Self Development

—Is a process of discovering oneself by realizing one’s potentials and capabilities that are
shaped over time either by studying in a formal school or through environmental factors

Self Development

—It is also called personal development

Socrates

—An unexamined life is not worth living

Self Concept

—Is one’s abstract and general idea about him/herself particularly toward his/her unique
personality and his/her own perception about his/her set of values, point of views and
behavior.

Rene Descartes

—The Father of Modern Philosophy

Rene Descartes

—Proposed his theory that a person’s existence depends on his/her perception

Rene Descartes

—He stated that mind is the seat of consciousness

Self concept is learned

—This explains that no individual is born with self-concept.

Self concept is organized

—This stresses out that one’s perception towards himself/herself is.firm

Self concept is dynamic

—As an individual grows older, he/she continues to encounter problems or challenges that
may reveal his/her self-concept in that particular time or situation.

Carl Rogers

—A humanistic psychologist that stated that self-concept has three components

Self image
—Refers to individuals’ mental representation of themselves, shaped by personal
experiences and interactions with others.

Self image

—It’s how people perceive their physical and personality traits, abilities, values, roles, and
goals.

Self Esteem

—Is the value or worth an individual places on themselves.

Self Esteem

—Perceived successes, failures, and how they believe others view them

High self esteem

—Indicates a positive self-view

Low self esteem

—Signifies self-doubt and criticism

Ideal self

—Is the version of oneself that an individual aspires to become

Ideal self

—It’s their vision of “who I want to be”

Self Development

—To know yourselves deeper.

Thomas Hobbes

—Stressed that an individual could learn more by studying others and that he/she can do
this by engaging himself/herself to reading books

Sigmund Freud

—Who is a well-known psychologist, neurologist and the creator of Psychoanalysis Theory

and the father of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud
—Proposed that there are three components of personality within us: the Id, Ego and
Superego that certainly play a vital role of how we think of ourselves,

—Self concept is learned, organize and dynamic

3 types of Self concept

—Id, Ego, SuperEgo

3 components of personality

Id

—Man’s personality is driven by pleasure principle:

Id

—To satisfy man’s desire without thinking much of the situation. This nature is being
developed at a young age or present from birth.

—This nature is being developed at a young age or present from birth

Ego

—This operates according to reality which makes it possible for the Id to work in a more
proper and satisfactory ways.

Ego

—Give a more socially accepted means of getting the desires and wants of a person
without getting to hurt other’s feelings.

Ego

—Provide a man some guidelines on how to behave accordingly while he fulfilled his
pleasure.

Ego

—We try to satisfy our cravings without compromising our self-image to others.

SuperEgo

—Believed that this aspect of man begiris to manifest as a child turns 5

SuperEgo

—Holds our moral judgments or concept of right and wrong that are believed to be
acquired from the family and the environment.
SuperEgo

—Learns the culture of distinguishing right from wrong based on the set of guidelines and
standards that are known to people which might have been probably imposed by the
people in the community.

SuperEgo

—Directs a man’s life for him to avoid hurting others.

Adolescence

—Is the period when a young individual develops from a child into an adult.

Characteristics

—Your features or own qualities that made you a unique are

Habit

—When you do something repeatedly and regularly it is

Experiences

—The skills or knowledge you have gained because you have done it already from the past.

—Self Esteem, Self Efficacy, Self and Identity and Judgement and Decision Making

—Factors that may affect a person’s “Self”

Self Esteem

—Is your evaluation of your own worth

Positive self esteem

—The valuation that is pleasing and acceptable according to your standard and that of
others

Negative Self Esteem

—The opposite which is feeling distraught or down and unaccepted by others.

—Own appearance, how satisfied you are in a relationship, how you view your performance

FACTORS TO IDENTIFY THE LEVEL OF SELF ESTEEM

Self Efficacy

—Is not considered as a trait

—“[it] does not refer to your abilities but rather to your beliefs about what you can do with
your abilities”

Stajkovic and Luthans (1998)

—“[It] does not refer to your abilities but rather to your beliefs about what you can do with
your abilities”

Tafarodi and Swann (1995)

—Who stated the Factors that affect person’s “self”

Manduxx and Kleiman (2000)

—Define and explain the five (5) different ways that influenced self-efficacy beliefs

(a) Performance Experiences

(b) Vicarious Performances

© Verbal Persuasion

(c) Imaginal Performances

€ The Affective States & Physical

Sensations

—(5) different ways that influenced self-efficacy beliefs

Performance Experiences

—If you are good at achieving your specific goal, then you probably think that you will
achieve it again. When the opposite happens, if you fail, you will often think that you will fail
again

Vicarious Performances

—If others achieved their goal or specific task, then you will come to believe that you will
also achieve your goal.

Verbal Persuasion

—It is when people tell you whether they believe or not on what you can do or cannot do.
The effect of your self-efficacy will depend on how that person matters to you

Imaginal Performances

—When you imagine yourself doing well, then it will happen.

Affective States and Physical Sensations

—If your mood or emotion (eg shame) and physical state (eg shaking) come together, it will
affect your self-efficacy. If negative mood connects with negative physical sensation, the
result will be negative. And if it is positive, most likely the result will be positive

William Jame

“the self is what happens when I reflect upon ME

William James

—“the self is what happens when I reflect upon ME”.

Taylor (1989)

—Described the self as a Reflective Project

Dan McAdam

(Author) reiterated that even there are many ways on how we reflect to improve ourselves, it
brings us back to these three (3) categories:

1. Self as social actor

2. Self as Motivated Agent
3. Self as Autobiographical Author

3 categories of Self and Identity according to Dan McAdam

Self as social actor

—We are portraying different roles and behaving for every type/set of people in front of us
since we all care about what people. Think about us.

Self as social actor

—It is practically for social acceptance.

Self as motivated agent

—People act based on their purpose.

Self as motivated agent

—They do things based on their own dreams, desires, and planned goals for the future

Self as autobiographical author

—He/she as the creator of his/her own entire life story.

Self as autobiographical author

—It is about how oneself is developed from his/her past, up to the present, and what
he/she will become in the future.

Judgement and Decision Making

—As an individual, you are expected to act and decide on your own. Most people tend to
decide based on the intuitions and available information that could be a hindrance in
making a wise decision. It can be a habit, when our decision is always based on what is
available or gathered data

1. Define the Problem

2. Identify the criteria necessary to judge

The multiple options

3. Weight the criteria

4. Generate alternatives
5. Rate each alternative on each criterion
6. Compute the optimal decision

Six Steps on How to Make a Rational Decision

—Who stated that there are six step on how to make a rational decision?

Bazerman and Moore (2013)

—These are ideas that go through our mind

Thoughts

—These drive our feelings and actions

Feelings

—These are mental associations and reactions to emoAdolescence

Adolescence

Is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood

Adolescence

—Is defined as the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of
adulthoods

Adolescence
—The transition period between childhood and early adulthood is quite difficult.

Adolescence

—This is the most crucial stage because this is the time when teens start defining
themselves.

1. Biological challenges
2. Cognitive challenges
3. Psychological challenges

Most Common Challenges that Adolescents Experience

Biological challenges

—Adolescence begins with the first well-defined maturation event called puberty. Included
in the biological challenges are the changes that occur due to the release of the sexual
hormones that affect emotions. Mood changes can increase which can have an impact on
relationships both at home with parents and siblings and peers at school.

Cognitive challenges

—When young people develop cognitively from “concrete operations” to “formal

operations’, so they are able to deal with ideas, concepts, and abstract theories

Psychological challenges

The adolescent must cope with is moving from childhood to adulthood

1. Eating Disorder
2. Mental Health Disorder

Health issues of adolescencetions.

Feelings

—These can be hidden.

Behavior

—These are bodily reaction made based on our feelings.

Behavior

—These are our actions.

Self-assessment
—Is your own assessment of your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which is completely
necessary for you to arrive to an informed decision.

Health

1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa

Types of eating disorder

Eating disorder

—Describe illness that are characterized by irregular eating habits and severe distress or
concern about body weight or shape.

Anorexia nervosa

—May take extreme measures to avoid eating and to control the quantity and quality of the
foods they eat.

Bulimia nervosa

—Typically ‘binge and purge by engaging in uncontrollable episodes of overeating (bingeing)

usually followed by compensatory behavior such as: purging through vomiting, use of
laxatives, enemas, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Anxiety disorder

—Characterized by significant feelings of anxiety and fear.

Mood disorder

—Development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response toidentifiable stressors

that occur within 3 months of the onset of the stressors.

Major depressive disorder (mdd)

—Is a period of at least 2 weeks during which there is either depressed mood or the loss of
interest or pleasure in nearly all activities

Bipolar disorder

—Is a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and
abnormally and persistency increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days
and present most of the day, nearly every day, or that requires hospitalization.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

—Severe problems with concentration or attention and/or hyperactivity are estimated to
affect adolescents

School phobia

—Also called school refusal, is defined as a persistent and irrational fear of going to school.

School phobia

—It must be distinguished from a mere dislike of school that is related to issues such as a
new teacher, a difficult examination, the class bully, lack of confidence, or having to
undress for a gym class

Learning disabilities

—Encompasses disorders that affect the way individuals with normal or above normal
intelligence receive, store, organize, retrieve, and use information,

Learning disabilities

—Problems included dyslexia and other specific learning problems involving reading,
spelling, writing, reasoning, and mathematics

1. Sex abuse
2. Substance abuse
3. Influence of mass media
4. Impact of social media

What are the social issues of adolescence

Sexual abuse

—A sexual behavior, or a sexual act forced upon a woman, man, or child without their
consent.

Substance abuse

—Some children start smoking or chewing tobacco at an early age, aided by easy access to
tobacco products. Many of our youth, with limited supervision or few positive alternatives,
drink too much beer and liquor. Other youth, influenced by their peers, use other illegal
drugs

Influence of mass media

—Adolescents spend a significant amount of time in viewing and interacting with electronic
devices in the form of TV, radio, cellphone, and computers.
Impact of social media

—Social media is a constant part of our lives we are bombarded by alerts from Facebook,
Twitter, Snapchat, and Instagram from the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep. This
constant noise is associated with negative mental health outcomes in younger generations
who have grown up with the chatter. Dr. Shamard Charles (2012), he summarized that
“recent studies have shown that more social media use is associated with increased
reported symptoms of social anxiety, social isolation, andfeelings of loneliness.”