Distributed Parameter Line Modeling

Three-Phase Distributed-Parameter Lines Modeling

The same approach that was used to develop equations for a single-phase transmission line can
also be applied to a three-phase line. To do this we need to work with voltage and current terms
that are 3x1 matrices and inductance and capacitance terms that are 3x3 matrices. The differential
three-phase line element is shown in Fig. 1. If we have a neutral or shield wire, these need to be
reduced out using methods discussed in Unit 1. The capacitance and inductance relationships are
now given by:

 Laa Lab Lac 

L =  Lba Lbb Lbc  Henries/meter (42)
 Lca Lcb Lcc 

Caa Cab Cac 

C = Cba Cbb Cbc  Farads/meter (43)
 Cca Ccb Ccc 

If we now represent the three-phase voltage and currents by:

ia ( x, t )  LMv b x, t gOP

a

v b x , t g = M v b x , t gP
 
i ( x, t ) = ib ( x, t )  ; b (44)
 ic ( x, t )  MNv b x, t gPQ
c

then we can show that the basic first and second-order transmission line relationships used before
are still valid in matrix form
∂v ∂i
= −L (45)
∂x ∂t
∂i ∂v
= −C (46)
∂x ∂t
∂ 2i ∂ 2i
= LC (47)
∂x 2 ∂t 2
∂ 2v ∂ 2v
= LC (48)
∂x 2 ∂t 2

ECE 587 Power System Transients Analysis 1

 Distributed Parameter Line Modeling

Ic Ic+∆Ic

Lcc
Cbc Cac
Lbc
Ib Ib+∆Ib

Lbb
Lac
Lab
Ia Cab Ia+∆Ia
Ccc
+ Laa +
∆Ia Cbb

Va Caa Va+∆Va

- -

∆x

Fig. 17 Model for Three-Phase Differential Element

Equations (45) thru (48) represent sets of three-phase coupled differential equations which
would be difficult to solve in their present form. To simplify the analysis we need to decouple
these equations using a matrix transformation. The approach taken is similar to that used for
symmetrical components. However we need to use a different transformation matrix since the
symmetrical component transformation is a steady-state phasor relationship. The transformation
matrix used in our case must be able to accommodate instantaneous values. In setting up this
transformation it will be simpler to apply if we assume that the diagonal terms in the capacitance
and inductance matrices are all equal and that the mutual coupling terms will all be the same as
well. This could be based on the assumption that the line is continuously transposed, or could be
at least modeled as such. Hence the capacitance and inductance matrices will be assumed to have
the form:
 Ls Lm Lm 
L =  Lm Ls Lm  Henries/meter (49)
 Lm Lm Ls 

 Cs Cm Cm 
C = Cm Cs Cm  Farads/meter (50)
Cm Cm Cs 

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 Distributed Parameter Line Modeling

We can obtain the equivalent self and mutual terms by taking the actual symmetrical values and
performing an averaging as follows:

1
L=
s ( Laa + Lbb + Lcc )
3
1
Lm= ( Lab + Lbc + Lca )
3
(51)
1
C=s ( Caa + Cbb + Ccc )
3
1
Cm= ( Cab + Cbc + Cca )
3

The transformation we will apply here will be what is referred to as the Karrenbauer
Transformation. This tranformation will relate phase voltages and currents to modal voltages and
currents where
va ( x, t )   v g ( x, t ) 
   
hase ) (
v p (= x, t ) = vb ( x, t )  K  v=
l 1 ( x, t )  Kvm( mod al ) ( x, t ) (52)
 vc ( x, t )  vl 2 ( x, t ) 

ia ( x, t )   ig ( x , t ) 
   
i p( hase
= ) ( x, t ) = ib ( x, t )  K  i=
l 1 ( x, t )  Kim( mod al ) ( x, t ) (53)
 ic ( x, t )  il 2 ( x, t ) 

with

1 1 1  1 1 1 
1
K 1 −2 1 
= ; K
= −1
 1 −1 0  (54)
3
1 1 −2  1 0 −1
The modal components g, l1, and l2 are named as follows, for reasons that will be given below:

G - Ground Mode
L1 – Line Mode 1
L2 – Line Mode 2

If we substitute the transformation relationships into equation (45) thru (48) above, we can show
that
∂vm ( x, t ) ∂i ( x, t )
= − K −1 LK m (56)
∂x ∂t
∂im ( x, t ) ∂v ( x, t )
= − K −1CK m (57)
∂x ∂t

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 Distributed Parameter Line Modeling

∂ 2im ( x, t ) −1 ∂ 2im ( x, t )
= K LCK (58)
∂x 2 ∂t 2
∂ 2 vm ( x, t ) −1 ∂ 2 vm ( x, t )
= K LCK (59)
∂x 2 ∂t 2

We see the decoupling occur when the 3x3 matrices get multiplied out

 Ls + 2 Lm 0 0 

K LK  0
= −1
Ls − Lm 0  (60)
 0 0 Ls − Lm 
Cs + 2Cm 0 0 
K −1CK 
=  0 C s − Cm 0  (61)
 0 0 Cs − Cm 

cg −2 0 0 
 
K −1 LCK =  0 cl−2
0  (62)
 0 0 cl −2 

where

1
cg = 1/2
(63)
( Ls + 2 Lm )( Cs + 2Cm ) 
1
cl = 1/2
(64)
( Ls − Lm )( Cs − Cm ) 

The transformation converts (56) thru (59) into three decoupled equations each. For example
for (56) we get

∂vg ( x, t ) ∂ig ( x, t )
− ( Ls + 2 Lm )
= (65)
∂x ∂t
∂vl1 ( x, t ) ∂i ( x, t )
− ( Ls − Lm ) l1
= (66)
∂x ∂t
∂vl 2 ( x, t ) ∂i ( x, t )
− ( Ls − Lm ) l 2
= (67)
∂x ∂t

and likewise for (59) this expands to

∂ 2 vg ( x.t ) 1 ∂ v g ( x, t )
2

= (68)
∂x 2 cg2 ∂t 2

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 Distributed Parameter Line Modeling

∂ 2 vl1 ( x.t ) 1 ∂ 2 vl1 ( x, t )

= 2 (69)
∂x 2 cl ∂t 2
∂ 2 vl 2 ( x.t ) 1 ∂ 2 vl 2 ( x, t )
= 2 (70)
∂x 2 cl ∂t 2

These three sets of decoupled equations, for the ground, line 1, and line 2 modes respectively,
tell us that a three-phase line can be represented by three decoupled single-phase lines. Each of
the three single-phase circuits would be modeled the same way as we had modeled the single-
phase line earlier. The first of these three circuits represents what we call the “ground mode”, and
it has an inductance given by Ls+2Lm, a capacitance given by Cs+2Cm, with a speed of
propagation given by Cg. The second and third circuits represent what we call “line” modes. The
inductance is given by Ls-Lm, the capacitance by Cs-Cm, and the speed of propagation is given
by Cl.

To see what the physical meaning of the ground vs. line mode represents, suppose that we had
a three-phase circuit in which we had a traveling waveform with the following modal magnitudes:

ig = 0 , il1 ≠ 0 , il 2 = 0 (71)

When we apply the K transformation and convert these values back to the phase domain we get

il1 , ib −2il1 , ic =
ia == il1 (72)

Adding these quantities up gives us the earth/ground return current which is equal to zero. We
could say in this case that the line mode is the component without an earth/ground return. Similarly
if we look at the ground mode by itself, with

ig ≠ 0 , il1 = 0 , il 2 = 0 (73)

Again, applying the K transformation and converting these values back to the phase domain:

= , ib ig=
ia ig= , ic ig (74)

which sums up to an earth/neutral return current of –3ig.

When we want to simulate a three-phase line transient the procedure is as follows:

1. Decompose the three-phase voltage or current into modal components using K-1
2. Determine the equivalent line parameters for the ground and line modes. For the ground
mode we have

1 length Ls + 2 Lm
cg = τg = Zg =
( Ls + 2 Lm )( Cs + 2Cm ) cg Cs + 2Cm

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 Distributed Parameter Line Modeling

and for the line modes

1 length Ls − Lm
cl = τl = Zl =
( Ls − Lm )( Cs − Cm ) cl C s − Cm
3. Next, simulate the transient on the ground, line 1, and line 2 mode single-phase equivalents,
just like solving for a single-phase circuit.
4. Convert the results back to the phase domain using the K transformation.

ECE 587 Power System Transients Analysis 6