INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido

van Rossum, and released in 1991.

It is used for:

 web development (server-side),

 software development,
 mathematics,
 system scripting.

FEATURES OF PYTHON

Python is a high-level language.

It is a free and open-source language
Python is case case-sensitive language.
Python is portable and platform-independent.
Python has a rich library of predefined functions.
Python use indentation for blocks and nested blocks.

Execution Modes of Python

There are two ways to use the python interpreter :-
Interactive mode: In the interactive mode we can simply type of
python statement on the prompt>>> directly. As soon as the press
enter ,the interpreter execute the statement and display the result(s).
This mode is convenient for testing a single line code for instant
execution. But in the interactive mode we cannot save the statement
for future use and we have to retype the statement to run them again.
Script mode : In the script mode we can write a python program in a
file, save it and then use the interpreter to execute it. Python file has an
extension “.py” to execute the python program in script mode click
run run module from a menu or press F5 from the keyboard.
Python Terminology
Keywords: Keywords are reserved words. Each keyword has a specific
meaning to the Python interpreter, and we can use a keyword in our
program only for the purpose for which it has been defined.
Identiifers: Identifiers aere name used to identify a
variable ,function ,or other entities in a program . The naming
Conventions of identifiers in python are as follows
An identifier can not start with a digits.
Keywords can not be used as identifiers
We can not use special symbols like !,@,#,$,% etc, in identifiers,
( underscore can be used ).
Example of valid identifiers
Num1
name
a_1
stu_marks
variables : Variables in python refers to an objects – an items or
elements that is stored in the memory . Values of a variable can be
strings (eg- ‘b’, sname), numeric (eg.,31) or any combination of alpha
numeric characters (cd19) for eg
marks = 56
name=’amit’
stu1=101
Rules to declare variable
 A variable can consist of upper- and lowercase letters, the digits
0-9 and the underscore character.
 The first character of a variable cannot be a digit.
  Keywords like if or the Boolean True are reserved and cannot be
used as variable names.
 Variables are case-sensitive; therefore x is different from X.
Write a program to store the name of three student and display them.
name1=’Aditya’
name2=’Ankit’
name3=’Sumit’
print(name1)
print(name2)
print(name3)

output
Aditya
Ankit
Sumit

Write a program to display the sum of two number

num1=25
num2=36
s=num1+num2
print(s)

output: 61
Data types of python
1. Numeric Data Types in Python
The numeric data type in Python represents the data that has a numeric value.
A numeric value can be an integer, a floating number, or even a complex
number.
Int – this data type stores integers. Eg – 4,-5,-90
Float this data types stores floating points.Eg- 4.2,-23.45,3.14
Complex- This data type stores floating points number. Eg-1+2j, 21+5j

Boolean Data Type in Python

Python Data type with one of the two built-in values, True or False. Boolean
objects that are equal to True are truthy (true), and those equal to False are
falsy (false).

2. Sequence Data Types in Python

It is an ordered collection of items ,where each items is indexed by an integer.
1 string :- String is a collection of characters (like alphabets ,digits or special
characters including spaces) . String are enclosed in single quotes (‘ ‘) or in
double quotes (“ “).
Eg – str1=”anuj”
Str2=’23454’
Additon of two string (string concatenation)
eg 1
fname =’abhishek’
lname=’kumar’
S=fname+lname
Print(s)
Output- abhishekkumar
Eg 2
num1 =’102’
Num2=’48’
S=num1+num2
Print(s)
Output- ‘10248’
List- list is a sequence of items enclosed in a square brackets [] and items are
separated by commas .
List is mutable
For eg –
L1=[23, ’aman’,123456789, ‘kendriya vidyalaya’]
L2=[2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20]
Tuple- tuple is a sequence of items seprated by commas and items are
enclosed in parenthesis().
Tuple is immutable
 Eg T1=(1,3,5,7,9)

Mapping- It is an unordered data type in python.

Dictionary
A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data values, used to store
data values like a map, unlike other Python Data Types that hold only a single
value as an element, a Dictionary holds a key: value pair. Key-value is provided
in the dictionary to make it more optimized.
Eg –
D1={‘name’: ‘ritik’, ‘age’: 18, ‘class’: ‘9’}
Operators in python
Python language supports various types of operators, which are:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Operator Name Example

+ Addition 10 + 20 = 30

- Subtraction 20 – 10 = 10

* Multiplication 10 * 20 = 200
/ Division 20 / 10 = 2

% Modulus 22 % 10 = 2

** Exponent 4**2 = 16

// Floor Division 9//2 = 4

Operator Name Example

== Equal 4 == 5 is not true.

!= Not Equal 4 != 5 is true.

> Greater Than 4 > 5 is not true

< Less Than 4 < 5 is true

>= Greater than or Equal to 4 >= 5 is not true.

<= Less than or Equal to 4 <= 5 is true.

Comparison (Relational) Operators

Assignment Operators

Operator Name Example

= Assignment Operator a = 10

+= Addition Assignment a += 5 (Same as a = a + 5)

-= Subtraction Assignment a -= 5 (Same as a = a - 5)

 *= Multiplication Assignment a *= 5 (Same as a = a * 5)

/= Division Assignment a /= 5 (Same as a = a / 5)

%= Remainder Assignment a %= 5 (Same as a = a % 5)

**= Exponent Assignment a **= 2 (Same as a = a ** 2)

//= Floor Division Assignment a //= 3 (Same as a = a // 3)

Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

and Logical If both of the operands are true then the condition becomes
(a and b) is true.
AND true.

If any of the two operands is non-zero then the condition

or Logical OR (a or b) is true.
becomes true.

not Logical Not(a and b) is

Used to reverse the logical state of its operand
NOT false.

Introduction to Ai
AI BIAS
AI bias, also called machine learning bias or algorithm bias, refers to the
occurrence of biased results due to human biases that skew the original
training data or AI algorithm—leading to distorted outputs and potentially
harmful outcomes.
AI ETHICS

Ethics is a set of moral principles which help us discern between right and
wrong. AI ethics is a multidisciplinary field that studies how to optimize AI's
beneficial impact while reducing risks and adverse outcomes.
Examples of AI ethics issues include data responsibility and privacy, fairness,
explainability, robustness, transparency, environmental sustainability, inclusion,
moral agency, value alignment, accountability, trust, and technology misuse.