Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv

PLUS TWO COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHAPTER 1
Structures and Pointers

Structure :- hnhn[ datatype ¬ D≈ variable Isf Hcp unit B°n am‰p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.
Dot (.) operator D]tbmKn®v Hcp structure ¬ D≈ hnhn[ variables access sNømw.
Difference between Array and Structure (Array bpw structure Dw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw)
Array - Htc datatype ¬ D≈ thcn-b-_nfpIfpsS Iq´w
structures - hnhn[ datatype ¬ D≈ thcn-b-_nfpIfpsS Iq´w
Pointers as‰mcp thcn-b-_n-fns‚ A{Ukv kq£n-°p∂ Hcp variable BWv pointer
DZm. int *ptr;
ChnsS ptr F∂-Xv- Hcp integer variable s‚ A{Ukv kq£n-°m≥ ]‰p∂ Hcp pointer BWv
Memory allocation methods
Hcp t{]m{Km-an\v Bh-iyamb memory c≠v coXn-bn¬ allocate sNømw.
1. Static Memory Allocation t{]m{Kmw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v apºv saΩdn \¬Ip-∂p.
2. Dynamic memory Allocation t{]m{Kmw XpS-ßnb-Xn\v tijw saΩdn \¬Ip-∂p
new F∂ keyword dynamic memory allocate sNøm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
delete F∂ keyword dynamic memory Xncn®v FSp-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
Memory Leak
Hcn°¬ allocate sNbvX saΩdn Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv saΩ-dn-bpsS e`yX Ipd-°p∂p.
CXn-\mWv memory leak F∂p ]d-bp∂Xv.
Pointer Arithmetic
Pointer thcn-b-_nfns‚ IqsS integer numberIƒ am{Xw Iq´p-hm\pw Ipd-°p-hm\pw km[n°pw
Relational operators
==(equal to), !=(not equal to) F∂o c≠v operators am{Xta pointer thcn-b_
- n-fns‚ IqsS D]-tbm-Kn°m≥
km[n-°q.
Ponters and Arrays
bpsS t]cv Hcp Pointer Xs∂-bmWv. Array bpsS t]cn¬ BZysØ element s‚ A{Ukv
Array
kq£n-°p-∂p.
Pointer to a structure
Hcp structure variable s‚ A{Ukv kq£n-°p-hm≥ Hcp structure pointer D]tbmKn°mw Btcm (—>)
operator D]-tbm-Kn®v structure pointer \v hnhn[ structure members s\ access sNømw.
Self Referencial Structures
Hcp structure variable se Hcp AwKw as‰mcp structure variable s‚ address kq£n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬
AXn-s\-bmWv Self Referencial Structures F∂p- ]-d-bp-∂X.v

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv

CHAPTER 2
Concepts of Object Oriented Programming
tkm^vSvshbdpI-fpsS hen∏w IqSp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v AXns‚ k¶o¿Æ-Xbpw (Complxity) IqSpw. BZy
Ime-Øp≠m-bn-cp∂ t{]m{Kmanßv coXn-Iƒ henb tkm^vSvshbdp-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]‰m-
Xm-b-t∏mƒ BWv OOP coXn Ah-ew-_n-°-s∏-´Xv.

BZy-Im-eØv tkm^vSv shb¿ F¥p-sN-øp∂p F∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p {][m\yw F∂m¬ OOP

¬ OOP Um‰°mWv {]m[m-\yw.

OOP, Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Nne concept Ifn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. Objects, Classes, Data Abstraction,
Encapsulation, Modularity, Inheritance, Polymorphism.

Objects - GsX--¶nepw Hcp hkvXp-hns\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w (kqNn-∏n-°p∂) sNøp∂ Hcp LSIw (entity)
BWv Object.

Object ¬ Um‰-bpw, B Um‰msb Process sNøp-hm-\p≈ ^wKvj≥kpw (satØUv) D≠mIpw

Class:- Hcp Object s‚ amXr-I-bmWv Class. Class s‚ Hcp Variable BWv Object.

Data Abstraction :- Hcp Object s‚ AXym-hiy hnhc-߃ am{Xw hni-Z-am-°p∂ {]{Inb.

Encapsulation :- Um‰bpw ^wKvj\pIfpw Hcp bqWn‰v B°n am‰p∂ {]{Inb.

Modularity :- Hcp t{]m{Km-ans\ ]e sNdnb `mK-ß-fm°n am‰p∂ {]{Inb.

Inheritance :- \ne-hn-ep≈ Hcp ¢m n¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb Hcp ¢m v \n¿Ωn-°p∂ {]{Inb

Polymorphism :- Hcp ^wKvj≥ / Hm∏-sd‰-¿ ]e coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xns\-bmWv polymorphism

F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Access Specifiers :--

Hcp Um‰ / ^wKvj≥ t{]m{Km-anse a‰v LS-I-߃°v e`y-amtWm A√tbm F∂v
\n›-bn-°p-∂Xv Access Specifiers BWv. 3 Xc-Øn-ep≈ Access Specifiers D≠v.

1. Private :- a‰m¿°pw e`y-a-√.

2. Protected :- a‰m¿°pw e`y-a-√ F∂m¬ Inherit sNømw.

3. Public :- F√mh¿°pw e`y-amWv.

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv
CHAPTER 3
DATA STRUCTURES AND OPERATIONS
Data Structures
~ Hcp-an®v Process sNtø≠
tU‰m-Isf Hcp {Kq∏m°n am‰p-∂-Xn-\mWv Data Structures D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xv. data Structure s\ c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-°mw.
1. Static Data Structures
t{]m{Kmw compile sNøp-tºmƒ Xs∂ memory allocate sNøp∂p DZm. Queue, Stack
2. Dynamic data Structure
t{]m{Kmw run sNøp-tºmƒ am{Xw memory allocate sNøp∂p DZm : linked list.
Operations on Data Structures

Hcp Data structure ¬ \S-Øm-hp∂ Operations Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bmWv

1. Traversing - Data structure se AwK-ßsf visit sNøp∂p.
2. Searching - Hcp AwKw Data structure ¬ Dt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
3. Inserting - Hcp ]pXnb AwKsØ tN¿°p-∂p
4. Deleting - Hcp AwKsØ Hgn-hm-°p-∂p.
5. Sorting - AwK-ß-sf ascending / descending Hm¿U-dn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°p∂p.
6. Merging- c≠v sorted data structure Ifnse AwK-ßsf H∂n®v Hcp structure B°n am‰p-∂p.
Stack (Last in First out)

LIFO A\p-k-cn®v {]h¿-Øn-°p∂ Data structure BWv Stack. insertion, deletion F∂nh TOP F∂ `mKØv
\S-°p∂p Ah-km\w add sNbvX AwKw BZyw delete sNø-s∏Spw.
Operations on stack

1. PUSH - Hcp AwKsØ stack ¬ add sNøp∂p.

2. POP -Hcp AwKsØ stack ¬ \n∂pw delete sNøp∂p.
Queue (First in First out)

FIFO A\p-k-cn®v {]h¿-Øn-°p∂ Data structure BWv Queue. Queue\v c≠v ends D≠.v Front end ¬
deletion \S-°p∂p. Rear End ¬ insertion \S-°p∂p. BZyw insert sNbvX AwKw BZyw delete sNø-s∏Spw.
Circular Queue

Front end Dw Rear End Dw XΩn¬ Iq´n-ap-´p∂ Queue BWv Circular Queue
Linked List
]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´ AwK-ß-fpsS Hcp Iq´-amWv Linked List. Hmtcm AwKhpw ASp-Ø -Aw-K-Øns‚
A{Ukv kq£n-°p-∂p. Ah-km\ AwKw NULL A{Ukv kq£n-°p∂p. Self Referencial Structure
D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv.

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv

CHAPTER 4
WEB TECHNOLOGY
Web Server
sh_v s sk‰p- I ƒ kq£n- ° p∂ i‡n- t b- d nb Iw]yq- ´ - d p- I ƒ BWv sh_v s k¿hdpIƒ.
sh_vssk‰v:-˛ ]c-kv]-c -_-‘n-X-amb sh_v t]-Pp-I-fpsS Iq´w.
Software ports
sk¿h-dn¬ \n∂pw hnhn[ tkh-\-߃ e`y-am-°p-hm≥ Software Ports D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
DNS Servers
Hcp URL ¬ \n∂pw IP A{U v I≠p-]n-Sn®v Xcp∂ {]tXyI tkm^vSvshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
Iw]yq-´-dp-Iƒ.
Static and Dynamic Web Pages
Ãm‰nIv t]Pp-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw Hcp-t]mse Xs∂ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ssU\m-anIv t]Pp-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-
ß-fmbn ImWs∏Sp∂p.
Scripts
kv{In]v‰nwKv emwtKz-Pp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿Ωn-°p∂ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ BWv Scripts.
Client side Script
sh_v _uk-dn¬ d¨ BIp∂ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ BWn-Xv.
Server side Script
sk¿h¿ Iw]yq-´¿ d¨ sNøp∂ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ BWn-Xv.
Scripting Languages
{][m-\-s∏´ kv{In]v‰nwKv emwtKz-Pp-Iƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.
1. Java Script
Brendan Eich 1995 ¬
hnI-kn∏n®v FSpØ `
ë mj-bm-Wn-Xv. ss¢b‚ v sskUv kv{In]v‰p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-
°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
2. Vb Script
ssat{Im-tkm^vSv hnI-kn∏n® ss¢b‚ v sskUv t{]m{Km-anwKv `mj.
3. PHP
dmkvakv se¿tUm¿^v 1995 ¬ hnI-kn-∏n® sk¿h¿ sskUv t{]m{Km-anwKv `mj
4. ASP
ssat{Im-tkm^vSv hnI-kn-∏n® sk¿h¿sskUv t{]m{Km-anwKv `mj
5. Java Server Pages
k¨ssa-t{Im-knÃw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ sk¿h¿sskUv t{]m{Km-anwKv `mj
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
CXv sh_v t]Pns‚ \ndw, sSIvÃ,v t^m≠v F∂o t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
Tags
sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iam≥Up-Iƒ BWv Tags. SmKp-Isf c≠mbn Xncn-
®n-cn-°p-∂p.

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv
1. Container Tag

Hcp tPmUn Bbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ SmKp-Iƒ DZm : < head>< /head>, <html></html>

2. Empty Tag

t¢mknwKv SmKp-Iƒ Bh-iy-an-√mØ SmKp-Iƒ. DZm : <BR>, <IMG>

Attributes

SmKp-IfpsS Nne {]tXyI KpW-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ ]Z-߃

{][m-\-s∏´ SmKp-Iƒ
<html> :- F√m sh_vt]-Pp-Ifpw CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.

<head> :- Hcp sh_vt]-Pns\ kw_-‘n® Nne kp{]-[m\ hnh-c-߃ ChnsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

<title> :- ssS‰n¬_mdn¬ Hcp ktµiw ImWn-°p-∂p.

<body> :- sh_vt]-Pn¬ ImWn-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ ChnsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

<HI> apX¬ <H6> hsc hnhn[ hen-∏-Øn¬ slUnwKv ImWn-°p-∂p.

<P> :- ]mc-{Km^v Xncn-°p-hm≥

<BR> :- sse≥ t{_°v sNøp-hm≥

<HR> :- tlmdn-tkm-≠¬ dqƒ

<Center> :- Um‰/CtaPv/t‰_nƒ apX-e-bmh sk≥{S-ssekv sNøm≥

<B> :- t_mƒUv

<i> :- C‰m-enIvkv

<U> :- ASn-h-c-bn-Sm≥ (A-≠¿sse≥)

<sub> :- k_vkv{In]v‰v B°m≥

<sup> :- kq∏¿kv{In]v‰v B°m≥

<PRE> :- {]o t^m¿am-‰Uv sSIvÃv ImWn-°m≥

<Address> :- A-{U v ImWn-°m≥

<Marquee> :- Nen-°p∂ satkPv

<font> :- t^m≠v If¿, sskkv F∂nh sk‰p sNøm≥

Ia‚ v <! >

<IMG> :- Nn{X-߃ ImWn-°p-hm≥

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv
CHAPTER 5
WEB DESIGNING USING HTML
Lists in HTML

HTML enÃv aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep≠v

1. Unordered List - <UL>- </UL>

2. Ordered List - <OL> - </OL>

3. Definition List - <DL> - </DL>

Creating Links <A>

c≠v sh∫v t]Pp-Iƒ XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ SmKv BWv anchor tag <a>.
Cu SmKns‚ ‘href’F∂ attribute GXv t]Pn-te-°mWv en¶v sNtø-≠Xv F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
en¶pIƒ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≠v
a) Internal Link

Hcp tUm°p-sa‚nse Xs∂ hnhn[ `mK-߃ XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂p

b) External Link

as‰mcp tUm°p-sa‚p-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂p

<Table> Cu SmKv D]-tbm-Kn®v hcnbpw \nc-bp-ambn Um‰ kq£n-°mw.

<table> SmKns‚ {][m\ attribute Iƒ

1. Border :- tS_n-fns‚ hi-߃ ImWn-°p-∂p.

2. Bgcolor :- _m°v{Ku≠v If¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.
3. Cellspacing :- c≠v sk√p-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ AIew Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.
4. Cellpadding :- sk√nse Um‰bpw, sk√ns‚ AXncpw XΩn-ep≈ AI-ew.

<TR> tS_n-fns‚ row \n¿Ωn-°m-\p≈ SmKv

<TH> SmKv ˛ slUnwKv sk¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-hm-\p≈ SmKv

<TD> SmKv ˛ sk¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-hm-\p≈ SmKv

<Frameset>

Hcp tUm°p-sa‚ v hn≥tUmsb ]e `mK-ß-fmbn hn`Pn-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu SmKv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv
{][m\ attibutes

1. Cols :- tUm°p-sa‚ns\ ]e tImf-ß-fmbn hn`Pn-°m≥

2. Rows :- tUm°p-sa‚ns\ ]e rows Bbn hn`Pn-°m≥.

<FRAME> ]e-Xmbn hn`Pn® Hcp hn≥tUm-bn¬ Bh-iy-ap≈ t]Pv temUv sNøp-hm≥ klm-bn-
°p∂ SmKv.

<Form>

sh_v t]Pp-I-fn-eqsS Um‰m kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu SmKv klm-bn-°p-∂p.

<Input>

t^mw SmKn\p≈n¬ Um‰m kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {Km^n°¬ C‚¿t^-kp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v

klm-bn-°p-∂p.

<Input> SmKns‚ {][m\ Attribute BWv Type

Type attibutes s‚ {][m\ Values

1. Text :- sSIvÃv t_mIvkv

2. Password :- ]mkvth¿Uv t_mIvkv

3. Check box :- H∂n-e-[nIw C\-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥

4. Radio :- Hcp C\w am{Xw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥

5. Reset :- dosk‰v _´¨

6. Submit :- k_van‰v _´¨

7. button

<Textarea>

Multiline Text box \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.

<Select> :- t{Um∏vUu¨ enÃv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.

<Fieldsest> :- I¨t{Smfp-Isf {Kq∏v sNøp-∂p.

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv

CHAPTER 6
CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING USING JAVA SCRIPT
Java script 1995 ¬ Brendan Eich hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ kv{In]v‰nwKv emwtKzPv BWv CX.v client
side kv{In]v‰pIƒ (t{]m-{Km-ap-Iƒ) \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. km[m-c-W-bmbn data validation
(tU‰ icn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\v) BWv java script D]tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv. {_uk¿ interpret
sNbvXmWv javascript {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Javascript case sensitive BWv. javascript t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ html
t]Pp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. Html t]Pp-Iƒ°p≈n¬ <script> tag D]-tbmKn®v
javascript t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. as‰mcp am¿Kw. ''.js'' F∂ extension \¬In javascript t{]m{Kmw
save sNøp-Ibpw. <script> tag D]-tbm-Kn®v html file tebv°v link sNøp-Ibpw sNømw. java script ¬
decision making ,looping statement Iƒ c++ emwtKz-Pn-te-Xp-t]m-se -X-s∂-bm-Wv.
Decision making statement

if, if....else , switch

Looping statements

for, while

operators c++ ¬ D≈ F√m operators Dw. javascript epw D]tbm-Kn-°p∂p

Javascript functions

javascript ¬ functions html file se head section ¬ \¬I-Ww- F√m ^Mvj\pw ''function” F∂
keyword D]-tbm-Kn®v thWw XpS-ßp-hm≥.
DZm: <html>
<head><title>function <title>

<script language =”javascript”>

function print ()

document.write (“Hello”);
}

</script>

</head>
<body>

<script language =”javascript”>

print();
</script>

</head>

</html>
Output :- Helo

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv

CHAPTER 7
WEB HOSTING
Web Hosting
Cs‚¿s\- ‰ n¬ sh_v s sk‰v e`y- a m- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ m- b n, - s h- _ v sk¿h- d n¬ kw`cW ÿew
(storage space ) k÷o-I-cn®p sImSp-°p∂ tkh-\-amWv sh_v tlmÃnw-Kv. sh_vtlm-ÃnwKv sNøp∂
Iº-\n-Isf sh_v tlm-Ãp-Iƒ (web hosts) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.
1.1 Types of Web Hosting
]e-Xcw web hosting package Iƒ \ne-hn¬ e`y-am-Wv. GXp Xcw sh_v tlmÃnwKv sXc-s™-Sp-
°Wsa∂Xv Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Bh-iy-X-Iƒ IsW-°n-se-SpØmIWw.
· sh_v tlmÃnw-Kn\v Bh-iy-amb kw`cW ÿew (storage space)
· sh_vssk‰v kµ¿i-I-cpsS {]Xo-£n-°p∂ FÆw. (Expected number of visitors)
· Database, programing klmbw
\ne-hn¬ e`y-amb Web hosting package Iƒ Shared Hosting, Virtual Hosting, Dedicated Hosting F∂n-hb
- m-Wv.
A. Shared Hosting - Hcp sk¿h-dn¬ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ kw`-cn-°p-Ib
- pw, Cu sh_vssk-
‰p-Iƒ sk¿h-dns‚ RAM, CPU apX-emb hn`h-߃ (resources) ]¶p-sh-°p-Ibpw sNbp-∂p.
ta·-IÄ (Advantages)
· Xnc°v (traffic ) Ipd-hmb sNdnb sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Pyw.
· sNehv Ipd-hm-Wv.
· D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ffp∏w.
Ipd-hp-Iƒ. (Disadvantages)
· sk¿h-dns‚ _m≥Uv hnUvXv (band width) F√m sh_vssk-‰p-Ifpw ]¶p-sh-°p-∂-Xn\m¬
GsX-¶nepw Hcp sh_vssk-‰n-te°v Xnc°v IqSp-tºmƒ a‰v sh_vssk‰p-If
- psS thKX Ipd-bp-∂p.
B. Dedicated Hosting - Hcp sk¿∆-dn-t\bpw, AXns‚ hn`h-ß-tfbpw (resources) Hcp sh_vssk-‰n\v
am{X-ambn hmS-Ibv°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
ta∑-Iƒ (Advantages)
· kµ¿i-I¿ IqSp-X-emb Kh¨sa‚ v Un∏m¿´vsa‚p-Iƒ, henb ÿm]-\߃ F∂n-hbv°v
A\p-tbm-Pyw.
· sk¿∆-dn-t∑¬ ]q¿Æ kzmX-¥yw.
· Dd-∏mb {]h¿Ø\ anI-hv.
· _m≥Uv hnUvXv (bandwidth) ]¶p-sh-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ssk‰ns‚ thKX -Ip-d-bp-∂n-√.
Ipd-hp-Iƒ (Disadvantages)
· sNehv IqSp-X-em-Wv.
¢b‚ v kz¥w sh_vsk¿h¿, Um‰m sk‚-dn¬ (data center) ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv
co-location F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
C. Virtual Hosting - Virtual Hosting sNøp∂ t#sk¿h-dp-Isf Virtual Private Server F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
hn¿Nz-sse-tk-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn (Virtualization Technology) D]-tbm-Kn®v H∂n-e-[nIw sk¿h-dp-Ifmbn
hn`Pn°-s∏´n-cn-°p∂ sk¿h-dmWv VPS. VPS \n›nX Af-hn¬ hn`h-ßsf Hmtcm hn¿Nz¬ sk¿h-
dn-\p-ambn `mKn°p∂p. Dedicated Hosting t‚bpw, Shared Hosting t‚bpw Hcp an{i-W-am-Wn-Xv. hn¿Nz-
sse-tk-j≥ tkm^v‰v shb-dns‚ DZm-lc
- W
- ߃ ˛ VMware, Virtualbox, FreeVPS, Usermode Linux, Microsoft
Hyper-V

ta∑-Iƒ (Advantages)
· Shared Hosting t\°mƒ IqSp-Xepw, Dedicated Hosting t\°mƒ Ipdhpw Bb kuI-cy-߃
Bh-iy-amb ssk‰p-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Pyw.
· sk¿h-dnse Hmtcm ssk‰p-Iƒ°pw \n›nX Afhn¬ band width Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
· Dedicated Hosting t\mfw kuI-cy-߃, Ipd™ Nne-hn¬ e`y-am-°p-∂p.

1.1.2 Buying Hosting Space

Hosting space hmßp-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ LSI-߃
· kw`-cWtijn-. (storage space)
· sk¿h¿ H-∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw. (Linux Server / Windows Server)
· Um‰m-t_kv, C˛-sa-bn¬ ]n¥pW.
1.1.3 Domain Name Registration
C‚¿s\-‰n¬ sh_vssk-‰p-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mbn Domain Name D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Domain Name cPn-
ÿ sNbp-∂-Xn-\p≈ L´-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
1. Xnc-s™-SpØ Domain Name e`y-amtWm F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-I. AXn-\mbn www.whois.net F∂
sh_vssk-‰ns‚ klmbw D]-tb-Kn-°m-hp∂XmWv.
2. Domain Name e`y-amsW-¶n¬, ICANN s‚ WHOIS Um‰m-t_-kn-te°v Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-߃
\¬Ip-I.
3. hm¿jnI cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ^okv Hm¨sse-\mbn AS-°p-I.
cPn-ÿ sNbvX Domain Name D]-tbm-Kn®v Cs‚¿s\-‰n¬ sh_vssk‰v e`y-am-IW
- s
- a-¶n¬, Domain s‚
A record ¬ sk¿h-dns‚ IP A{U v FgpXntN¿t°-≠X
- m-W.v
1.1.4 FTP Client Software

¢b‚ v Iwºyq-´-dn¬ \n∂pw sh_vssk-‰ns‚ ^b-ep-Isf sk¿h-dn-te°v am‰m-\mbn FTP

client software D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. BZy ImeØv FTP protocol A\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-s∂-
sX-¶nepw, C°m-eØv SSHFTP (SFTP) t{]mt´m-t°mƒ A\p-k-cn-®mWv FTP client software Iƒ {]h¿Øn-

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv
°p-∂-Xv. Cu t{]mt´m-t°mƒ A\p-k-cn®v Um‰-Isf encrypt sNbvX-Xn\p tij-amWv sh_vsk¿h-
dn-te°v Ab-°p-∂-Xv. Eg: FileZilla,Cute FTP, Smart FTP
1.2 Free Hosting
sh_vtlm-ÃnwKv tkh-\-߃ kuP-\y-ambn sNøp-∂-Xns\ Free Hosting F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
ta∑-Iƒ (Advantages)
· tlmÃnwKv XnI®pw kuP-\yw.
· sh_vtlm-Ãnw-Kn-\p≈ Nnehv Xmßm-\mh-mØ hy‡n-Iƒ°pw, {Kq-∏p-Iƒ°pw A\p-tbm-Pyw.
· Nne Free Hosting ÿm]-\-߃ Domain Name registration tkh-\hpw H∏w \¬Ip-∂p.
Ipd-hp-Iƒ (Disadvantages)
· Free Hosting sNbp∂ ÿm]-\ß
- ƒ sh_vssk-‰n-s\m∏w ]c-ky-߃IqSn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
· ^b-ens‚ hep∏w Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°-Ww,- Hm-Untbm/hoUntbm ^b-ep-Iƒ ]mSn-√ XpSßn Nne
\nb-{¥-W-߃ Free Hosting ÿm]-\-߃ sh_vssk-‰n-t∑¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.
Eg: Sytes.google.com,yola.com

1.3 Content Management System (CMS)

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-hm-\pw,- ta-¬t\m´w hln-°p-hm\pw, ]-c-ky-am-°p-hm\pw klm-bn-°p∂

sh_v- A-[n-jvTnX tkm^v‰p-sh-b-dp-I-fmWv Content Management System.
ta∑-Iƒ (Advantages)
· kmt¶-XnI ]cn-⁄m-\-an√m-Ø-h¿°v kpc-£n-X-amb sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ cq]I¬∏\
sNøp-hm-\pw, hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw CXv klm-bn-°p-∂p.
· CMS Template Iƒ Bh¿Øn®p hcp∂ tImUp-I-tf-bpw, slUnw-Kv,- sa-\p, F∂n-hbpsS
design t\bpw Ipd-bv°p-∂p.
· Nnehv IpdhmWv.
· tªmKv (Blog) \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v A\p-tbmPyw.
Eg: WordPress, Drupal and Joomla
1.4 Responsive Web Design
GXv D]-I-c-W-Ønepw, GXv kv{Io≥ sskknepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ sh_vssk-‰p-Isf \n¿Ωn-°p∂
k{º-Zm-bsØ Responsive Web Design F∂v ]d-bp-∂p.- Flexible Grid Layout, Flexible Image /Video, Media
Query F-∂n-h-bpsS klm-bØm-emWv Responsive Web Design km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Flexible Grid Layout
D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ kv{Io≥ sskkn\v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn sh_v t]-Pns\ am‰p-∂p.
Flexible Image /Video - - D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ kv{Io≥ sskkn\v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn Nn{Xw/hoUntbm
F∂n-hsb am‰p-∂p.
Media Query - D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ kv{Io≥ sskkn\v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn sa\pt]mep≈ H_vP-IvSp-
Isf hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.

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 Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv
CHAPTER 8
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. DBMS

Um‰m-t_-knse Um‰-bpsS kw`-cWw, hnX-c-Ww, apX-em-bh km[y-am-°p∂ Hcp Iq´w

t{]m{Km-ap-Isf DBMS F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
1.1 Advantages of DBMS (DBMS s‚ t\´-߃)
• Controlling data redundancy: Um‰-I-fpsS A\m-h-iy- ]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ Hgnhm°p∂Xn\m¬ data
redundancy (Htc Um‰-bpsS A\-h[n ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ) sb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p.
• Data consistency: Data redundancy sb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X
- n-\m¬ data consistency Dd-∏m-°m-\m-Ip-∂p.
• Data integrity : Um‰-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X, IrXy-X,- s]m-cpØw F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
• Data security: ]mkvth¿Up-I-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ A\p-a-Xn-bn-√mØ hy‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
Um‰m-t_-knse hnh-c-ßsf kpc-£n-X-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
• Sharing of data: Um‰m-t_knse Um‰-Isf H∂n-e-[nIw hy‡n-Iƒt°m, t{]m{Km-apIƒt°m
Htc kabw ]¶p-sh-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
• Crash recovery: Um‰m-t_-kn\p XI¿® (Crash) D≠m-bmepw Um‰-Isf kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
1.2 Components of the DBMS environment

DBMS s‚ LS-I-߃ (Component) Hardware, Software, Data, User, Procedure F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

Hardware : Um‰m-t_-kns‚ kw`c-W-Øn-\pw,-hn-X-c-W-Øn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iºyq-´-dp-I-tf-bpw,
A\p-_‘ D]-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw Hardware F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Eg: PC, Workstation, Server, Supercomputer, Hard disk, Magnetic tape, hub,switch, router
Software : DBMS, Application Programs, User F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv Software.
Database, Application Programs,User F∂n-h-bp-ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp∂ Software BWv DBMS. Um‰m-
t_-knse Um‰-Isf ssIImcy sNøm\mbn Fgp-X-s∏´ t{]m{Km-ap-IfmWv Application Software. Um‰m-
t_kv knÃsØ \nb-{¥n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tool Ifm-Wv utilities.
Data : DBMS s‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ LS-I-amWv Um‰. Um‰mt_kn¬ c≠p Xcw Um‰-I-fm-Wp-
≈Xv - operational data, Meta data (Um‰-Isf°pdn-®p≈ Um‰).
^e-{]-Z-amb kw`c-W-Øn-\pw,-hn-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ambn Um‰m-t_-kn¬ Um‰-Isf field, record,
file F∂n-ßs\ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p .
Um‰-bpsS G‰hpw sNdn-b- bq-Wn‰mWv field.
]c-kv]-c-_-‘-ap≈ ^o¬Up-I-fpsS Iq´sØ record F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Htc Xcw record IfpsS Iq´sØ file F∂p ]d-bp-∂q.
User : Um‰m-t_-kns‚ D]-tbm-‡m-°sf (User) Database Administrator(DBA), Application Programmers,
Sophisticated Users, Naïve Users F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Procedure: Um‰m-t_-kns‚ cq]-I-ev]\ (design), D]-tbmKw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nb-a-ß-fpw,
\n¿t±-i-ß-fp-am-Wv Procedure.

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1.3 Data abstraction and data independence

1.3.1 Data Abstraction

Um‰m-t_-kns‚ k¶o¿Æ-X-Isf user ¬ \n∂pw ad-®p-sh-°m-\mbn \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ hnhn-[-

Xcw abstraction Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-aq∂pXcw data abstraction Ifm-Wp-≈-Xv Physical level, Logical
(conceptual) level, view level.

a. Physical level : Um‰sb F{]-Imcw kw`-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

b. Logical Level : F¥v Um‰ kw`cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘w F¥v F∂v hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
c. View Level : Hcp user s‚ ImgvN∏
- mSv hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp Um‰mt_kn-\v At\Iw users D≠mIpw.
AXn-\m¬ At\Iw View Level abstraction Dw D≠mIpw.

1.3.2 Data Independence

sXm´p-ap-I-fnse schema definition s\ _m[n-°mØ coXn-bn¬ Hcp schema definition \v am‰w

hcp-Øp-∂-Xns\ Data Independence F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. c≠p-Xcw Data Independence B-Wp-≈-X.v Physical
Data Independence, Logical Data Independence.

a. Physical Data Independence : Logical (Conceptual) level s‚ schema definition s\ _m[n-°mØ

coXn-bn¬ Physical level schema °v am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xns\ Physical Data Independence F∂p ]d-
bp-∂p.
b. Logical Data Independence : View Level s‚ schema definition s\ _m[n-°mØ coXn-bn¬ Logical
Schema Level °v am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xns\ Logical Data Independence F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
1.4 Users of database

Um‰m-t_kv bqtk-gvkns\ 4 Bbn Xcw-Xn-c-®n-cn-°p-∂p. : Database Administrator (DBA),Application

Programmers, Sophisticated Users, Naïve Users.
Database Administrator : Um‰m-t_kv \nb-{¥W Npa-X-e-bp≈ hy‡n-bm-Wv DBA. Physical, Conceptual
schema IfpsS design, security F∂nh DBA bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬s∏Sp-∂p.
Application Programmers: Application t{]m{KmapIƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v DBMS ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp∂
Iwºyq´¿ hnZ-Kv[cmWv Application Programmers.
Sophisticated Users: DBMS s‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Ipdn®v ]cn-⁄m-\-ap≈ hy‡n-I-fmWv Sophisticated
Users. Query Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Chcpambn DBMS kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-∂p. F-©n-\o-b¿,im-kv{X-⁄¿
apX-em-b-h¿ Ch-cn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
Naïve Users : DBMS s‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf°pdn®v H´pw ]cn-⁄m-\-an-√mØ hy‡n-I-fmWv Naïve Users.
Ch¿ t\csØ Xøm-dm-°nb Application Program IfpsS klm-b-tØmsS DBMS ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fnse ¢¿°p-am¿ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
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1.5 Relational Data Model

Um‰m-t_-kns\ At\Iw table Ifpw Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßfpw Bbn Bhn-jv°cn-°p∂ coXn-

bmWv Relational Data Model. Relation Data Model D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ DBMS s\ Relational Database Management
System (RDBMS) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Eg: Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, DB2, Informix, Ingrees.
1.6 Terminologies in RDBMS

Entity : a‰p-≈-h-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-ÿ-ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂ hy‡n-tb-tbm, hkvXp-hn-t\tbm Entity

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZm : hnZym¿∞n, Im¿
Relation: ]´nI (table) cq]-Øn-ep≈ (row and column) Um‰-If
- psS {Iao-Ic
- W
- sØ Relation F∂p ]d-bp∂p.
Tuple : Relation se Hcp hcnsb (row) Tuple F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Attribute : Relation se Hcp \nc-sb (column) Attribute F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Degree: Hcp Relation se Attribute IfpsS FÆsØ Degree F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Cardinality : Hcp Relation se Tuple IfpsS FÆsØ Cardinality F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Domain: Hcp Attribute \p kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ hne-I-fpsS Range s\ Domain F∂p ]dbp-∂p.
Schema: Um‰m-t_-kns‚ LS-\sb (Structure) Schema F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Instance : Hcp Relation s‚ Hcp ka-b-Øp≈ Um‰m-I-fpsS Iq´sØ Instance F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
1.6.1 Keys

Hcp Relation se Hcp tuple s\ as‰mcp tuple  \n¶pw thÀXn-cn-¨-dn-bm³ klm-bn-¡p¶ Hcp attribute
s\ AÃ-¦n attribute IfpsS Iq«s¯ keys F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Key H¶n-e-[nIw attribute Ifm \nÀ½n-
X-am-sW-¦n A¯cw Key sb composite key F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

Candidate key : Hcp relation se Hcp tuple s\ as‰mcp tuple ¬ \n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-
°p∂ Hcp attribute s\ As√-¶n¬ attribute IfpsS Iq´sØ Keys F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp relation ¬
H∂n-e-[nIw Candidate key D≠m-Imw. DZm: STUDENT relation se AdmNo, Roll + Batch+Year
Primary Key : Hcp tuple s\ asämcp tuple  \n¶pw thÀXn-cn-¨-dn-bm-\mbn Candidate key Ifn \n¶pw
Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ Hcp attribute s\ AÃ-¦n attribute IfpsS Iq«s¯ Primary Key F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
Hcp relation  Hcp Primary Key am{Xta D- m - I p- I - b p- Šp.
DZm: STUDENT relation se AdmNo
Alternate Key : Primary Key AÃm¯ Candidate key sb Alternate Key F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
DZm: STUDENT relation  AdmNo s\ Primary Key Bbn Xnc-sª-Sp-¯m Roll + Batch+Year Alternate Key
BIpw.

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Foreign Key : Hcp tuple se Hcp attribute asämcp tuple se Primary Key Bbm B attribute s\
Foreign Key F¶p ]d-bp¶p
-1.7 Relational Algebra

Hcp relation  \S-¯m-hp¶ hnhn[ operation Isf Relational Algebra F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Relational
Algebra bnse ASn-Øm\ operation IÄ SELECT, PROJECT, UNION, INTERSECTION, SET DIFERENCE, CARTESIAN

PRODUCT F¶n-h-bm-Wv.

1.7.1 SELECT OPERATION

Hcp relation  \n¶pw X¶n-cn-¡p¶ \n_-Ô\ (condition) A\p-k-cn-¨pÅ hcn-Isf (rows) e`y-am-
¡m³ Select Operation D]-tbm-K-n-¡p-¶p. Cu operation s\ knÜ (ó) F¶ A£cw sIm≠v kqNn-¸n-
¡p-¶p. ó condition (Relation)

1.7.2 PROJECT OPERATION

Hcp relation  \n¶pw Xnc-sª-Sp¯ attribute Isf ey-am-¡m³ Project Operation D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
Cu operation s\ ss] (ð) F∂ A£cw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ð A1,A2,…… An (Relation)

1.7.3 UNION OPERATION

CsXmcp ss_\dn Hm∏-td-j-\m-Wv. c≠v relation Ifn-tebpw tuples tN¿Øv H‰ relation Bbn ImWn-
°p-∂p. Cu operation s\ U F∂- A-£cw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

1.7.4 INTERSECTION OPERATION

c≠v relation Ifn-tebpw s]mXphmb tuples tN¿Øv H‰ relation Bbn ImWn-°p-∂p. Cu relation s\

F∂ A£cw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

1.7.5 SET DIFFERENCE OPERATION

BZysØ relation ¬ D≈Xpw c≠m-asØ relation ¬ C√m-Ø-Xp-amb tuples tN¿Øv H‰

relation Bbn ImWn-°p-∂p. Cu operation s\ -˛ F∂ A£cw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

1.7.6 CARTESIAN PRODUCT OPERATION

c≠v relation tebpw F√m tuples Itfbpw tN¿Øv sIm≠v H‰ relation Bbn ImWn-°p-∂p.
Cu operation s\ X F∂ A£cw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

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CHAPTER 9

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE - RDBMS Ifn¬ Um‰m ssIImcyw sNøm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ emwtKz-
PmWv SQL.
COMPONENTS OF SQL (SQL LS-I-߃)
SQL \v aq∂p LS-I-߃ D≠v.
1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) : tU‰m t_kns‚ LS-\ ssIIm-cyw sNøp∂-Xn-\m-hn-iy-amb
SQL Iam≥Up-I-fmWv DDL
2. DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML) : DML Commands D]-tbm-Kn®v tS_n-fn-tebv°v tU‰m tN¿°p-
∂-Xn\pw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw, ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°p-∂p.
3. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL) : Data access \nb-{¥n-°p∂ emwtKzPv.
MY SQL

CXv Hcp Free RDBMS BWv. Database, Table (Relation) F∂nh \n¿Ωn-°p-hm\pw Data Process sNøp-
hm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
SQL DATA TYPES

DataType Hcp thcn-b-_nƒ GXp Xc-Øn-ep-≈- tU-‰-bmWv kq£n-°-p∂Xv F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. SQL
data types aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep-≠-v.
1. Numeric : A°-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂p.
DZm : INT, DEC
2. String : A£-c-ßfpw knw_-ep-Ifpw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂p.
DZm : CHAR, VARCHAR
3. Date & Time : My SQL ¬ Date Dw Time Dw tÃm¿ sNøp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
SQL COMMANDS
Database ssIImcyw sNøp-hm-\p≈ {][m-\-s∏´ Commands Xmsg-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.
(1) Create Database <database name> : ]pXnb Um‰m-t_kv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
(2) USE <database name> : \ne-hn-ep≈ Um‰m-t_kv Open sNøp-∂p.
(3) Show databases: \ne-hn-ep≈ F√m Um‰m-t_kpIfpw display sNøp-∂p.
(4) Create Table : ]pXnb Hcp tS_nƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
(5) Describe : Hcp Table s‚ Structure ImWn-°p-∂p.
(6) Insert Into : Hcp Table ¬ ]pXnb Hcp Tuple Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂p.
(7) Select : Hcp Table ¬ \n∂pw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Tuple ImWn-®p-X-cp∂p.
(8) Update : Hcp Table ¬ am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-∂p.
(9) Alter Table : ]pXnb Attribute Iq´n-t®¿°m-\pw, t]cv am‰m\pw, \ne-hn-ep≈ Attribute \v hyXymkw

hcp-Øp-hm\pw.
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(10) Delete From : Table \n∂pw Tuples \o°w sNøm≥
(11) Drop Table : Hcp Table \o°w sNøm≥.
(12) Create View : Hcp ]pXnb hyq \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥
(13) Drop View : Hcp hyq \o°w sNøp-∂p.
View : CXv \ne-hn-ep≈ tS_n-fn¬ \n∂pw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Hcp Virtual Table BWv.
Hcp tS_nƒ t]mse Xs∂ CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

Hcp Iq´w Tuples ¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ^wKvj≥kmWv A{K-tK‰v ^wKvj≥kv

(a) SUM () - Hcp \nc-bnse hne-I-fpsS XpI ImWp∂p.
(b) AVG() - Hcp \nc-bnse hne-I-fpsS icm-icn ImWp∂p.
(c) MIN () - Hcp \nc-bnse G‰hpw sNdnb hne- ImWp∂p.
(d) MAX () - Hcp \nc-bnse G‰hpw henb hne- ImWp∂p.
(e) Count () - Hcp \nc-bnse hne-I-fpsS FÆw ImWp∂p.
DML Commands : Select, Insert Into, Update, Delete

DDL Commands : Create Table, Drop Table, Alter Table

DCL Commands : Grant, Revoke

Where Clause : Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v tImf-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw

Order by Clause : tU‰ Ascending / Descending Hm¿U-dn¬ tkm¿´v sNøp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂p.
Group by Clause : tU‰msb ]e {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p.
Having Clause : Hcp Iq´w tU‰mbn¬ _m[-I-am-Ip∂ Conditions \¬-Ip-hm≥
CONSTRAINTS : tS_n-fnse GsX-¶nepw tImf-Øn¬ \ap°v Bh-iy-ap≈ \nb-{¥-W-߃ hcp-Øp-
hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kqN-I-]-Z-߃ BWv Constraints. Constraints c≠v hn[-Øn-ep-≠v.
COLUMN CONSTRAINTS

Individual Columns \v _m[-I-am-Ip∂ Nne \nb-{¥-W-ß-fmWv Column Constraints

(i) Not Null : Hcp \ncbn¬ \n¿_-‘-ambpw Um‰ \¬Ip-hm≥
(ii) Autoincrement : kzbw amdp∂ hne-Iƒ \¬Ip-hm≥
(iii) Unique : Uyqπnt°‰v hmeyqkv Hgn-hm-°m≥
(iv) Primary Key : Hcp Column Primary Key B°p-hm≥
(v) Default : Hcp \nc-bn¬ Hcp {]tXyI hmeyq \¬Ip-hm≥
Table Constraints : Hcp tS_n-fn\v apgp-h-\mbpw _m[n-°p∂ Constraints

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CHAPTER 10
SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING USING PHP
PHP

PHP - “Hypertext Preprocessor” Hcp sever side kv{In]v‰nwKv emwtKzPv BWv. 1995 ¬ Rasmus Lerdorf
BWv CXv hnI-kn-∏n-®Xv. PHP bpsS syntax c++ \v Xpey-amWv. PHP file Iƒ “.php”F∂ extension
\¬In Hcp web server s‚ root directory bn¬ save sNø-Ww. php t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ interpret sNø-s∏-
Sp∂p, php t{]m{Km-ap-I-fpsS output HTML file BWv.
PHP kv{In]v‰v XpS-ßp-∂Xv <? php F∂ Tag epw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv ?> Tag ep-am-Wv.
echo(), print () F∂nh php bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ output commands BWv
PHP ¬ thcn-b-_n-fp-Iƒ XpS-ßp-∂Xv $ Nn”-tØm-sS-bmWv
PHP bn¬ c++ ¬ D≈ integer, float, double data type Iƒ IqSmsX string, boolean, null, array, object,
resources F∂o datatype Iƒ IqSn-bp≠v
Operators

c++ ¬ D≈ F√m operators Dw PHP ¬ D]-tbm-Kn°mw AXp IqSmsX dot Operator (‘.’) Hm∏td‰¿
concatenating

(kv{SnwKp-Iƒ XΩn¬ tN¿ -°p-∂-Xn\v) operator Bbn D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

Control Statements
A. Decision making statements

if, if ..else, switch F∂nh c++ t]mse Xs∂ D]- t bmKn°p∂p,

Functions
B. looping statements

For , while, do......while F∂nh IqSmsX foreach F∂ Hcp loop IqSn PHP ¬ D]-tbmKn°p∂p,
Functions
java script teXp-t]mse ^Mvj-\p-Iƒ “function” F∂ keyword D]-tbm-Kn®v XpS-ßp∂p
DZm. function print()
{
body of function;

Output Statementes in PHP

i. echo and print

echo, print F∂o Ia-m‚pIƒ sh_vt]Pn¬ Hcp Output ImWn-°p-hm≥th≠n-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂Xv. DZm: echo ''Welcome to PHP'';
print ''Welcome to PHP'';

1. echo :- i) return value H∂pw \¬Ip-∂n√

ii) H∂ne[nIw Parameters kzoI-cn-°p∂p

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iii) print IΩm≥Un-s\-°mƒ thKX D≠v
2. print :- icn-bmb output \v True As√-¶n¬ 1 F∂pw kv{SnwKv {]n‚ v sNøm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-s√¶n¬ False
F∂pw ImWn-°p-∂p.
i) Hcp parameter am{Xw kzoI-cn-°p∂p.
ii) echo Iam≥Un-s\-°mƒ thKX Ipd-hmWv.
2. var_dump ()
Hcp variable - s‚ data type s\bpw AXns‚ Value - s\bpw ImWn°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
function DZm: $a = 678;

var_dump ($a);
output :- int (678)

ARRAYS IN PHP

PHP - ¬ Arrays s\ 3˛mbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p

1. Index array - index numeric Bbn-cn°pw

2. Associative array - index string Bbn-cn°pw

3. Multi dimensional array
print _r() function :

Hcp Array - sb H‰ tÉvsa‚n¬ print sNøm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ function

Syntax : print _r (array _name);
Three tire architecture

PHP t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ 3 Three tire architecture (aq∂v Xeß-fn¬) D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. user interface, application
programs , datastore F∂n-h-bmWv 3 Xe߃.
Global variables

t{]m{Km-ans‚ GXv `mK-Øp-\n∂pw access sNømhp∂ thcn-b_

- nƒkv BWv global variables GET, POST
F∂o c≠v global variables hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bmWv
HTML forms D]-tbm-Kn®v sk¿hdn-te°v data Ab-b°
v p-∂X
- n\mWv GET Dw POST Dw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
GET D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ ]c-am-h[n 2000 characters am{Xta Ab-bv°p-hm≥ km[n-°q. Cßs\
Ab-bv°p∂ tU‰ \ap°v visible BWv CXv bookmark sNømw A{][m\ hnh-c-߃ ssIam-dp-hm≥
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

POST- D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºm-ƒ tU‰mbv°v limit C√ Ab-bv°p∂ tU‰ visible A√. Bookmark sNøp-hm≥
km[n-°n√ . {][m-\-s∏´ hnh-c-߃ ssIam-dp-∂p.
Database t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ
PHP D]tbm-Kn®v tU‰m-t_kv connect sNbvXv data kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm \¬Ip-Itbm sNømw.
PHP {][m-\-s∏´ F√m database Ifp-ambn {]h¿Øn°pw

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CHAPTER 11
ADVANCES IN COMPUTING
Iºyq-´¿ taJ-e-bnse \qX\ {]h-W-X-Iƒ
1. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

www Unkv{Sn-_yq-´Uv Iw]yq-´nwKn\v DZm-l-c-WamWv. ChnsS ]e ÿe-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ sNdnb Iºyq-

´-dp-I-fpsS klmbtØmsS henb Hcp Iºyq-t´-j≥ \S-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. Ipd™ sNe-hn¬
thK-Øn¬ {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°mw.
2. PARALLEL COMPUTING

Hcp t{]m{Kmw ]e sNdnb `mK-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn®v Htc-k-abw ]e Iºyq-´-dp-I-fn-embn d¨ sNøp-∂p.

3. GRID COMPUTING

]c-kv]c _‘n-X-amb At\Iw D]-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°msX InS-°p∂ dntkm-gvkp-Iƒ D]-

tbm-Kn®v ]e t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ d¨ sNøp-∂p.
4. CLUSTER COMPUTING

Hcp LAN D]-tbm-Kn®v hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-߃ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®v henb t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ d¨

sNøp-∂p.
5. Cloud Computing

E-mail CXn\v DZm- l - c - W - a m- W v. s\‰vh¿°n- t e°v _‘- s ∏´v as‰- h n- s Stbm D≈

dntkm-gvkp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v t{]m{Kmw d¨ sNøp-∂p.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (Ir-{Xna _p≤n)
b{¥-߃°v _p≤n \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]Tn-°p∂ imkv{XimJbm-Wn-Xv. Ae≥ SyqdnwKv BWv
Cu Bibw apt∂m´p sh®-Xv.
CYBERNETICS - a\p-jy\pw b{¥hpw XΩn-ep≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw kw_-‘n® ]T\w
COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE : k ¶o¿Æhpw am‰- a p- ≈ - X p- a mb kml- N - c y- Ø n¬ s]mcp- Ø - s ∏- ´ p-
t]m-Ip-hm≥ km[n-°p∂ am¿K-ßsf (AƒtKm--cn-Xw) Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w.
A) ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)

a\p-jys‚ Xe-t®m-dn\v kam-\-amb coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ AƒtKm--cn-X-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂

imkv{X-im-J.
B) EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION

Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn\v kam\ coXn-bn¬ sa®-s∏´ AƒtKm-cn-X-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.

C) SWAM INTELLIGENCE
Ddp-ºp-Iƒ, ]£n-Iƒ apX-emb Iq´-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Pohn-I-fpsS amXr-I-bn¬ {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-
Øn-\mbn AƒtKm-cn-X-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ coXn.
D) FUZZY SYSTEMS
kmam-\y-_p≤n (common sense) {]ISn∏n-°p∂ AƒtKm--cn-X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn.

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Computional Intelligence D]-tbm-K-߃
_tbm-sa-{Sn-Ivkv, tdmt_m-´n-Ivkv, hml-\-\n¿Ωm-Ww, _ln-cm-Imi Kth-j-Ww, Im¿jnI, ssk\nI
taJ-e-Iƒ, Ir{XnaImgvN, `
ë mj, i_vZw Xncn-®-dn-b¬, ssIø-£cw Xncn-®-dn-b¬, _tbm
C≥t^m-am-‰n-Ivkv, tPym{K-^n-°¬ C≥^¿ta-j≥ knÃw F∂n-h-bnse√mw Computational Intelligence
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-
hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Distributed Computing
1. Parallel Computing :

2. Serial Computing :

Serial Computing Parallel Computing

1. Hcp Processor D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. H∂n-e-[nIw Processors D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
2. Hcp t{]m{Km-ans\ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fmbn Hcp t{]m{Km-ans\ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fmbn
hn`-Pn-®v, Hcp \n¿t±iw am{Xw hn`-Pn-®v, Htc kabw ]e Iºyq-´-dp-I-fn¬ d¨
Hcp kabw Run sNøp∂p. sNøp∂p.

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CHAPTER 12
ICT AND SOCIETY
INFORMATION SECURITY
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT

krjvSn-I¿Øm-hn\v Xs‚ krjvSn-bn-t∑-ep≈ Ah-Im-isØ Intellectual Property Right F∂p

]d-bp-∂p. Intellectual Property sb c≠mbn hn`Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Industrial Property, Copyright.
A.INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY - hyh-kmbw, I®-h-Sw,-Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-߃ F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ Ah-
Im-i-ßsf Industrial Property Right F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXv I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fn-t∑-ep≈ Patent, Trademark,
Industrial Design, Geographical Indications F∂n-hsb kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
Patent : ]pXnb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-t∑-ep≈ Ah-Im-iw.
Trademark : hkvXp-°sftbm tkh-\-ß-sftbm Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ AS-bm-f-߃.
Industrial Design : Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ kuµ-cy-]-c-amb \n¿ΩnXn.
Geographical Indications :\n¿ΩmW ÿe-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Io¿Ønsb ImWn-°p∂ ASbmf߃.
B.COPYRIGHT : _u≤n-Itam Iem-]-ctam Bb krjvSn-I-fn-t∑ep≈ krjvSn-I¿Øm-hns‚ Ah-Imiw.
INFRINGEMENT
A\p-hm-Z-an-√m-sX-bp≈ Intellectual Property bpsS D]-tbm-KsØ Infringement F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
PATENT INFRINGEMENT : t]‰‚ v D≈ Hcp hkvXp-hns\ A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm, hn¬°p-

Itbm sNøp-∂-Xns\ Patent Infringement F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT : -\ne-hn-ep≈ Hcp Trademark DS-a-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX AtX-t]m-ep-ff
hkvXp-hn-t\m, tkh-\Ø
- nt\m D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xns\ Trademark Infringement F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Copyright
INFRINGEMENT : tIm∏n-ssd‰v D≈ krjvSn, DS-a-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-°p-Itbm,
{]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I-tbm, hnX-cWw sNøp-Itbm sNøp∂-Xns\ Copyright Infringement F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
CYBER SPACE

C‚¿s\-‰p-ambn _‘n-∏n® Iwºyq-´-dp-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Ahm-kvX-hn-I-amb CS-am-Wv Cyber space.

CYBER CRIMES

Iºyq-´-dn-s\-tbm,- I-ºyq-´¿ s\‰p-h¿°p-I-sftbm D]-I-c-Wtam e£ytam Bbn \S-Øp∂

Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßsf Cyber Crimes F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Cyber Crime Isf aq∂mbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p : Cyber
Crimes against individuals, Cyber Crime against property and Cyber Crime against government.

A. CYBER CRIMES AGAINST INDIVIDUALS (hy‡n-°p-taep≈ ssk_¿ Ip‰-IrXyw).

ssk_¿ kvt]kn¬ Hcp hy‡n sNøp∂ {]h¿Øn as‰mcp hy‡n°p imco-cn-I-tam, am\-
kn-Itam Bb BLmXw krjvSn®m¬ B {]-h¿Ønsb Cyber Crime against individuals F∂p ]d-
bp∂p. Harassment (ieyw sNø¬), Identity theft (hy‡nhnhc tamjWw), Impersonation (Bƒam-
dm´w), Violation of privacy (kz-Im-cy-X-bpsS ewL\w) F∂nh Cu hn`mK-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.
I. IDENTITY THEFT : as‰mcp hy‡n-bpsS t]cv, s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv \º¿ apX-emb hnh-c-߃ B hy‡n-
bpsS Adn-hn-√msX D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

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II. HARASSMENT :enwKw,- h¿Kw,- a-Xw,- ]u-c-Xzw -F-∂nh _‘-s∏´v tami-amb A`n-{]mbw ssk_¿
kvt]kn¬ post sNøp-I.
III. IMPERSONATION : as‰m-cm-fmbn `mhn-®p-sIm≠v hy‡n-Isf iey-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
IV. VIOLATION OF PRIVACY : A\p-hm-Z-an-√m-sX- as‰m-cm-fpsS hy‡n Pohn-X-Øn-te°v IS∂p Ib-dp-I.
B. CYBER CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY (as‰m-cm-fns‚ property taep≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xyw)
s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv, Intellectual property F∂n-h- Dƒs∏´ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃.
I.CREDIT CARD FRAUD : as‰m-cm-fpsS s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv D]-tbm-Kn®p \S-Øp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xyw.
II.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT : Intellectual property right taep≈ IS-∂p-I-b-‰w.
III.INTERNET TIME THEFT : A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn as‰m-cm-fpsS Cs‚¿s\‰v k-abw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

C.CYBER CRIMES AGAINST GOVERNMENT (K-h¨sa‚n\v FXn-sc-bp≈ Ip‰-IrXyw)

Cyber terrorism (ssk_¿ `oIc {]h¿Ø\w), website defacement (sh_v ssk‰v hnIr-X-am-
°¬), e-governance denial attack F∂nh Ch-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
I.CYBER TERRORISM : Nuclear power plants, air traffic controls, gas line controls, telecom XpS-ßnb {][m-\-
s∏´ Iºyq-´¿ s\‰p-h¿°p-I-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ ssk_¿ B{I-a-W-߃.
II. WEBSITE DEFACEMENT : Kh¨sa‚ns‚ sh_v ssk‰p-I-fn¬ \pg-™p-I-bdn A]-am-\-I-c-amb -
Ia‚pIƒ t]mÃp sNbp-I.
III.ATTACKAS AGAINST E-GOVERNANCE WEBSITES : Kh¨sa‚ns‚ sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ B{I-an®v \n›-e-
am-°p∂p. AXn-eqsS P\-߃°p e`nt°≠ tkh-\-ßsf XS-bp-∂p.
CYBER FORENSICS

imkv{Xo-b-amb Adn-hp-I-fpsS klm-btØmsS sXfn-hp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-™v, tiJ-cn®v, hn-i-I-

e\w sNbvXv, tImS-Xn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ {]{In-bsb Cyber Forensics F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
INFOMANIA

Adnhv t\Sm-\p≈ Aan-X-amb Xmev]-cysØ Infomania F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXv hy‡nsb IT

bpsS ASn-a-bm-°p-Ibpw a‰v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]n≥h-en-bm≥ t{]cn-∏n°p-Ibpw sNbp-∂p.

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