CRE

EXAM
CRE

The Full Equation List!

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DeSimone Engineering,
Inc. 2021
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Feature Description Definition Calculation for Calculation for
Sample Data Population Data
The arithmetic average of all observations ∑𝑥 ∑𝑋
Mean 𝑥̅ = 𝜇=
𝑛 𝑁
Central The middle value (mid-point) of a data set If the data set has an even number of points, take the average
Median
Tendency 3, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7 -> 3 of the 2 middle points.
The most frequently occurring value in a data set
Mode Count the frequency of each value in the data set.
3, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7 -> 2
The average squared difference of each individual value from ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇̅ )2
Variance 𝑠2 = 𝜎2 =
the mean. 𝑛−1 𝑁
Standard ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇̅ )2
Dispersion The square root of the variance. 𝑠= √ 𝜎= √
Deviation 𝑛−1 𝑁
The smallest interval containing all of the data. Calculated as
Range 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑅 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑥) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
the difference between the Max and Min values of a data set.

Probability Concept Equation

The Union (“OR”) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 𝑃(𝐴 𝑈 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐵 = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
The Intersection (“AND”)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
The Complement 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴° = 𝑃(𝐴°) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 & 𝐵
Conditional Probability 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑃(𝐴 |𝐵) = =
𝑃(𝐵) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵
Probability for
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∗ 𝑃(𝐵) ∗ 𝑃(𝐶)
Independent Events
Addition Rule (“OR”)
𝑃(𝐴 𝑈 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(Non-Mutually Exclusive Events)
Addition Rule
𝑃(𝐴 𝑈 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
(Mutually Exclusive Events)
Multiplication Rule
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∗ 𝑃(𝐵)
(Independent Events)
Multiplication Rule
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) ∗ 𝑃(𝐵)
(Dependent Events)

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Continuous Data Distribution
Distribution Cumulative Central Dispersion Parameters
Probability Tendency
The Normal 𝑋− 𝜇 ∑𝑋 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 μ is the mean value
𝑍= 𝜇=
Distribution 𝜎 𝑁 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 σ is the standard deviation
The Uniform (𝑋1 − 𝑋2 ) 𝑎+𝑏 (𝑏 − 𝑎)2 a is the minimum value in the distribution
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑥 < 𝑋2 ) = 𝜇= 𝜎2 =
Distribution (𝑏 − 𝑎) 2 12 b is the maximum value in the distribution
The Exponential 1
𝑅(𝑡) = e−λt 𝜃= 𝝀 = 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
Distribution 𝜆
β(Beta) - the Weibull Shape or Slope Parameter
The Weibull 𝑡 𝛽
𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑒 −(𝜃
) θ(Theta) - the Weibull Scale Parameter
Distribution
Δ(Delta) - The Weibull Location Parameter (Not shown in equation)

Discrete Data Distribution

Distribution Mean Standard Probability Parameters
Deviation
The Binomial 𝑛 n is the sample size x is the # of succeses 𝑛 𝑛!
μ = n*p 𝜎 = √𝑛 ∗ 𝑝(1 − 𝑝) 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = ( ) 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥 ( )=
Distribution 𝑥 p is the probability of success 𝑥 (𝑛
𝑥! − 𝑥)!
The Poisson 𝑒 −𝜆 ∗ 𝜆𝑥 e = Euler’s Number = 2.71828….
μ=λ 𝜎 = √𝜆 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) =
Distribution 𝑥! λ = mean number of occurrences
N is the population quantity
The Hypergeometric (𝐴𝑥) ∗ (𝑁−𝐴
𝑛−𝑥
) 𝑛 𝑛!
NA NA 𝑓(𝑥) = n is the sample quantity ( )=
Distributions (𝑁
𝑛
) A is the number of “Successes” in the population
𝑥 𝑥! (𝑛 − 𝑥)!

Sampling Distribution
Distribution Test Statistic Parameters Usage
The F (𝑆1 )2 (S1)2 is the first sample variance
𝐹= Hypothesis Testing, ANOVA Analysis
Distribution (𝑆2 )2 (S2)2 is the second sample variance
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 ̅ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean
𝒙
Student T 𝑡= 𝑠 s is the sample standard deviation Confidence Intervals, Hypothesis Testing
Distribution ⁄ 𝑛
√ n is the sample size
𝑖=𝑘 N is the sample size, s2 is the sample variance
The Chi-Squared (𝑁 − 1)𝑠 2 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 Confidence Intervals, Hypothesis Testing,
2
𝛸 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑋 2
= ∑ σ2 is the population variance
Distribution 𝜎2 𝐸𝑖 Contingency Tables, Goodness of Fit Testing
𝑖 Oi = Observed Value, Ei = Expected Value

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Confidence Intervals
Parameter Equation Parameters Use When
of Interest
The Population 𝜎 ̅ is the sample mean, σ is the population standard deviation, n is the
𝒙 The population variance is known and
𝑥̅ ± 𝑍𝛼 ∗
Mean (μ) 2 √𝑛 sample size, 𝒁𝜶 is the z-statistic associated with the confidence level the sample size (n) is greater than 30
𝟐

The Population 𝑠 ̅ is the sample mean, s is the sample standard deviation, n is the
𝒙 The population variance is unknown
𝑥̅ ± 𝑡𝛼 ∗
Mean (μ) 2 √𝑛 sample size, 𝒕𝜶 is the t-statistic associated with the confidence level or the sample size (n) is less than 30
𝟐

(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 Creating a confidence interval for the

The Population n is the sample size, s2 is the sample variance, 𝜲𝟐𝟏−𝜶⁄ and 𝜲𝟐𝜶⁄ are the
2 < 𝜎2 < 𝟐 𝟐 population variance when the sample
Variance 𝛸1−𝛼⁄
𝛸𝛼2⁄ critical chi-squared values associated with the confidence level
2 2 variance is known.
The Population (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 n is the sample size, s2 is the sample variance, 𝜲𝟐𝟏−𝜶⁄ and 𝜲𝟐𝜶⁄ are the
Standard √ 2 < 𝜎 < √ 𝟐 𝟐 The square root of variance.
𝛸1−𝛼⁄ 𝛸𝛼2⁄ critical chi-squared values associated with the confidence level
Deviation 2 2

The Population 𝑝 ∗ (1 − 𝑝) p is the sample proportion, n is the sample size, and 𝒁𝜶 is the z-statistic Creating a confidence interval for the
𝑝 ± 𝑍𝛼 √ 𝟐 population proportion when the
Proportion 2 𝑛 associated with the confidence level sample proportion is known.

Hypothesis Testing
Parameter Equation Parameters Use When
of Interest
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
Population 𝑧= ̅ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, σ is the
𝒙 The population variance is known and
𝜎
Mean population standard deviation, n is the sample size the sample size (n) is greater than 30
√𝑛
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 ̅ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean,
𝒙
Population 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = The population variance is unknown or the
𝑠 s is the sample standard deviation;
Mean sample size (n) is less than 30
√𝑛 n is the sample size
Population (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2
2
n is the sample size, S2 is the sample variance, Comparing a sample variance against a
Variance 𝛸 = 2
σ is the population variance population variance
𝜎2
Population 𝑠12 (S1)2 is the first sample variance Comparing two population variances
𝐹= 2
Variance 𝑠2 (S2)2 is the second sample variance against each other
𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑂 𝒑𝑶 = the hypothesized population proportion,
Population 𝑍𝑂 = Comparing a sample proportion against a
̂ is the sample proportion,
𝒑
Proportions √𝑝𝑂 (1 − 𝑝𝑂 ) 𝐧 is the sample size,
population proportion
𝑛

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Goodness of Fit Testing
Parameter Equation Parameters Use When
of Interest
𝑖=𝑘
2
(𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 Oi = Observed Value from sample data, Comparing sample data (observed values) against
Chi-Squared 𝑋 =∑
𝐸𝑖 Ei = Expected Value from the assumed population. the expected values from an assumed population.
𝑖

Contingency Tables
Parameter Equation Parameters Use When
of Interest
𝑶𝒊 = Observed Value from the sample data Comparing observed values from a contingency
𝑖=𝑘
(𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 table against the expected values (Ei) to determine
Chi-Squared 𝑋2 = ∑ 𝑅𝑜𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅 ∗ 𝐶 if the two factors are independent.
𝐸𝑖
𝑖 𝑬𝒊 = =
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁 𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = (𝑟 − 1)(𝑐 − 1)

ANOVA
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝐺𝑀)2 = 𝑆𝑆𝑒 + 𝑆𝑆𝑡

𝑆𝑆𝑒 = ∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅)2

𝑆𝑆𝑡 = ∑ 𝑛(𝑋̅𝑖 − 𝐺𝑀)2 where GM = Grand Mean

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝐷𝐹𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝐷𝐹𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑆𝑇
𝐹 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸

DFtotal = DFerror + DFtreatment = N - 1 N = total observations

DFtreatment = a – 1 a = Number of treatments

DFerror = (N-1) - (a-1) = a(n-1) n = samples per treatment group

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Relationships Between Variables
2
𝑦̂ = 𝛽1 𝑥 + 𝛽0 + 𝜀 (∑ 𝑋𝑖 )(∑ 𝑌𝑖 ) (∑ 𝑋𝑖 ) 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑
𝑆𝑥𝑦 = ∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑌𝑖 ) − 𝑛
𝑆𝑥 2 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖2 − 𝑛
𝑆 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ∑ 𝑌𝑖 H0: β1 = 0 & HA: β1 ≠ 0
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑥𝑦 𝑋̅ = 𝑛
𝑌̅ = 𝑛
𝑥2
(∑ 𝑌𝑖 )
2
(∑ 𝑋𝑖 )
2 𝛽̂1 − 𝛽1
𝑆𝑦2 = ∑ 𝑌𝑖2 − 𝑆𝑥 2 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖2 − 𝑡=
𝑆𝑒
𝑌 − 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝛽0 = 𝑌̅ − 𝛽̂1 𝑋̅ 𝑛 𝑛
⁄
𝑆𝑆𝐸 = ∑(𝑦 − 𝑦̂)2 𝑂𝑟 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑦𝑦 − 𝛽1 𝑆𝑥𝑦 √𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝜀 = 𝑦 − 𝑦̂ 𝑆𝑆𝐸
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟: 𝑠𝑒2 = 𝑛−2
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑑. 𝑓. = 𝑛 − 2

Correlation Coefficients
Parameter Equation Description
𝑆𝑥𝑦 The Pearson Correlation Coefficient, r, measures the strength of the linear relationship between two
r 𝑟𝑥𝑦 = variables which means that a change in one variable (the independent variable) also implies a change
√𝑆𝑥𝑥 ∗ √𝑆𝑦𝑦
in the other (dependent variable).
The coefficient of determination, R2, reflects the proportion of the total variability in the Y variable that
R2 𝑅 2 = 𝑟𝑥𝑦
2
can be explained by the regression line, and thus it also reflects the adequacy of your model for a
particular sample of data.

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Statistical Process Control
The X-BAR AND R CHART
∑ 𝑋̅𝑖 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑋̿ = =
𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠

𝑿 − 𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔: 𝑼𝑪𝑳𝑿̅ = 𝑋̿ + 𝐴2 𝑅̅ 𝑳𝑪𝑳𝑿̅ = 𝑋̿ − 𝐴2 𝑅̅

∑ 𝑅𝑖 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠

̅=
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑹 =
𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑹 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔: 𝑼𝑪𝑳𝑹 = 𝐷4 𝑅̅ 𝑳𝑪𝑳𝑹 = 𝐷3 𝑅̅

𝑅̅
̂=
𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝝈
𝑑2

The X-BAR AND S CHART

∑ 𝑋̅𝑖 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
̿=
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏: 𝑿 =
𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠

𝑿 − 𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔: 𝑼𝑪𝑳𝑿̅ = 𝑋̿ + 𝐴3 𝑠̅ 𝑳𝑪𝑳𝑿̅ = 𝑋̿ − 𝐴3 𝑠̅

∑ 𝑠𝑖 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑆𝑡. 𝐷𝑒𝑣.

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝒔̅ = =
𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑺 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔: 𝑼𝑪𝑳𝒔 = 𝐵4 𝑠̅ 𝑳𝑪𝑳𝒔 = 𝐵3 𝑠̅

𝑠̅
̂=
𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝝈
𝐶4

6|Page
 The I-MR Chart
∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝑋̅ = =
𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔: 𝑈𝐶𝐿𝐼 = 𝑋̅ + 𝐸2 𝑀𝑅

̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐿𝐶𝐿𝐼 = 𝑋̅ − 𝐸2 𝑀𝑅
̅̅̅̅̅

∑ 𝑀𝑅𝑖 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠

̅̅̅̅̅) 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 =
𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 (𝑴𝑹 =
𝑘−1 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑅 ′ 𝑠

𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔: ̅̅̅̅̅

𝑈𝐶𝐿𝑀𝑅 = 𝐷4 𝑀𝑅 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝐶𝐿𝑀𝑅 = 𝐷3 𝑀𝑅

Attribute Data Control Charts

np & p charts trend defectives and are based on the Binomial distribution which operates
under the assumption that every unit inspected can only be counted as "bad" one time.

p-Char trends defectives with a Variable Sample Size

np-Chart trends defectives with a Constant Sample Size

u & c Charts utilize the Poisson distribution as they trend the number of defects where it is
possible for each item inspected to contain multiple defects.

u-Chart trends defects with a Variable Sample Size

c-Chart trends defects with a Constant Sample Size

7|Page
Attribute Data Control Charts
The p Chart The np Chart
∑ 𝑛𝑝 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑛𝑝 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
̅ = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝒑 = ̅ 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 =
𝒏𝒑 =
∑𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ ) 𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ )
𝑼𝑪𝑳𝒑̅ = 𝑝̅ + 3√ 𝑳𝑪𝑳𝒑̅ = 𝑝̅ − 3√ 𝑼𝑪𝑳𝒏𝒑 = 𝑛𝑝̅ + 3√𝑛𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ ) 𝑳𝑪𝑳𝒏𝒑 = 𝑛𝑝̅ − 3√𝑛𝑝̅ (1 − 𝑝̅ )
𝑛̅ 𝑛̅
∑ 𝑛𝑝 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
∑𝑛 ∑ 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 ̅ = % 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 =
𝒑 =
𝑛̅ = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = = ∑𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠

The u Chart The c Chart

∑𝒄 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
̅ = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝒖 =
∑𝒏 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
∑𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝒄̅ = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = =
∑𝒏 Sum of units inspected 𝑘 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
̅ = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝒏 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = =
𝒌 Number of subgroups
𝑼𝑪𝑳𝒄 = 𝑐̅ + 3√𝑐̅ 𝑼𝑪𝑳𝒄 = 𝑐̅ − 3√𝑐̅

𝑢̅ 𝑢̅
𝑼𝑪𝑳𝒖 = 𝑢̅ + 3√ 𝑳𝑪𝑳𝒖 = 𝑢̅ − 3√
𝑛̅ 𝑛̅

8|Page
Process Capability
𝑈𝑆𝐿 − 𝐿𝑆𝐿 1 𝑈𝑆𝐿 − 𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ − 𝐿𝑆𝐿
𝑪𝒑 = 𝑪𝒓 = 𝑪𝒑𝒌 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝐶𝑝,𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 , 𝐶𝑝,𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 ( , )
6𝑠𝑐𝑝 𝐶𝑝 3𝑠𝑐𝑝 3𝑠𝑐𝑝
𝑹 𝒔
𝒔𝒄𝒑 = (𝑖𝑓 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑋̅ − 𝑅 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡) 𝑜𝑟 𝒔𝒄𝒑 = (𝑖𝑓 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑋̅ − 𝑆 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡)
𝒅𝟐 𝒄𝟒

𝑈𝑆𝐿 − 𝐿𝑆𝐿 𝑈𝑆𝐿 − 𝐿𝑆𝐿

𝑪𝒑𝒎 = =
2 6√𝑠 2 + (𝑥̅ − 𝑇)2
√1 + (𝜇 −2𝑇)
𝑠

Process Performance Indices

𝑈𝑆𝐿 − 𝐿𝑆𝐿 𝑈𝑆𝐿 − 𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ − 𝐿𝑆𝐿 ∑(x − x̅)2
𝑷𝒑 = 𝑷𝒑𝒌 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 ( , ) 𝐬𝐩𝐩 = √
6𝑠𝑝𝑝 3𝑠𝑝𝑝 3𝑠𝑝𝑝 n−1

Design of Experiments
Treatments in a DOE
𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛: 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 𝐿𝐹 = 2𝐹

𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐿𝐹 2𝐹
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛: 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = = = = 2𝐹−1
2 2 2

𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐿𝐹 2𝐹
𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛: 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = = = 2 = 2𝐹−2
4 4 2

Calculating Effects from a DOE

𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ − 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑤

9|Page
Reliability Equations
The Exponential Distribution
−𝑡
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚: 𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 = 𝑒 𝜃 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔: 𝐹(𝑡) = 1 − e−λt 𝑷𝑫𝑭: f(t) = λe−λt

1 1 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝝀 = = =
𝜃 𝑀𝑇𝑇𝐹 Total 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠)

1 Total 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠)

𝜽 = 𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹 (𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑇𝑇𝐹) = =
𝜆 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠

Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) is only used when an item is not repairable.
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is used if a product or asset is
repairable. When t = Ɵ R(t)= 37%

Weibull Distribution Equations

𝜷 𝒕 𝜷 −( 𝒕 )𝜷 t β
−( )
𝑷𝑫𝑭: 𝒇(𝒕) = ( ) 𝒆 𝜽 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚: R(t) = e θ
𝜽 𝜽

𝐭 𝛃 β t β−1
𝑪𝑫𝑭: 𝐅(𝐭) = 𝟏 − 𝐞−(𝛉) 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆: h(t) = ( )
θ θ

Weibull Parameters Maintainability and Availability

β(Beta) - the Weibull Shape or Slope Parameter 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑴𝑻𝑻𝑹 = = 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
θ(Theta) - the Weibull Scale Parameter 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
Δ(Delta) - The Weibull Location Parameter (Not shown above) 𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹
𝑨𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹 + 𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅

10 | P a g e
Reliability and Fault Tree Equations
Series System Reliability Fault Tree Reliability (OR GATE)
𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 = 𝑹𝟏 × 𝑹𝟐 × 𝑹𝟑 × 𝑹𝟒 × … … 𝑹𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑶𝑹 𝑮𝒂𝒕𝒆: 𝑹𝑶𝑹 𝑮𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝑹𝟏 × 𝑹𝟐 × 𝑹𝟑 × 𝑹𝟒 × … … . 𝑹𝒏

Parallel (Active) System Reliability Fault Tree Reliability (AND GATE)

𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏 − (𝑼𝟏 × 𝑼𝟐 × 𝑼𝟑 × 𝑼𝟒 × … . . 𝑼𝒏 ) 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏 − (𝑼𝟏 × 𝑼𝟐 × 𝑼𝟑 × 𝑼𝟒 × … . . 𝑼𝒏 )

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑼𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝑹𝟏 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑼𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝑹𝟏

11 | P a g e
Gauge R&R (Measurement System Analysis) The Range Method
The Average and Range Method 𝑅̅
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐺𝑅𝑅) = 𝜎𝐺𝑅𝑅 =
𝑑2∗
𝑅̿
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑉) = 𝜎𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑑2
The ANOVA Method
𝑅𝑜 2 (𝐸𝑉)2
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐴𝑉) = 𝜎𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 √
= ( ) −
𝑑2 𝑛∗𝑟 2
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑉): 𝜎𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑦 = 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑅𝑝
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑃𝑉) = 𝜎𝑝 =
𝑑2 2 𝑀𝑆𝑂 − 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐴𝑉): 𝜎𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐺𝑅&𝑅) = 𝜎𝐺𝑅𝑅 = √(𝐸𝑉)2 + (𝐴𝑉)2 𝑃∗𝑅

𝑀𝑆𝑃𝑥𝑂 − 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √(𝐺𝑅&𝑅)2 + (𝑃𝑉)2 2
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 − 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐼𝑃𝑥𝑂 ): 𝜎𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑅

The Precision/Tolerance (P/T) Ratio 2

𝑀𝑆𝑃 − 𝑀𝑆𝑃𝑥𝑂
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑃𝑉): 𝜎𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 =
𝑂∗𝑅
𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐺𝑅𝑅) = 𝜎𝐺𝑅𝑅 = √(𝐸𝑉)2 + (𝐴𝑉)2 + (𝐼𝑃𝑥𝑂 )2
𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑃 6 ∗ 𝜎𝐺𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √(𝐺𝑅𝑅)2 + (𝑃𝑉)2

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑇 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐. −𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐.

The Percent Variation Calculation

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝝈𝟐𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝜎𝐺𝑅&𝑅
2 2
+ 𝜎𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑇𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐸𝑉 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑬𝑽 − 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦) = ∗ 100 =
𝑇𝑉 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑉 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦)

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑨𝑽 − 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦) = ∗ 100 =
𝑇𝑉 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐺𝑅𝑅 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑅&𝑅 (𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦)

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∗ 100 =
𝑇𝑉 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑃𝑉)

% 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∗ 100 =
𝑇𝑉 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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