Ceranul

C nonmetallic materials
·

morganic
:
-

-
unit cell: smallest
repeating structure thatmake up crystal lattice .

&
ionic bond mechanism
: I
ansfer of valence eledr
- -

ons

between when2atoms have

atom , diffelecronegativity
metalic & non-metallic

atome )
2) 1182182p63903p63d2499/22
and
1108s22p63903 p2 electronic configuration of Argon
-

So 1 :=
[AJBd9499 .

and the
Tilt is to atteind stable
formale of
-

on

-configuration to lose valence elecons

-

3) Number of atoms :

NBa tatom/umitcell=Satom a 1/g

=

NTi = Satom/ut .

NoS- =
6
faces & 4 Satoms intcell, =

Charge = 2x1 + 4x1 -

348 =
0
.

137 33 + 47 87 + 3x16
4/9 =INA &
.
.

A leng
b
[1107 <radio
a fro + 9 batt I
&Bast
-most packed
+
=

=
2X0 134 +2! 32 .

7)
=
210 134 + 0 132)/.
.

= 0 532mm .
.
S *

0 376
=> aj = 0 .
532/5 = .
um
So 137 33 + 177 87 + 3x16 7
p 30glans
.

=
.
: = .

10 376x10- 7) 3x6 02 x 1063

.
.

5- Since Bariumlitranate is a polycrystalline , with grains

charged differentin directons whencompressed those
-

, ,

charged gains (cations panions)change position forming.

different polarisationdirections disequilibring thebalance ,

of electricdipoles that generates electrical energy. &

S

6-
Microphones :

The BaTiOz's feroderic and piezoelectric properties

allow it to convert sound waves to electrical
signals,
·

un

in
fact when sound waves hit the microphone , theycreate
grame charged chang eposition
that cause to
-

pressure ,

inbalancing the electricaldipoles and shiftingthe

polarizationdirection.
F-Diffusion is affected by several factors :

Temperature the higherT, the the atomic vibration

S

-
: more is

leading to higherdiffusion rate , sin atomsgain more

-

ce

to move balancetheconcentration levels.

-

energy
-

Crystal defects : ~
The presenceof vacancies grain
,
boundaries & dislocation in a
dystal lattice facilitate
diffusions .

Concentration the higher the

=

gradient :

difference
ofrate concentration btw
regions
results in higher diffusion
.
8 -
We know that :
C-c(Xit)
G =

C
=

ef)
and G = 0

and :
C = 1 6 .
x 100 atom/am3
C =
109atom/cm3.
1 88x .

3 5 x 10-5
D = .

am/1
t = 2H 7200 =

&
A = 25 cm
then :
1 6 x 1083
.
- 1 88 x1022
.

af(a)
1 6 . x1023 -
0

0 .
8825 = ef(x(2)) -

erf (1 , 1) = 0 .
8808
Therefore :

x
= 1 1
- .

2 it
x = 1 1x23 .
5x10-5x7200
.

x= 1 .
156cm