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What is Development?

Development is a
comprehensive term
which include increase in
real per capita income.
Improvement in standard
of living of people,
reduction in poverty,
illiteracy, etc.
 Different People Different Goal

Category of a Person Developmental Goals

1. Landless rural labourers More days of work and better

wages.

2. Prosperous farmers from Assured a high family income

Punjab through higher support
prices for their crops.

3. Farmers who depend only Better irrigation facilities.

on rain for growing crops

4. Urban unemployed youth Secured employment.

5. A girl from a rich urban She gets as much freedom as

family her brother and is able to
decide what she wants to do
in life.
 What did we learn?

1. Different persons can have different

developmental goals.

1. People can even have conflicting goal.

 INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

People
have
mixed
Goal

Non-materialistic Goal
Materialistic Goals
● Respect
● Income
● Equa treatment
● Money and
● Safety
● salary
● Education etc.
 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

What is National development?

It refers to the ability of a nation to improve the

lives of its citizens. It can be in the field of
agriculture, Industries, education, health, etc.
 HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES OR STATES?

Countries are classified on the basis of income

What is a country’s Income?

Country’s income is calculated by the total
income of all the people who are earning.
 ❖ World Bank gives the classification of
countries on the basis of:

❖ Average Income or Per Capita Income: It

will be calculated based on money earned per
person in the specific area of a certain year.

Per Capita Income: Total Income of the Country

Total Population
 On the basis
of
Development,
countries are
classified into

1. Developed 3. Developing
Country Country

2.
Underdeveloped
Country

India comes in the category of low

middle income countries (or
Developing countries).
 Countries with per capita income of US$
12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are
called rich countries.
Countries with per capita income of US$ 955
or less are called low-income countries.
India belong to the category of low middle
income countries because its per capita
income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum.
 World Bank Development Report

Pros:
● It gives clear understanding of income of the
countries.

● It set specific parameters of comparison such as

national income and per Capita income.

Cons:
● It considers only income and not other aspects
such as literacy, health, life expectancy, etc.

● Only tells about income and not how it is

distributed among the citizens.
 INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) indicates the

number of children that die before the age
of one year as a proportion of 100 live
children born in that particular year.
When we think of a nation, we think of two basic
components:
1. Average income and
2. Other equally important attributes.

Comparative Data - Source: Economic Survey 2017-18

State IMR per Literacy Per Capita Net

1,000 Rate% Income for Attendance
live (2011) 2015-16 Ratio (per
births (in Rs) 100
(2016) persons)
(Age - 14 &
15) (2013-
14)

Haryana 33 82 1, 62,034 61

Kerala 10 94 1,40,190 83

Bihar 38 62 31,454 43
1 Per Capita Income is higher in Haryana and
lowest in Bihar which indicates employment
status and scope of earnings is quite less in Bihar.

2
IMR is lowest in Kerala and highest in Bihar. High
IMR poor healthcare facility.

3
High Per Capita Income does not guarantee for
better healthcare facilities.
4
Literacy rate is highest in kerala and lowest in
Bihar.

5
Net attendance ratio is highest in Kerala and
lowest in Biar.

All these aspects indicate that Per Capita Income

is not the best criteria to decide development,
but other basic facilities and quality of life also
matter much and must be properly counted for
development.
 PUBLIC FACILITIES

The basic facilities which every citizen of a country

need for their well being is known as Public
facilities.
 Who will give Public Facilities?
Government will provide the public facilities.

Why give public facilities?

● Because all citizens of a country are not equally

rich.

● Certain sections of the society cannot afford the

basic facilities such as food. Government helps
them through the Public distribution system
(PDS).

● Sometimes even if one has sufficient income

he/she cannot avail the certain facilities, For
Example: Pollution free environment.

● There are many services like education, health,

transportation etc., which have become cheap
and affordable if provided, collectively.
 What is BMI?

Body mass index (BMI) is a scale which measures

body fat based on height and weight that applies to
adult men and women.

For Example:

1. Ideal weight of 14 years Girl: 18.5 and 24.9

1. Ideal weight of 14 years Boy : 18.5 and 24.9

Human Development Report - Another
method to compare Countries

Best India
Method to occupies
measure 130th
Developm Rank
ent (2018).

Published by
Consider
UNDP
public health,
(United
education,
Nations
poverty level,
Development
etc.
Programme)
 Compares
Countries
Based on 3
Criteria

1. Living Standard - Per

Capita Income

2. Health status - Life

expectancy

3. Education level of the

people - Literacy rate and
Enrollment ratio
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is a new term that is

associated with the balanced use of natural
resources by using resources at minimum level
so, that future generations can use it.
 Why should we think about
Sustainable Development?

1. Because resources are limited.

1. Most of the resources are non-renewable.

1. Human beings exploit them.

1. If we keep exploiting them on this rate we run

out of them.
Example 1: Groundwater in
India
● Depletion of groundwater resources in Punjab,
West U.P., hard rock plateau of Central and
South India is extreme.

● Around 40% decline in groundwater source is

scaled.
 Example 2: Exhaustion of natural
resources

According to World Energy Review, June 2018,

the total reserves of the crude oil stock in the
world is going to last just for 50 years as
countries are fast using up the oil reserves and
alternative sources of energy are not well
developed yet.
Reach out to me at :
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