-bearings move around in all directions.
142
143 a) Explain, in terms of the particles, why gases are easy to compress.
144 Particles far apart (less dense), very weak forces of attraction and hence free space for them to move into
145 and no forces to be overcome
146 b) How is the motion of the ball bearings similar to the motion of the gas particles?
147 Distribution of directions and speeds, no forces of attraction (like very weak), elastic collisions with each
148 other and sides of container
149 c) The faster the motor runs, the faster the ball-bearings move. Increasing the speed of the motor is like
150 increasing the temperature of a gas. Use the model to predict what happens to the speed of the gas particles
151 when the temperature of a gas is increased. It increases
152

153 Hard

154 6. Describe the difference between the solid and gas states, in terms of the arrangement and movement of their
155 particles (4).
 Solid Gas
Regular arrangement Random arrangement
Strong forces of attraction Very weak forces of attraction
Particles vibrate about a fixed point Particles free to move
Incompressible Compressible
Comparatively more dense Comparatively less dense
156
157 7. One kilogram of a gas has a much larger volume than one kilogram of a solid. Explain why (4).
158 In gas, particles are further apart (much less dense) moving in random directions
159 In solid, particles are much closer together (much more dense) and in a regular arrangement
160 Particles themselves are the same size for the same material (misconception well worth addressing!)
161 The same mass has the same number of particles for the same material.
162 Thus gas requires a much larger volume.
163 8. The information in the box is about the properties
164 of solids and gases.
165
166 Use your knowledge of kinetic theory to explain
167 the information given in the box. You should
168 consider:
169  The spacing between the particles.
170  The movement of individual particles.
171  The forces between the particles. (6)

172 Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
173 Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners
174 should also apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

175 0 marks
176 No relevant content.

177 Level 1 (1–2 marks)

178 Considers either solid or gas and describes at least one aspect of the particles.

179 or

180 Considers both solids and gases and describes an aspect of each.

181 Level 2 (3–4 marks)

182 Considers both solids and gases and describes aspects of the particles.

183 or

184 Considers one state and describes aspects of the particles and explains at least one
185 of the properties.

186 or

187 Considers both states and describes an aspect of the particles for both and explains
188 a property for solids or gases.

189 Level 3 (5–6 marks)

190 Considers both states of matter and describes the spacing and movement / forces
191 between the particles. Explains a property of both solids and gases.

192 examples of the points made in the response

193 extra information
194 Solids

195 • (particles) close together

196 • (so) no room for particles to move closer (so hard to compress)
197 • vibrate about fixed point
198 • strong forces of attraction (at a distance)
199 • the forces become repulsive if the particles get closer
200 • particles strongly held together / not free to move around (shape is fixed)
201 any explanation of a property must match with the given aspect(s) of the
202 particles.

203 Gases

204 • (particles) far apart

205 • space between particles (so easy to compress)
206 • move randomly
207 • negligible / no forces of attraction
208 • spread out in all directions (to fill the container)

The figure below shows a balloon filled with helium gas.

(a) Describe the movement of the particles of helium gas inside the balloon. (2)

209 range of speeds

210 1

211 moving in different directions

212 accept random motion
213 1

(b) What name is given to the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles of
helium gas in the balloon? (1)

Tick one box.

External energy

Internal energy x

Movement energy

(c) Write down the equation which links density, mass and volume. (1)

214 density = mass / volume

215 1

(d) The helium in the balloon has a mass of 0.00254 kg.

The balloon has a volume of 0.0141 m3.

Calculate the density of helium. Choose the correct unit from the box. (3)

m3 / kg kg / m3 kg m3

216 0.00254 / 0.0141

217 1

218 0.18
219 1
220 accept 0.18 with no working shown for the 2 calculation marks

221 kg / m3
222 1
 State changes
223 A substance is solid at temperatures below its melting point.
224 A substance is liquid at temperatures between its melting and boiling point.
225 A substance is gas at temperatures above its boiling point.
226 Mini-task:
227 1. Which metal has the highest melting Metal Melting point in °C
228 point?Iron Gold 1064
229 2. Which metal has the lowest melting
Mercur -37
230 point?Mercury
y
231 3. Which metal is a liquid at room
Sodium 98
232 temperature (25°C)?Mecury
Iron 1540
233 4. Which 2 metals would be liquid at
234 100°C?Mercury, Sodium
235 5. What state would Iron be at a temperature of 900°C?Solid
236 The boiling point of water is 100°C, while the melting point is 0°C.

237 The state changes are shown in the diagram above.

238 Solid → Liquid Melting
239 Liquid → Gas Evaporation
240 Gas → Liquid Condensation
241 Liquid → Solid Freezing
242 Solid → Gas Sublimation
243 Gas → Solid Deposition

244 Before a state change, energy goes into raising the temperature of the material.
245

246 While the state is changing, the temperature of the material stays constant. This
247 is because energy goes into breaking the bonds (forces between particles).

Task: Complete in your exercise book

248 State changes worksheet

249 Basic

250 1. A, B, C, D and E represent changes from one state to another.

251 Name each of these changes.
252 A melting, B Freezing, C Evaporation, D Condensation, E
253 Sublimation
254 2. What is happening to the particles in the substance when change
255 C happens? Forces of attraction are overcome, free to move in
256 random directions, Spacing between particles increases.
257 3. These sentences are wrong. Rewrite them so that they are
258 correct.
259 a) When the state of a substance changes, the energy of the
260 particles increases during melting, evaporation and sublimation and decreases during freezing,
261 condensing and desublimation.
262 b) During a change of state the mass of a substance remains the same.
263 c) Condensing is the opposite of evaporating

264 Medium

265 4. Which state must be supplied with the

266 most energy to turn it into a gas?
gas
267 Explain your answer. Solid, the
268 temperature has to be increased by the
269 largest
Boiling amount
point and energyboiling
required to
270 change state two times.
271 5. When energy is supplied to a solid, what
272 happens to the particles within it.
273 Answerpoint
Melting in terms of the energies liquid
of the
274 particles and how they are moving?
275 Melting larger
Internal energy increases,
276 amplitude vibrations.
277 6. Fill in the blanks on the heating curve by
solid
278 using the words given in the word box.

279 Hard boiling point melting point solid melting

280 A scientist measured the temperature of water as it was cooled from liquid boiling gas
281 150°C to -20°C. She used her results to make the graph.

282 7. What state is the water in at points A, C and E? C liquid, E solid

283 8. Name the processes that are
284 happening at points B and D.
285 B Condensing, D Freezing
286 9. Explain why the graph is flat at points B
287 and D. Use the words forces, energy
288 and particles in your answer.
289 Energy is being used to form bonds
290 (forces of attraction) between
291 particles, this gives out energy and so
292 the temperature does not fall.
293 10. Describe what happens to the
294 arrangement of particles as it goes
295 through state change D.
296 Transition from a liquid to a solid.
297 Forces of attraction between particles strengthen. Particles are arranged in a regular arrangement. Particles
298 are no longer free to move and vibrate about a fixed position.

Solid, liquid and gas are three different states of matter.

(a) Describe the difference between the solid and gas states, in terms of the arrangement
and movement of their particles. (4)

299 solid
300 particles vibrate about fixed positions
301 1

302 closely packed

303 accept regular
304 1
305 gas
306 particles move randomly
307 accept particles move faster
308 accept freely for randomly
309 1

310 far apart

311 1

(b) The graph shows how temperature varies with time for a substance as it is heated.

The graph is not drawn to scale.

Explain what is happening to the substance in sections AB and BC of the graph. (4)

312 AB
313 changing state from solid to liquid / melting
314 1

315 at steady temperature

316 dependent on first AB mark
317 1

318 BC
319 temperature of liquid rises
320 1

321 until it reaches boiling point

322 dependent on first BC mark 1

State changes practical

323 Aim
324 To heat and melt stearic acid, and then to
325 obtain a cooling curve as it cools down.
326
327 Method
328
329 1. Put a boiling tube with 3cm3 of Stearic Acid into a beaker half full of water.
330 2. Heat this on a Bunsen burner until the stearic acid has melted.
331 3. Turn the Bunsen burner off and put thermometer into stearic acid.
332 4. Use the tongs to put boiling tube into rack.
333 5. Record the temperature immediately and then after every 1 minute until
334 the stearic acid has been a solid again for 2 minutes.
335

336 Record your results in the table below:

Time (mins) Temperature (°C)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Mini-task

Q1 What is the independent variable?Time

Q2 What is the dependent variable? Temperature of stearic acid

Using the graph paper on the next page, plot a graph of temperature (on the y
axis) against time (on the x axis).
Two students investigated the change of state of stearic acid from liquid to solid.

They measured how the temperature of stearic acid changed over 5 minutes as it changed from
liquid to solid.

The diagram below shows the different apparatus the two students used.

Student A’s apparatus Student B’s apparatus

(a) Choose two advantages of using student A’s apparatus. Tick two boxes. (2)

Student A’s apparatus made sure the test was fair.

Student B’s apparatus only measured categoric variables.

Student A’s measurements had a higher resolution. x

Student B was more likely to misread the temperature. x

(b) Student A’s results

are shown inthe
graph.
 What was the decrease in temperature between 0 and 160 seconds?Tick one box. (1)

8.2 °C

8.4 °C x

53.2 °C

55.6 °C

(c) Use the graph to determine the time taken for the stearic acid to change from a liquid to a
solid. (1)

Time = 740 seconds

(d) Use the graph to obtain the melting point of stearic acid. (1)

Melting point = 55.6 ˚C

(e) Why doesn’t the temperature change when the stearic acid is melting? (1)

Energy which is put into the system is being used to overcome forces of attraction
between particles

(f) After 1200 seconds the temperature of the stearic acid continued to decrease.

Explain why. (2)

337 stearic acid has a higher temperature than the surroundings

338 accept stearic acid is hotter than the surroundings
339 1

340 temperature will decrease until stearic acid is the same as the room temperature /
341 surroundings
342 1
 Specific heat capacity
344

345 Putting the same amount of heat energy into some materials gives a bigger
346 temperature rise than in other materials. This is due to specific heat capacity.
347

348 An example of this is on a sandy

349 beach on a sunny day. The water in
350 the sea will be relatively cool, but
351 the sand will be much hotter. This is
352 because water has a higher specific
353 heat capacity than air, and therefore
354 takes more energy to increase in
355 temperature.
356

357 The specific heat capacity (c) is the amount of energy needed to increase the
358 temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C.
359

360 A material with a higher specific heat capacity takes more energy to heat up 1
361 kg by 1 °C than a material with a lower specific heat capacity.
362

363 Energy can be calculated using the following:

364 ΔE = m x c x Δθ
365 Where:
366 • ΔE = change in thermal energy (J)
367 • m = mass (kg)
368 • c = specific heat capacity (J/kg°C)
369 • Δθ = change in temperature (°C)
370
371
372 BASIC
373

374 1. Calculate the energyΔE(in J) for each of the following:

375

376377
d. m = 10 kg and Δθ = 4 °C (for water) 168000J

378 e. m = 15.5 kg and Δθ = 0.5 °C (for aluminium) 6967.25J

379 f. m = 0.5 kg and Δθ = 20 °C (for copper) 3900J
380 g. m = 2 kg and Δθ = 60 °C (for oil) 64800J
381 h. m = 800 kg and Δθ = 7.5 °C (for concrete) 5400000J
382 i. m = 1.2 kg and Δθ = 0.5 °C (for air) 60J
383 j. m = 2 kg and Δθ = 8 °C (for lead) 2080J
384 k. m = 1500 kg and Δθ = 0.2 °C (for iron) 135000J
385 MEDIUM (have to use rearranged equations)
386

387
388
3. Calculate the mass m (in kg) for each of the following.
∆E
389 a. ΔE = 1 000 J and Δθ = 2.5 °C (for oil) 0.74kg m=
390
c ×∆ θ
391 b. ΔE = 2 500 J and Δθ = 0.2 °C (for lead) 96.15kg
392 c. ΔE = 200 J and Δθ = 1 °C (for concrete) 0.22kg
393 d. ΔE = 5,000,000 J and Δθ = 15 °C (for water) 79.37kg
394

395 396
4. Calculate the temperature changeΔθ (in °C) for each of the following:
397398
a. ΔE = 3 000 J and m = 20 kg (for air) 1.5°C
399 b. ΔE = 6 600 J and m = 0.3 kg (for iron) 48.89°C
400 c. ΔE = 700 J and m = 0.1 kg (for aluminium) 7.79°C
401 d. ΔE = 20 J and m = 0.02 kg (for copper) 2.56°C
402

403 HARD (have to convert units)

404

405 4. Calculate the energyE (in J) for each of the following:

406

407 m = 10 g and Δθ = 5 °C (for water) You need to change g into kg

408 m = 10 g = 0.01 kg
409 to go from g to kg → ÷ 1 000
410 Now you can calculate the energy in J E =
411 210 J
412413
m = 12.2 g and Δθ = 10.1 °C (for concrete) 110.90J

414 m = 300.3 g and Δθ = 0.8 °C (for copper) 93.69J

415

416
417
5. Calculate the mass m (in kg) for each of the following:
418 a. E = 10 kJ and Δθ = 20 °C (for aluminium) You need to change kJ into J
419 E = 10 kJ = 10000 J
420

to go from kJ to J → × 1 000
421 Now you can calculate the mass in kg m =
422 0.56 kg
423
424
b. E = 0.6 kJ and Δθ = 2.2 °C (for lead)2.10kg

425 c. E = 0.05 kJ and Δθ = 50 °C (for oil) 1.85x10-3 kg

Q1. The electric kettle shown is used to boil water.

(a) After the water has boiled, the temperature of the water decreases by
22 °C.
The mass of water in the kettle is 0.50 kg.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg °C.

Calculate the energy transferred to the surroundings from the water.

ΔE = m x c x Δθ = 0.5 x 4200 x 22 = 46200J

(b) Why is the total energy input to the

kettle higher than the energy used to Tick (✔)
heat the water?
Energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
Tick (✔) one box. Energy is used to heat the kettle. Y

The kettle is more than 100% efficient.

Q2. A new design for a kettle is made from two

layers of plastic separated by a vacuum. After the water
in the kettle has boiled, the water stays hot for at least
2 hours.

(a) The energy transferred from the water in the

kettle to the surroundings in 2 hours is
46 200 J.

The mass of water in the kettle is 0.50 kg.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200

J/kg °C.

The initial temperature of the water is 100 °C.

Calculate the temperature of the water in the kettle after 2 hours.

___________________________________________________________________

426 78 (°C)
427 allow 2 marks for correct temperature change ie 22 °C
428 allow 1 mark for correct substitution
429 ie 46 200 = 0.5 × 4200 x θ
430 or
431 θ = 46200/(0.5 x 4200)
432 3

(b) Calculate the average power output from the water in the kettle to the surroundings in 2
hours.

433 6.4 (W)

434 allow 2 marks for an answer that rounds to 6.4
435 allow 1 mark for correct substitution
436 ie 46 200 = P × 7200
437 an answer of 23 000 or 23 100 or 385 gains 1 mark
 Latent heat

438 Heating a substance changes the internal energy (KE and GPE of the particles) of
439 the substance by increasing the energy of its particles. As a result:
440 • The temperature of the substance increases
441 OR
442 • The substance changes its state (i.e. it melts or it boils)
443

444 Before 1 kg of ice melts into 1 kg of water, it

445 must be given 340 000 J of energy.
446 This is called latent heat (‘hidden heat’) because
447 it does not increase the temperature - it is still at
448 0°C.
449

450 The specific latent heat L of a substance is the amount of energy required to
451 change the state of 1 kg of the substance with no change in temperature.
452

453 We can calculate this energy by using the equation:

454

455 E=mxL
456

457 Where:
458 • E is energy in J
459 • m is mass in kg
460 • L is specific latent heat in J/kg
461

462 When a substance goes from solid to liquid (or vice versa) we talk about
463 specific latent heat of fusionLF.
464 When a substance goes from liquid to gas (or vice versa) we talk about specific
465 latent heat of vaporisationLV.
Easy

1a mL = 250000J

1b mL = 232500J

2a E/L =22.95kg

2b E/L =18.69kg

3a E/m = 175J/kg

3b E/m = 22666.67J/kg

Medium

1 a 0.02kg, 0.02 x 55000 = 1100J

1b 0.0144x 88000 = 1267.2J

1c 0.3003 x 30000 = 9009J

2a 60 000J, 60000/ 22000 = 2.73kg

2b 600000/ 6000 = 100kg

2c 0.05x109 / 21000 = 2380.95kg

Hard

1. 0.4 x 199000 = 79 600J

2. 0.018 x 2300000 = 41 400J

3. 18400 / (0.152-1.444) = 2 300 000 J/kg

4a 2 x 340000 = 680 000J

4b 0.5 x 34000 = 170 000J

4c 3 x 2300000 = 6.9MJ

4d 0.1 x 2300000 = 0.23MJ

(a) (i) What is meant by specific latent heat of fusion? (2)

______________________________________________________________

amount of energy required to change (the state of a substance) from solid to liquid (with
no change in temperature)
melt is insufficient
1

unit mass / 1kg

1

(ii) Calculate the amount of energy required to melt 15 kg of ice at 0 °C.

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 340,000 J/kg. (2)

466 5.1 × 106 (J)
467 accept 5 x 106
468 allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie E = 15 × 3.4 × 105
469 2

(b) A way to keep roads clear of ice in the

winter is to spread salt on them.
When salt is added to ice, the melting point
of the ice changes.

A student investigated how the melting point

of ice varies with the mass of salt added.

The figure below shows the equipment that

she used.

The student added salt to crushed ice and

measured the temperature at which the ice
melted.

(i) State one variable that the student should have controlled. (1)

470 mass of ice

471 allow volume / weight / amount / quantity of ice
472 1

(ii) The table below shows the data that the student obtained.

Mass of salt added in grams 0 10 20

Melting point of ice in °C 0 -6 -16

Describe the pattern shown in the table. (1)

473 melting point decreases as the mass of salt is increased

474 allow concentration for mass
475 accept negative correlation
476 do not accept inversely proportional
477 1

Specific and latent heat

478 Specific heat: applies when the
479 temperature of an object is increasing.
480 ΔE = m × c × Δθ
481 Latent heat: applies when the state is changing. Temperature is constant as
482 energy goes into breaking bonds.
483 E=m×L
484

485 Example question:

486 0.5kg of water is at a temperature of 20°C. Calculate how much energy is
487 needed to evaporate all of the water.
488 Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C
489 Latent heat of vaporisation = 2.26 × 106 J/kg
490

491 Copy the model answer in the space below:

492 Heat to 100°C

493 ΔE = m × c × Δθ
494 ΔE = 0.5 x 4200 x (100-20) = 168000J
495
496 Change State
497 E=m×L
498 E = 0.5 x 2.26 × 106 = 1130000J
499
500 Total Energy = 168000 + 1130000 = 1298000J
501

502 Medium
503 1. Calculate the energy for each of the following. ΔE = m × c × Δθ
504 a) 0.5 kg of oil is heated by 5°C. Specific Heat capacity of oil = 540 J/kg°C. 0.5x540x5
505 =1350J
506 b) 4 kg of lead is heated by 20°C. Specific Heat capacity of lead = 130 J/kg°C.
507 4x130x20 = 10400J
508 c) 0.3 kg of water is heated by 50°C. Specific Heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C.
509 0.3x4200x50 =63000J
510 2. Calculate the energy for each of the following. E = m × L
511 a) 5 kg of water is evaporated at 100°C. Latent heat of vaporisation of water =
512 2,260,000 J/kg. 5 x 2260000 = 11 300 000J
513 b) 1 kg of ice is melting at 0°C. Latent heat of fusion of water = 334,000 J/kg. 1 x
514 334000 = 334000J
515 c) The boiling point of oxygen is at -183°C. Calculate the energy needed for 50g of
516 Oxygen to evaporate at its boiling point. Latent heat of vaporisation of oxygen =
517 213,000 J/kg. 0.05 x 213000 = 10650J
518 3. Explain why the temperature of an object does not change while its state is changing.
519 Very hard
520 1. 0.2 kg of water is at a temperature of 20°C. Calculate how much energy is needed to
521 evaporate all of the water.
522 Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C
523 Latent heat of vaporisation = 2.26 × 106 J/kg
524
525 Heat to 100°C
526 ΔE = m × c × Δθ
527 ΔE = 0.2 x 4200 x (100-20) = 67200J
528
529 Change State
530 E=m×L
531 E = 0.2 x 2.26 × 106 = 452000J
532
533 Total Energy = 67200 + 452000 = 519200J
534
535 2. 2 kg of ethanol is at a temperature of 28°C. Calculate how much energy is needed to
536 evaporate all of the ethanol.
537 Boiling point of ethanol = 78 °C
538 Specific heat capacity of ethanol = 2570 J/kg°C
539 Latent heat of vaporisation = 8.38 × 105 J/kg
540
541 Heat to 78°C
542 ΔE = m × c × Δθ
543 ΔE = 2 x 2570 x (78-28) = 257000J
544
545 Change State
546 E=m×L
547 E = 2 x 8.38 × 105 = 1676000J
548
549 Total Energy = 257000 + 1676000 = 1933000J
550
551 3. Dr. Edmunds’ hard work for HAB is finally being recognised. The school decides to
552 melt 300 kg of bronze to make a statue of him. If the bronze is originally at a
553 temperature of 20°C, calculate the energy needed to melt all of the bronze.
554 Melting point of bronze = 950 °C
555 Specific heat capacity of bronze = 435 J/kg°C
556 Latent heat of fusion = 2.30 × 105 J/kg
557
558 Heat to 950°C
559 ΔE = m × c × Δθ
560 ΔE = 300 x 435 x (950-20) = 121 365 000J
561
562 Change State
563 E=m×L
564 E = 300 x 2.30 × 105 = 69 000 000J
565
566 Total Energy = 121 365 000 + 69 000 000 = 190 365 000J
567
568 4. Since spending too much money on the bronze statue, HAB has decided to sell ice-
569 creams at break time to recoup the money. However, the ice creams are melting.
570 Calculate the energy needed to melt a 200g ice cream at an initial temperature of
571 -10°C.
572 Melting point of ice cream = -1°C
573 Specific heat capacity of ice cream = 3,100 J/kg°C
574 Latent heat of fusion = 1.5 × 105 J/kg
575
576 Heat to -1°C
577 ΔE = m × c × Δθ
578 ΔE = 0.2 x 3100 x (-1--10) = 5580J
579
580 Change State
581 E=m×L
582 E = 0.2 x 1.5 × 105 = 30000J
583
584 Total Energy = 5580 + 30000 = 35580J
585

586 (a) Which statement explains why energy is needed to melt ice at 0°C to water at 0°C?

587 Place a tick (✔) in the right-hand column to show the correct answer.
588
✔ if correct

It provides the water with energy for its molecules to

move faster.

It breaks all the intermolecular bonds. Y

It allows the molecules to vibrate with more kinetic

energy.

It breaks some intermolecular bonds.

589 (1)

590 (b) The diagram shows an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of ice.

591

592 A student adds ice at a temperature of –25°C to water. The water is stirred continuously.
593 The mass of ice added during the experiment is 0.047 kg.

594 (i) Calculate the total energy required to melt the ice.
595 The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.3 × 105 J kg–1.
596 The specific heat capacity of ice is 2100 J/kg°C
597
598 Heat to 0°C
599 ΔE = m × c × Δθ
600 ΔE = 0.047 x 2100 x (0--25) = 2467.5J
601
602 Change State
603 E=m×L
604 E = 0.047 x 3.3 × 105 = 15510J
605
606 Total Energy = 2467.5 + 15510 = 17977.5J (3)
 Particle motion
607 As a gas heats, it gains energy and the speed of the particles increases. Particles
608 move randomly in all directions.
609 The pressure in a gas is caused by the random
610 movement of particles hitting the walls of the
611 container.
612 The reason balloons get bigger when you blow
613 them us is because more air means more particles.
614 More particles means more collisions with the
615 walls of the balloon. More collisions means a
616 higher force on the walls of the balloon, which
617 means a higher pressure.
618 Increasing the temperature
619 of a gas which is kept in a
620 sealed container (i.e.
621 constant volume) increases
622 the kinetic energy of the
623 particles, therefore the
624 pressure increases.
625

626 Task: Watch the YouTube video where balloons are put
627 into liquid nitrogen. Then use the words in the word bank
628 to fill in the blanks below.
629

630 PRESSURE—DECREASES—INCREASES—QUICKLY—
631
SLOWLY—PARTICLES—EXPAND—OFTEN
632

633 When a balloon is heated, its size increases. This is because the air particles
634 inside the balloon are moving more quickly. The particles now hit the sides of
635 the balloon more often and therefore exert more pressure on the side of the
636 balloon. This causes the balloon to expand. Conversely if the balloon is cooled,
637 its size decreases because the particles are moving more slowly.
Task: Complete in exercise book

Stretch:John and Lisa are taking part in an air balloon

competition. They need to do the following:
• Rise to 500 m, move at that altitude for awhile before moving up to
1000 m.
• After which they need to drift slowly down to the ground at the
finishing line.
To accomplish this they have a flap at the top of the balloon, a heater in the
basket of the
balloon, and weights on the side of the balloon.
Write a full account of what they have to do, and how it works according to the rules of density, pressure
and temperature and kinetic theory of particles.
638 Particle Motion Answers

639 1. gas molecules hitting the walls of the container

640 2. True. The increase in temperature causes the particles to move faster, they hit the sides of the container more
641 often and with a greater force thus increasing the pressure.

642 3. It increases as the particles will hit the sides of the container more often due to the decreased area of the
643 container.

644 4. Flask 1. The particles will hit the sides of the container more often.

645 5. Decrease the size of the container or increase the number of particles in the flask.

646 6. The temperature increases due to work done against the road by friction. The particles move faster, they hit the
647 sides of the container more often and with a greater force thus increasing the pressure.

648 7. Flask 1. The particles have less kinetic energy so they move slower and hit the sides of the container less often
649 than the others.

650 8. Flask 4. It has higher pressure and so the particles must be hitting the side of the container more often. If they are
651 the same temperature the only way this can happen is for there to be more particles.

652 9. The pressure decreases, there are now fewer particles so they collide with the walls of the container less often.

653 Stretch:

654 Sequence:

655 1. Heat up the gas until they reach 500m, the heated up gas is less dense than the surrounding air, lighter
656 things float on top of heavier things and so the balloon floats.
657 2. Release the weights, this decreases the weight of the balloon and so the balloon rises to 1000m.
658 3. Then open the flap at the top of the balloon this decreases the volume of air in the balloon and decreases
659 the upthrust and so the balloon descends to the finish line.
 Boyle’s law

660 Boyle’s law gives the relationship

661 between pressure of a gas and its volume.
662 The diagram shows the apparatus used to
663 prove this law. The apparatus consists of
664 a sealed tube, with air above a layer of
665 oil. A pump increases the pressure on the
666 oil, which exerts pressure on the air. The
667 pressure and volume of the gas can be
668 measured.
669 The apparatus is pumped up to a high
670 pressure then slowly vented. As the pressure decreases,
671 the volume of the gas is recorded.
672 The apparatus is reset and the experiment is repeated at
673 different temperatures. Boyle’s law states that for a fixed
674 mass of as at constant temperature (T), the pressure (p)
675 and volume (V) are inversely proportional.
676

677 Provided that the number of particles and the temperature of a gas are kept
678 constant, then:
679 P x V = constant
680 Where:
681 • P is pressure in pascals (Pa)
682 • V is volume in metres cubed (m3)
683 • constant is a number in Pa m3
684

685 Work is the transfer of energy by a force.

686 Doing work on a gas increases the internal energy of the gas
687 and can cause an increase in the temperature of the gas. This
688 can be demonstrated by measuring the temperature of air
689 inside a bicycle tyre as it is pumped up.
690 BASIC
691

692 1. Calculate the constant (in Pa m3) for each of the following:
693 a. P = 0.10 Pa and V = 50 m3PV = 5 Pa m3
694 b. P = 20.2 Pa and V = 0.002 m3PV = 0.404Pa m3
695

696 697
2. Calculate the pressure P (in Pa) for each of the following:
698 a. constant = 200 Pa m3 and V = 0.15 m3const/V = 1333.33m3
699 b. constant = 550 Pa m3 and V = 0.05 m3const/V = 11000m3
700

701 702
3. Calculate the volume V (in m3) for each of the following:
703 a. constant = 5 200 Pa m3 and P = 100 Pa const/P = 52m3
704 b. constant = 10 800 Pa m3and P = 240 Pa const /P = 45m3
705
706 MEDIUM
707

708 1. Calculate the constant (in Pa m3) for each of the

709 710
following: a. P = 20 kPa and V = 0.005 m3
718
711 You need to change kPa into
712 Pa P = 20 kPa = 20 000 Pa 719

720 to go from cm3to m3—> ÷ 1

713

714 Now you can calculate the constant in Pa m3721 000 000 to go from m3to cm3
715 constant = 100 Pa m3 722 —> x 1 000 000
716 2. P = 15.5 kPa and V = 0.001 m315.5Pa 723

717 m3
724

725 2. Calculate the pressure P (in Pa) for each of the following:
726

727 a. constant = 660 Pa m3 and V = 60 000

728729
cm3You need to change cm3 into m3
730 V = 60 000 cm3 = 0.06 m3
731

732 Now you can calculate the pressure in Pa

733 P = 11 000 Pa
734 b. constant = 80 Pa m3 and V = 220 000 cm3363.64Pa
735

736 HARD
737

738 1. A container of gas has 100 Pa of pressure and a volume of 0.2 m 3. The container is then expanded
739 to a volume of 0.3 m3. Calculate the effect that this would have on the gas pressure, provided that
740 the number of particles and the temperature of the gas remain the same. P1V1 = P2V2, 100x0.2 = P2
741 742
x 0.3 (100x0.2)/0.3 = 66.67Pa
743 2. Calculate the final pressure in these situations:
744 a) A sealed container of gas at 101 000 Pa expands from a volume of 0.5 m3 to 0.8 m3. P1V1 = P2V2,
745
746
(101000 x 0.5) / 0.8 = 63125Pa
747 b) A sealed balloon containing helium at 150 kPa is squashed from 1 000 cm3 to 700 cm3. P1V1 =
748
749
P2V2, (150x1000)/700 = 214.29kPa

750
751
3. Calculate the final volume in these situations:

752 a) A balloon of air, with an initial volume 500 of cm3, is squashed, increasing the pressure from
753 754
101 kPa to 103 kPa. P1V1 = P2V2, (101 x 500)/103 = 490.29cm3

755 b) An expandable container of gas at is stretched, decreasing the pressure from 201 kPa to 101
756 757
kPa. The initial volume was 1000 m3. P1V1 = P2V2, (201 x 1000)/101 = 1990.10m3

758
759
4. Calculate the initial pressure in these situations:

760 a) A sealed container of gas is expanded from a volume of 0.4 m3 to 0.6 m3, with a final pressure of
761 762
90 kPa. P1V1 = P2V2, (90 x 0.6) / 0.4 = 135kPa

763 b) A sealed balloon containing helium is squashed from 1000 cm3 to 700 cm3. The final pressure
764 was 130 kPa. P1V1 = P2V2, (130 x 700)/1000 = 91kPa

Q1.
A student investigated how the pressure of a gas varied with the volume of the gas.

The mass and temperature of the gas were constant.

Figure 1 shows the equipment the student used.

Figure 1

(a) What is the resolution of the syringe?

1 cm3
(1)

The student compressed the gas in the syringe and read the pressure from the pressure gauge.

Figure 2 shows the student's results.

Figure 2
 (b) What conclusion can the student make from the data in Figure 2?

Use data from Figure 2 in your answer.

Give the reason for your answer.

765 pressure is inversely proportional to volume

766 1

767 data to prove inversely proportional relationship

768 eg 8 × 200 = 1600
769 and 10 × 160 = 1600
770 if no other marks score allow for 1 mark: as volume decreases
771 pressure increases
772 2

(c) Explain why the pressure in the gas increases as the gas is compressed.

773 (as the gas is compressed) the volume of gas decreases

774 1

775 (so there are) more frequent collisions of gas particles with
776 container walls
777 1

778 (and) each particle collision with the wall causes a force
779 1

780 (so there is a) greater force on walls

781 1
(4)
(Total 8 marks)