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Planning 02

The document discusses the fundamentals of urban design and community architecture, emphasizing the collaborative process of shaping physical spaces for communities. It outlines key terminologies, aspects of urban design, and historical contexts, particularly focusing on the evolution of urban planning in the Philippines. Additionally, it highlights the importance of community involvement in architecture and the concept of 'sense of place' in creating meaningful urban environments.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views50 pages

Planning 02

The document discusses the fundamentals of urban design and community architecture, emphasizing the collaborative process of shaping physical spaces for communities. It outlines key terminologies, aspects of urban design, and historical contexts, particularly focusing on the evolution of urban planning in the Philippines. Additionally, it highlights the importance of community involvement in architecture and the concept of 'sense of place' in creating meaningful urban environments.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PLANNING 02

Fundamentals of Urban Design and Community Architecture


TERMINOLOGIES
oU R B A N D E S I G N
-the design of towns and cities, streets and spaces
-It is the collaborative and multi-disciplinary process of shaping the physical setting for life – the art of
making places.
-it involves the design of buildings, groups of buildings, spaces and landscapes, and establishing frameworks
and procedures that will deliver successful development by different people over time.
-it inspires, illustrates and defines how a place could be improved or protected to bring benefits to investors,
developers and wider society.

oC O M M U N I T I E S
-a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
TERMINOLOGIES
oC E N T R A L B U S I N E S S D I S T R I C T
-is the commercial and business center of a city
-It contains commercial space and offices

oU R B A N S P R A W L
-the spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city
TERMINOLOGIES
oP U B L I C R E A L M
-any space that is free and open to everyone
-Consists primarily of the publicly-owned street rights-of-way and other publicly accessible open spaces
such as parks, squares, plazas, courtyards, and alleys.
CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK
RIZAL PARK, MANILA
Who are the URBAN
DESIGNERS?
-Architects
-Landscape architect
-Town planners

oH I P P O D A M U S
- was an ancient Greek architect, urban planner, physician and was considered to be the
father of urban planning
-He followed the philosophy of ancient Greeks and found harmony in geometry and
number, emphasizing checkerboard road networks as a city’s structure, and building a
clear framework for the city.
HIPPODAMIAN PLAN
-modern name for a gridiron city plan
-In urban planning, the grid plan, grid street plan, or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at
right angles to each other, forming a grid.
-It is based on different kinds of terrain, in order for it to fit into the rational network of houses, streets, and
public buildings. It is known as the urban plan, which based on streets, intersects at right angles, as well as
the allocation of public and private spaces. For instance, it is designed to put the private rooms surrounding
the civic public spaces, i.e. the agora, the theatres, and temples.
KEY ASPECTS OF URBAN
DESIGN
oPlaces for people
For places to be well-used and well-loved, they must be safe, comfortable, varied and attractive.
They also need to be distinctive, and offer variety, choice and fun. Vibrant places offer opportunities for
meeting people, playing in the street and watching the world go by.
oEnrich the existing
New development should enrich the qualities of existing urban places. This means encouraging a
distinctive response that arises from and complements its setting. This applies at every scale – the region,
the city, the town, the neighborhood, and the street.
oMake Connections
Places need to be easy to get to and be integrated physically and visually with their surroundings.
This requires attention to how to get around by foot, bicycle, public transport and the car – and in that order.
KEY ASPECTS OF URBAN
DESIGN
oWork with the Landscape
Places that strike a balance between the natural and man-made environment and utilise each
site’s intrinsic resources – the climate, landform, landscape and ecology – to maximise energy
conservation and amenity.
oMix Uses and Forms
Stimulating, enjoyable and convenient places meet a variety of demands from the widest possible
range of users, amenities and social groups. They also weave together different building forms, uses, tenures
and densities.
oManage the Investment
For projects to be developable and well cared for they must be economically viable, well managed
and maintained. This means understanding the market considerations of developers, ensuring long
term commitment from the community and the local authority, defining appropriate delivery
mechanisms and seeing this as part of the design process.
KEY ASPECTS OF URBAN
DESIGN
oDesign for Change
New development needs to be flexible enough to respond to future changes in use, lifestyle and
demography. This means designing for energy and resource efficiency; creating flexibility in the use of
property, public spaces and the service infrastructure and introducing new approaches to transportation,
traffic management and parking.
Settlement Planning in the Philippines

Pre-colonial Times
◦ Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino communities developed out of need for their
inhabitants to band together
◦ They were formed for:
◦ security
◦ Proximity to resources for food and water
◦ Most towns were by the coast for fisher folk or where there was abundant agricultural land for the
farmers
◦ The community unit was the barangay, consisting of 30 to 100 families
The Spanish Colonial Times
◦ Laws of the Indies
◦ IN 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the Indies that established uniform standards and
planning procedures for colonial settlements.
◦ These laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout and dimensioning of streets and squares; the
location of civic and religious buildings, open spaces, cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main
procedural phases of planning and construction.
◦ The plaza Complex was a result of several ordinances of the Laws of the Indies
◦ The plaza was surrounded by important buildings such as:
◦ Catholic Church
◦ Municipal or Town Hall
◦ Marketplace and merchants’ stores
◦ Elementary school
◦ The homes of the ‘principalia’
◦ Other government buildings
Intramuros
◦ The ‘walled city of Manila’
◦ Home of the Spanish (except for the Friars and high ranking officials;
◦ The city was 1.2 sq. km. in area, containing large churches, plazas, office and residential buildings,
housing 7,000 residents surrounded by high walls;
◦ Due to limitations in growth, decentralization occurred and settlements were built in Malate, San
Miguel, and Paco, among other areas.
The American Period
◦ The main purpose was to guide urban growth and physical development
◦ More emphasis on other values such as
◦ Sanitation
◦ Housing
◦ Aesthetic improvements
◦ Daniel Burnham
◦ An architect/planner was brought in and commissioned to design Manila based on the city beautiful
movement theories he was known for;
◦ Burnham’s design of Manila was very similar to his design of Washington D.C., evident in the strong
similarities of the Capitol mall with Luneta Park;
◦ Burnham went as far as ordering reclamation of the sea to create a better view of the ports
MANILA
oDaniel Burnham
-incidentally was also the man behind Manila’s original masterplan commissioned by the Commonwealth
government in 1906, whose objective was to transform the city from an old colonial outpost to a modern
urban area adapted to changed times and modern needs.
-in his masterplan, Burnham envisioned Manila as a city of efficient road systems, of quaint waterways used
for transportation, and of waterfronts, promenades, parkways, and neoclassical buildings. Manila, in
Burnham’s mind, was to become like many of the world’s well-planned cities where every resident is a short
walking distance from a park, places of work, and leisure and recreational centers.
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
oCommunity Architecture is built upon the principle that is involving the people and/or end users in the
planning, design, and building process.
oCommunity Architecture is the architecture that promotes the active involvement of the people in the
community in the building projects
oCommunity architecture is a scheme, mainly for housing, that involves a study of the prevailing social
conditions and consultation with the people who are going to use them. The movement enables the people
to work directly with architects in the design and building of their own homes and neighborhoods.
What does an architect do for
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE?
oArchitects investigate the needs of the community extensively to ensure a suitable design for the location.
They take into consideration the interests of the client as well as the community, the environment, the
purpose of the building and sustainability. These design choices influence the community experience with
the building and the space.
oAn architect working in consultation with local inhabitants in designing housing and other amenities.
Encompassing other activities such as community planning, community development, community technical
aid, and community landscaping.
SOCIO-CULTURAL BASIS
of Community Architecture
Orienting Exercises for Development
Planning and Action in Community
Architecture
A c c e s s t o R e s o u r c e s - A series of participatory exercises that allows development practitioners to
collect information and raises awareness among beneficiaries about the ways in which access to resources
varies according to gender and other important social variables.
A n a l y s i s o f T a s k s - A gender analysis tool that raises community awareness about the distribution of
domestic, market, and community activities according to gender and familiarizes planners with the degree of
role flexibility that is associated with different tasks. Such information and awareness is necessary to prepare
and execute development interventions that will benefit both men and women.
L o g i c a l F r a m e w o r k -A matrix that illustrates a summary of project design, emphasizing the results
that are expected when a project is successfully completed. These results or outputs are presented in terms
of objectively verifiable indicators. The Logical Framework approach to project planning, has been adapted
for use in participatory methods.
A s s e s s m e n t o f N e e d s -A tool that draws out information about people's varied needs, raises
participants' awareness of related issues, and provides a framework for prioritizing needs. This sort of tool is
an integral part of gender analysis to develop an understanding of the particular needs of both men and
women and to do comparative analysis.
Orienting Exercises for Development
Planning and Action in Community
Architecture
P a r t i c i p a n t ’ s O b s e r v a t i o n - A fieldwork technique used by anthropologists and sociologists to
collect qualitative and quantitative data that leads to an in-depth understanding of peoples' practices,
motivations, and attitudes. Participant’s observation entails investigating the project background, studying
the general characteristics of a beneficiary population, and living for an extended period among
beneficiaries, during which interviews, observations, and analyses are recorded and discussed.
S e a s o n a l D i a g r a m s -Show the major changes that affect a household, community, or region within a
year, such as those associated with climate, crops, labor availability and demand, livestock, prices, and so on.
Such diagrams highlight the times of constraints and opportunity, which can be critical information for
planning and implementation.
S o c i o - C u l t u r a l P r o f i l e s -Detailed descriptions of the social and cultural dimensions that in
combination with technical, economic, and environmental dimensions serve as a basis for design and
preparation of policy and project work.
Orienting Exercises for Development
Planning and Action in Community
Architecture
V i l l a g e M e e t i n g s -Meetings with many users in participatory development, including information
sharing and group consultation, consensus building, prioritization and sequencing of interventions, and
collaborative monitoring and evaluation. When multiple tools such as resource mapping, ranking, and focus
groups have been used, village meetings are important venues for launching activities, evaluating progress,
and gaining feedback on analysis.
I d e n t i f y i n g S e n s e o f T i m e a n d P l a c e - A growing number of planners and architects are seeking
to design communities that have a stronger "sense of place." Their ideas focus on promoting: a more
compact pattern of development; mixed use (where residential areas are not isolated from places of
employment and commerce); a strong pedestrian orientation; active civic and community life; closer links
between public transit and land use; and higher housing densities.
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE FORMS
IN PLANNING
Centralized form-Urban concentralization may signify either the settlement of a large
percentage of a nation's population in metropolitan areas or the concentration of the dwellers
of any city into a compact mass with high population density per acre.
Radial Form-A radial concentric city plan is formed by streets that extend outward from a
defined center and reach the outer edge of the city, together with concentrically arranged roads
that connect the radial streets to the lots.
Clustered Form-Cluster development also called open space development or conservation
development, attempts to achieve balance between growth and preservation of open space in
rural and suburban settings. It is done by clustering homes on a smaller proportion of land.
Grid Form-In urban planning, the grid plan, grid street plan, or gridiron plan is a type of city
plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid.
CREATING A SENSE OF PLACE
What is SENSE OF PLACE?
Sense of place describes the wide range of connections between people and places that
develops based on the place meanings and attachment a person has for a particular setting.

What gives people the SENSE OF PLACE?


◦ Sense of place is determined by personal experiences, social interactions, and identities.
Understanding sense of place in the urban context would be incomplete without a critical
consideration of cities as socially constructed places both inherited and created by those who
live there
CREATING A SENSE OF PLACE
Why is it important to study SENSE OF PLACE?
◦ Connecting to one's surrounding environment establishes knowledge of and appreciation for
its resources; A sense of place supports the development of personal identity; Having a strong
sense of place can inspire stewardship; Understanding sense of place can nurture empathy.

What is SENCE OF PLACE IN DESIGN?


◦ A sense of place is an extension of the building type, and it's the job of the designer to identify
and develop what's needed for the demographic that is going to occupy it.
◦ A sense of place is a unique collection of qualities and characteristics – visual, cultural, social,
and environmental – that provide meaning to a location. Sense of place is what makes one city
or town different from another, but sense of place is also what makes our physical
surroundings worth caring about.
◦ Creating a sense of place and community is a guiding principle in designing livable and high-
quality built environments
The Image of the City
1960
Kevin Lynch

Kevin Lynch
-American urban theorist.

The book is the result of a five-year study of Boston, Jersey


City and Los Angeles on how observers take in information of
the city, and use it to make mental maps. Lynch's conclusion
was that people formed mental maps of their surroundings
consisting of five basic elements.

An environmental image has three components:


• identity (the recognition of urban elements as separate
entities),
• structure (the relation of urban elements to other objects
and to the observer), and
• meaning (its practical and emotional value to the
observer).
Lynch presents his work as an agenda for urban designers. They should design the city in such a
way that it gives room for three related ‘movements’:
• mapping,
• learning,
• shaping.

First, people should be able to acquire a clear mental map of their urban environment.
Second, people should be able to learn how to navigate in this environment by training.
Third, people must be able to operate and act upon their environment.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
The sense of the urban design elements from Lynch (1981) describes five physical
elements to form a city image:
◦ edges
◦ Nodes
◦ Paths
◦ districts
◦ landmarks.
The study used the method of mind mapping to analyses how people are
orienting themselves in the city. People recognize and organize urban design elements into
coherent ways of wayfinding. A good layout plan will help the user be more direct
and precise whenever they move toward a destination
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
PAT H S
According to Kevin Lynch the path is the most important urban design element as it
formed a cohesive network arrangement of people and a city's environment. The city paths
meant not to be confused or disorder people to achieve a vibrant city image.
It includes the connection of arterial roads, highway, and
collector roads that may consist of few access or entrances within the sites in place.
While paths can be considered the utmost vital elements in urban design, they formed the urban
flexibility for people to transport from one to another. The path appearances to support the
image of settlements, such as directional quality, continuity, and identifiable.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
H I E R A RC H I C A L O R D E R O F PAT H
◦ An arterial road or arterial thoroughfare is a road without controlled access that can carry a
large volume of local traffic at a generally high speed, being below controlled-access highways
in the hierarchy. Arterial roads almost always have multiple lanes to allow for high capacity.
They do not allow for access to residential properties under most circumstances.
◦ Highway systems
◦ A collector road, also known as a distributor road, is a road that allows high access to
properties and has a low to moderate capacity and a generally low speed limit. They are below
arterial roads in terms of speed and capacity, but higher in terms of access, as they can allow
access to residential properties.
◦ A local road, also called a street, is a road in a built environment that has all kinds of properties
beside it which can be accessed from the road or a parking lot connected to the road. Different
types of local roads include residential streets, avenues, and alleys. They have the lowest speed
limits and capacities in the hierarchy, but have the highest access to property. Local roads have
at-grade intersections and have similar specifications to collector roads. Local roads may be
unpaved in some cases. A common feature of local roads is driveways, which connect the road
to a residential property.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
NODES
The significant spots in a city are where planned foci are known as elements of nodes. It is
identified as the gathering point or attention point in a town. Nodes are separated into two
physical elements: junctions of a path or plaza and point to the town people with planned foci.
Well identifiable nodes, formed by continuous and remarkable architectural elements. Nodes
on the main roads create better efficiency movement compared to the nodes located away from
main roads.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
DISTRICTS
District characteristics are similar to discrete visual identities from urban design
components: material, texture, and building form. The observers on the parts of
districts can ensure thematic continuity. Unique features in identical regions are represented as a
well-design city. Numerous regions are connected by the edges, such as shoreline, roads, or
seamless boundaries between various regions by public users about the continuity, improving
the urban design city image.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
E D G ES
The edges as an element in the topological boundaries allow a spectator to locate themselves in
this area. The definition of borders is segregated into two zones or districts by a sharp distinction
in a linear way. Simultaneously, the zone's compactness can create a diverse sense of place on a
massive scale for a particular area. The category of edges is in natural forms and physically.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
LANDMARKS
A point for reference while physical elements guide and orient people, is known as landmarks,
and from the exterior, it has outstanding visual features.
Christaller’s Central Place Theory |
Urban Geography & Economics, 1933
Central Place Theory is a spatial theory in urban geography and urban economics. CPT explains
the spatial arrangements, patterns and distribution of urban areas and human settlements.
Central place theory was given by Walter Christaller in 1933 on the basis of settlement patterns
in southern Germany. This study included analysing the relationships between settlements of
different sizes and related their economic activities (market) with the population. It is based
upon the central place system and city size distribution. Various geographers and urban planners
study such theories and urban development models as a part of urban studies, regional science
and hierarchical arrangement of human settlements.
Relationship between the size, the number and the geographic distribution of cities.
Central place hierarchy – Central place has the main function to supply goods and services to the
surrounding population (Market Area), retail location and market centers.
Based on concept of RANGE (it is economic, not mathematical)
https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/central-place-theory
Sector Model (Hoyt Model) | Urban
Land Use Model, 1939
Is an urban land use model which talks about spatial arrangement of activities in an urban area.
Big cities and towns have always been an area of research and have caught the attention of
scholars and academicians. Homer Hoyt gave sector model which is also known as Hoyt Model,
in 1939 which explains how cities grew and activities arranged themselves in the form of
concentric zone. As we witness the population growth it is becoming more and more essential to
understand how cities work. Studies on patterns of urban growth, spatial forms, settlement
geography, and land use are of great interest to the concerned people. Various theories and land
use models have been proposed which attempt to explain how the growth took place and how
different groups & activities are arranged in an urban area.
https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/sector-model-hoyt-
model?fbclid=IwAR2pPZqrC7KdG-cI3Xy4iLg3Yaj_jzUTxOlGHSa_1i3lIYmm4rG6lcAoWRQ
Hoyt argued that cities do not develop in the form of simple rings, instead they have “sectors.” Homer
Hoyt in 1939 suggested that few activities grow in the form of sectors which radiates out along the
main travel links. Activities in a sector are considered to be the same throughout the sector because of
the purpose/function it serves. Land use within each sector would remain the same because like
attracts like. The high-class sector would stay high-class because it would be the most sought after
area to live, so only the rich could afford to live there. The industrial sector would remain industrial as
the area would have a typical advantage of a railway line or river. These sectors can be housing,
industrial activities, etc. These sectors grow along railway lines, highways or rivers.
Primate City & Primacy | Relationship
between city sizes(1939)
Concept of Primate City & Primacy
The concept of primate city and city primacy was developed to focus attention on the
relationship in size between the largest city and other cities of a closed urban system. City size
distribution refers to the frequency distribution of settlements in different size categories. The
observed distributions for urban distributions are compared with the theoretical or empirical
model such as Central Place Theory, Hoyt Model or Sector Model, the rank size rule, Primate city
concept and the mercantilist model.
The idea of primacy was first introduced by mark Jefferson in 1939. His proposition was that
nationalism crystallizes in primate cities which are super eminent in both size and national
influence. He assessed the degree of primacy by computing the ratio of the size of the second
and third ranking cities to that of the largest one. He found that in the forty-six countries of the
world the largest cities were two or three times as large as the next largest city.
https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/primate-city-primacy-concept
Multiple Nuclei Model of 1945 by C.D.
Harris and Edward L. Ullman
Multiple nuclei model of 1945 by C.D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman is based on the argument
that the cities have multiple growth points or “nuclei” around which growth take place. This
model was given in an article by them “The Nature of Cities.” This is one of the widely adopted
models which was applicable to modern cities unlike older models studied under settlement
geography. Urban settlements all over the world including the largest cities can be studied with
the help of urban development models.

https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/multiple-nuclei-model
The Rank-Size Rule by George Zipf
(1949)
The Rank-Size Rule was revealed in both developed and underdeveloped countries when the
cumulative frequency of cities with a population of greater than twenty thousand people was
ranked against the size of a city on a log-normal scale.

The distribution of city sizes in terms of population in both underdeveloped and developed
countries has recently come under close examination by specialist in many academic fields and
under settlement geography. The advent of general systems theory has proved to be an
invaluable analytical approach to the study of city size distribution, in that it incorporates
stochastic growth theory, and the concept of entropy. The two aspects of general systems theory
have been very useful in explaining some of the empirical regularities observed of city size
distribution, especially the rank size distribution.
https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/rank-size-rule-by-george-zipf-1949
Concentric Zone Model by Ernest
Burgess | Burgess Model
Concentric Zone Model (also known as Burgess Model) is an attempt to understand spatial
arrangement and settlement patterns. Urban areas have been an area of research for a few
decades now. The way people live, the location where urban structure comes up, how people
interact and behave has always been an interesting topic. With the increase in urban population
over time and the increase in urban development, we humans have inhabited almost all parts of
Earth. Humans live in desert areas, flood plains, tropical areas, cold areas and just anywhere they
are determined to. This has been possible with the increasing technology advancement and the
power to control & regulate the surrounding. For humans adaptation comes later as modification
of surrounding dominates. This is clearly reflected when you look at human settlements on a
world map.
https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/concentric-zone-model-burgess-model

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