What are the main factors to consider when choosing a data collection strategy?

Answer:
When choosing a data collection strategy, you should consider:
 What you need to know (numbers or stories).
 Where the data is located (environment, files, people).
 The resources and time you have.
 How complex the data is.
 How often you need to collect the data.
 How you plan to analyze the data.

2. What are the rules for collecting data?

Answer:
The rules for collecting data are:
 Use multiple methods to collect data.
 If using existing data, understand how it was collected, cleaned, and how accurate it
is.
 If collecting new data, be careful not to burden others, pre-test your methods, follow
procedures, and keep accurate records.
 Always verify the accuracy of the data.

3. What is the difference between structured and semi-structured data collection

approaches?
Answer:
 Structured Approach: Data is collected in the same way every time. It’s good for
large samples and when you need to compare results.
 Semi-structured Approach: Data is collected in a more flexible way. It’s good for
exploratory work, understanding themes, and getting detailed stories.

4. What are the characteristics of good measures in data collection?

Answer:
Good measures should be:
 Relevant: They should capture what is important.
 Credible: They should be believable and appropriate.
 Valid: They should accurately measure what they are supposed to.
 Reliable: They should give consistent results over time.

5. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?

Answer:
 Quantitative Data: Numerical data that can be measured precisely (e.g., age, height,
weight). It’s harder to develop but easier to analyze.
 Qualitative Data: Descriptive data that can be observed or self-reported (e.g.,
opinions, stories). It’s easier to develop but harder to analyze and takes more time to
collect.
6. What are obtrusive and unobtrusive data collection methods?
Answer:
 Obtrusive Methods: Directly collect information from people (e.g., interviews,
surveys, focus groups).
 Unobtrusive Methods: Collect information without directly involving people (e.g.,
document analysis, observation, Google Earth).

7. What is triangulation in data collection?

Answer:
Triangulation is a way to increase the accuracy of data by using:
 Different methods to collect the same information.
 Different sources to get the same information.
 Multiple evaluators to collect the same information.

8. What are some common data collection tools?

Answer:
Common data collection tools include:
 Participatory methods (e.g., community meetings, mapping).
 Records and secondary data (e.g., files, reports).
 Observation (e.g., watching traffic patterns).
 Surveys and interviews (e.g., asking people’s opinions).
 Focus groups (e.g., small group discussions).
 Diaries and self-reported checklists (e.g., recording daily activities).
 Expert judgment (e.g., consulting experts).
 Delphi technique (e.g., remote expert consensus).

9. What are the advantages of using observation as a data collection method?

Answer:
Observation is helpful when:
 You need direct information.
 You want to understand ongoing behavior.
 There is physical evidence or outputs that can be observed.
 Other data collection methods are not feasible.

10. What are the challenges of using surveys and interviews?

Answer:
Challenges of surveys and interviews include:
 Low response rates.
 Potential bias (e.g., only certain people may respond).
 Can be time-consuming and expensive.
 Interviewers may miss important information if they have pre-existing beliefs.
11. When should you use focus groups?
Answer:
Focus groups are useful when:
 You want to explore complex issues in depth.
 You need to identify themes or issues.
 You want to understand people’s opinions and experiences in a group setting.

12. What is the Delphi technique?

Answer:
The Delphi technique is a method where experts provide their opinions remotely, often
ranking choices. Their responses are summarized and shared anonymously, allowing them to
agree or argue with others’ comments. This process can be repeated until consensus is
reached.

13. What should you consider when choosing a data collection tool?
Answer:
When choosing a data collection tool, consider:
 The evaluation question you need to answer.
 The type of data you need (quantitative or qualitative).
 The resources and time available.
 The strengths and weaknesses of each tool.
 Use more than one tool to get a complete picture.

14. What are the advantages of using diaries and self-reported checklists?
Answer:
Diaries and self-reported checklists are useful because:
 They capture real-time information about people’s daily lives.
 They can supplement other data collection methods.
 They provide a more quantitative approach than just narratives.

15. Why is it important to pre-test data collection instruments?

Answer:
Pre-testing data collection instruments is important because:
 It helps identify problems or confusion in the questions.
 It ensures the data collected will be accurate and reliable.
 It allows you to make improvements before the actual data collection begins.
Explain guideline for construction of questionaire as a tool of data
collection.?
Ans: Simple Guidelines for Building a Questionnaire:
1. Know Your Goal: Decide what information you need.
2. Keep It Simple: Use clear, easy language. Avoid long or confusing
questions.
3. Use the Right Question Types:
o Closed-ended: Yes/No or multiple choice (easy to analyze).
o Open-ended: Let people write their own answers (rich
details).
o Rating scales: Use numbers (e.g., 1 to 5) for opinions.
4. Organize Well:
o Start with easy questions.
o Group similar questions together.
o Save personal/sensitive questions for the end.
5. Avoid Bias:
o Use neutral wording (don’t lead people to an answer).
o Offer balanced options (include "neutral" or "don’t know").
6. Keep It Short: Don’t make it too long; respect people’s time.
7. Test First: Try it with a few people to fix any problems.
8. Give Clear Instructions: Explain how to answer each question.
9. Ensure Privacy: Tell people their answers are confidential.
10. Revise: After testing, fix any unclear questions.

Example:
1. Age Group?
o Under 18
o 18-30
o 31-45
o 46-60
o Over 60
2. How often do you use public transport?
o Daily
o Weekly
o Monthly
o Rarely
o Never
3. Rate your satisfaction (1 = Very dissatisfied, 5 = Very
satisfied):
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
4. What improvements would you suggest?
(Write your answer here)
Q1: What is supervision in the context of research?
A1: Supervision is when a senior person (like a professor) guides and
oversees the work of a junior researcher, such as a postgraduate student.
It’s a partnership where the supervisor helps the student complete their
research successfully.

Q2: Why is supervision important for a postgraduate student?

A2: Supervision is important because it helps students succeed in their
research. A good supervisor provides guidance, ensures the research is on
track, and helps the student navigate challenges. It’s a key part of
completing a PhD or other research degree.

Q3: What are the roles of a supervisor?

A3: A supervisor’s roles include:
 Helping the student choose a good research question.
 Guiding the student through the research process.
 Providing feedback on written work.
 Ensuring the student meets deadlines and follows university rules.
 Preparing the student for their final thesis defense (viva).

Question 1: What are the key responsibilities of a supervisor?

Answer:
The supervisor has several important responsibilities to guide and support
the researcher:
1. Regular Meetings: The supervisor should agree on a schedule of
regular meetings with the researcher, following the school’s policy
and the researcher’s needs.
2. Accessibility: The supervisor should be available for advice and
support when the researcher needs help outside of scheduled
meetings.
3. Guidance: The supervisor provides guidance on the research
process, including planning, literature review, and expected
standards.
4. Feedback: The supervisor should request written work from the
researcher and provide constructive feedback in a reasonable time.
5. Training: The supervisor ensures the researcher is trained in
ethical, legal, and other research conventions.
6. Awareness of Policies: The supervisor makes sure the researcher
knows about university policies, such as intellectual property, health
and safety, and equal opportunities.
 7. Support for Presentations: The supervisor arranges for the
researcher to present their work in seminars and prepares them for
oral exams.
8. Monitoring Progress: The supervisor keeps an eye on the
researcher’s progress and helps them avoid common pitfalls.

Question 2: What are the key responsibilities of a researcher?

Answer:
The researcher also has important responsibilities to ensure the success
of their project:
1. Regular Contact: The researcher should maintain regular contact
with the supervisor and discuss the type of guidance they need.
2. Raising Issues: The researcher should take the initiative to raise
any problems or difficulties, no matter how small they seem.
3. Safety: The researcher must ensure they are competent in any
research techniques they use and follow safety guidelines.
4. Planning: The researcher should plan a project that is achievable
within the given time frame and follow the agreed schedule.
5. Progress: The researcher should maintain progress according to
the stages agreed with the supervisor and submit written work on
time for feedback.
6. Thesis Submission: The researcher decides when to submit the
thesis, but should consider the supervisor’s advice and university
requirements.
7. Personal Development: The researcher is responsible for their
own personal and professional development, agreeing on
development needs with the supervisor.
8. Awareness of Policies: The researcher should be familiar with
university regulations and policies that affect their research.

Question 3: How can a researcher manage their supervisor

effectively?

Answer:
To manage the supervisor effectively, the researcher should:
1. Discuss Key Issues Early: Talk about important topics like
authorship, research ethics, and intellectual property at the start of
the project.
2. Be Proactive: Arrange regular formal meetings with the supervisor.
 3. Prepare for Meetings: Send an agenda to the supervisor in
advance and prepare work (e.g., reading lists, data, drafts) to focus
the discussion.
4. Accept Feedback: Be open to receiving feedback and criticism,
and use it to improve your work.
5. Summarize Meetings: After each meeting, summarize the
discussion and send a copy to the supervisor to avoid
misunderstandings.
6. Deal with Problems Early: If any issues arise (technical, resource-
related, or with supervision), address them as soon as possible.
Question 4: What should a researcher do if there are problems
with the supervisor?
Answer:
If problems arise, the researcher should:
1. Talk to the Supervisor: First, discuss the issue directly with the
supervisor.
2. Involve Others: If the problem persists, speak to the second
supervisor or the department’s doctoral program director.
3. Escalate: If the issue is still unresolved, approach the head of the
department.
4. Change Supervisor: If all else fails, the researcher can agree to
change supervisors.

Question 5: What makes a good supervisor-researcher

relationship?

Answer:
A good relationship is built on:
1. Mutual Respect: Both the supervisor and researcher should
respect each other’s roles and contributions.
2. Clear Expectations: Both parties should understand what is
expected from each other.
3. Shared Commitment: Both should be committed to the goal of
completing the research successfully.
4. Open Communication: Regular, honest communication helps
prevent misunderstandings and conflicts.

Q7: What makes an ideal supervisor?

A7: An ideal supervisor has qualities like wisdom, good communication
skills, patience, and deep knowledge of the subject. They should also be
supportive, inspiring, and able to provide constructive feedback.

What are the key characteristics of an ideal mentor?

Answer:

An ideal mentor should have the following characteristics:

1. Building a scientific/social Community; Networking: They help
create a community and encourage networking.
2. Mentor for life: They provide long-term guidance and support.
3. Availability: They are accessible and available when needed.
4. Self-direction, questioning: They encourage independent
thinking and critical questioning.
5. Inspiration, criticism: They inspire their mentees while providing
constructive criticism.
6. Skills development: They focus on helping mentees develop
necessary skills.
7. Appreciating individual differences: They recognize and value
the unique strengths and weaknesses of each mentee.
8. Celebration, promotion: They celebrate the achievements of their
mentees and promote their work.
9. Enthusiasm, sensitivity: They are passionate and sensitive to the
needs of their mentees.

Q9: How can conflicts between a student and supervisor be

prevented?
A9:
Causes of Overcoming strategies
conflict
Lack of Discuss expectations at the beginning
communication Give sufficient notice for requests
Draw up an agenda for your meetings
Record the outcome of meetings and share
Alert supervisor(s) to problems as they arise
Mismatched Keep expectations realistic
expectations Be organised and professional
Be open, flexible and honest with concerns
Personality Understand discipline/cultural differences
clash Find mutual ground and make effort to compromise
Choose your battles and not war on everything
Competing Be honest: don’t overpromise
pressures Give sufficient notice for requests and meetings
Remember you are both human beings
Q10: What should a student do if their research is not progressing
well?
A10: If research is not progressing well, the student should:
 Discuss the issue with their supervisor.
 Seek advice from other supervisors or department heads if needed.
 Consider adjusting the research plan or seeking additional support.

1. What is plagiarism?

Answer:
Plagiarism is when you use someone else's words, ideas, or work and pretend it’s
your own. It’s like stealing someone’s homework, copying a friend’s answers, or
taking a picture from the internet without saying where you got it. Even if you
change a few words, it’s still plagiarism if you don’t give credit to the original
person who created it.

2. What are the two types of plagiarism?

Answer:
The two types of plagiarism are:
Intentional plagiarism: This includes
 copying a friend’s work
 buying or borrowing papers
 cutting and pasting text from electronic sources without
documentation
 media “borrowing” without documentation.
Unintentional plagiarism: This includes
 careless paraphrasing
 poor documentation
 excessive quoting
 failure to use your own “voice.”

3. Why is plagiarism considered a serious offense?

Answer:
Plagiarism is considered a serious offense because:
 It is theft of intellectual property.
 It is a form of cheating.
 It can result in failing grades, disciplinary referrals, or
even removal from organizations like the National Honor
Society.
 It can damage reputations, as seen in cases involving prominent
historians, politicians, and journalists.
4. What are some real-life consequences of plagiarism?

Answer:
Real-life consequences of plagiarism include:
 Damaged reputations: For example, historians Stephen Ambrose
and Doris Kearns Goodwin faced reputational damage for
plagiarism.
 Career loss: Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle was forced to
resign for plagiarism.
 Academic consequences: At the University of Virginia, 45
students were dismissed, and 3 graduate degrees were revoked due
to plagiarism.
 Political fallout: Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987
presidential campaign after being accused of plagiarism.

5. Do you need to cite everything in your work?

Answer:
No, you do not need to cite everything. You do not need to document:
 Facts that are widely known (common knowledge), such as "John
Adams was the second president of the United States."
 Your own experiences, observations, or reactions.
 Results of original research (e.g., from science experiments).

However, when in doubt, it is always safer to cite your sources.

6. What is the difference between quoting, paraphrasing, and

summarizing?

Answer:
 Quoting: Using the exact words of an author, copied directly from a
source. Quotations must be cited and enclosed in quotation marks.
 Paraphrasing: Rephrasing the words of an author in your own
words. Paraphrased material must still be cited.
 Summarizing: Putting the main ideas of one or several writers into
your own words, including only the main points. Summaries are
shorter than the original and must also be attributed to the original
source.

7. What are some common excuses for plagiarism?

Answer:
Common excuses for plagiarism include:
  “It’s okay if I don’t get caught!”
 “I was too busy to write that paper!”
 “My teachers expect too much!”
 “I’ve got to get into a good university!”
 “My parents expect ‘A’s!”
 “This assignment was boring!”
 “Everyone does it!”

10. What are some strategies to avoid plagiarism?

Answer:
To avoid plagiarism, you can use the following strategies:
 Quoting: Use the exact words of the author and cite the source.
 Paraphrasing: Rephrase the author’s ideas in your own words and
cite the source.
 Summarizing: Condense the main ideas of a source into your own
words and cite the source.
 Always ensure that your own voice is heard in your work and that
you properly attribute any borrowed ideas or words.

11. What are the consequences of paraphrasing incorrectly?

Answer:
Incorrect paraphrasing, even if the source is cited, can still be considered
plagiarism. This happens when:
 Too many words or phrases from the original source are used.
 The structure and order of ideas remain too similar to the original.
To avoid this, you must thoroughly rephrase the ideas in your own
words and ensure the citation is accurate.

Why should you write a research paper?

 Answer: Writing a research paper helps share your findings with
others, exchange knowledge with scientists worldwide, and is often
required by research funders. It also helps in career growth, as
publishing in high-impact journals can boost your reputation. Plus, it
gives personal satisfaction.

2. Where should you publish your research paper?

 Answer: You should publish in journals that match your research
field. Prestigious journals give better feedback, but it's okay for new
writers to start with high-quality, less prestigious journals to build
confidence. The key is to match your manuscript with the right
journal.
3. What are the steps in the scientific writing process?
 Answer:
1. Complete your research (hypotheses, methods, results, etc.).

2. Write the manuscript.

3. Submit it to a journal.

4. The editor sends it to referees for review.

5. If accepted, make corrections and get it published.

4. What are the main parts of a research paper?

 Answer:
o Title and Authors' names

o Abstract: A short summary of the paper.

o Introduction: Background, hypotheses, and objectives.

o Methods: Detailed description of how the research was done.

o Results and Discussion: Findings and their interpretation.

o Conclusions: Summary of the paper.

o Acknowledgments and References.

5. How to deal with procrastination and writer’s block?

 Answer: Procrastination happens when you delay writing, often due
to lack of motivation. Writer’s block is when you can’t write
anything. To overcome these, set deadlines, work in a stimulating
environment, and start with small tasks like creating an outline.

6. What happens during the review process?

 Answer: Reviewers check if the paper is suitable for the journal,
scientifically sound, unique, well-written, and properly organized.
They may ask for corrections or reject the paper. The process can
take weeks to months.
7. How to maintain a steady flow of publications?
 Answer: Work in a good research team, have a clear strategy,
involve students, and get senior colleagues to review your work.
Don’t lose momentum and keep writing regularly.

8. What are some common author instructions for journals?

 Answer:
o Use British or American English consistently.

o Double-space your manuscript.

o Include a title, abstract, keywords, and references.

o Follow the journal’s formatting rules for equations, tables, and

figures.

9. What should you check before submitting your manuscript?

 Answer:
o Is it double-spaced with proper margins?

o Are references complete and accurate?

o Are figures and tables ready for publication?

o Have you followed the journal’s guidelines?

10. What happens after manuscript submission?

 Answer: After acceptance, you may need to submit the final
version electronically. The publisher will send you a proof to check,
and once approved, the paper will be published.

11. How can you improve your writing skills?

 Answer: Practice professional writing techniques, focus on
grammar, and learn how to write clear abstracts, tables, and figures.
You can also read books like Fine-Tuning Your Writing by William R.
Luetten.

12. What are some tips for writing a good abstract?

 Answer: Keep it short (100-250 words), concise, and precise. It
should summarize the "why," "how," and "results" of your research
without undefined abbreviations or references.
13. How should you format references?
 Answer: References should be listed alphabetically at the end of
the paper. Include the author’s name, year of publication, title, and
other details depending on whether it’s a book, journal article, or
conference paper.

14. What is the importance of the title and abstract?

 Answer: The title and abstract are the first things readers see. They
should clearly summarize your research to attract readers and help
them understand your work quickly.

15. What should you do if your paper gets rejected?

 Answer: Don’t give up! Revise the paper based on reviewer
feedback and submit it to another journal. Rejection is part of the
process, and improvements can lead to eventual acceptance.

1. What is Research?
o Answer: Research is a systematic way to solve problems. It
has five key characteristics: it is systematic (follows a
process), logical (uses reasoning), empirical (based on
evidence), reductive (generalizes findings), and replicable
(can be repeated using the same methods).

2. What are the steps in the Research Process?

o Answer: The research process involves:
1. Formulating a question.

2. Reviewing available literature.

3. Selecting an appropriate research design.

4. Collecting relevant data.

5. Interpreting the findings.

6. Publishing the findings.

3. What is the Research Design Continuum?

o Answer: The research design continuum ranges from basic
research (focused on understanding fundamental principles,
like how caffeine affects muscle contraction) to applied
research (focused on solving practical problems, like whether
caffeine improves athletic performance).
4. What is the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative
Research?
o Answer:
 Quantitative Research: Tests a pre-stated theory,
uses numbers and statistics, and aims to minimize the
researcher's influence. It uses closed-ended questions.

 Qualitative Research: Creates new theories, focuses

on understanding phenomena, and allows open-ended
responses. The researcher is often part of the study.

5. What is Experimental Research?

o Answer: Experimental research involves directly testing how
one variable (the independent variable) affects another (the
dependent variable) while controlling other factors. It helps
establish cause-and-effect relationships.

6. What are Independent and Dependent Variables?

o Answer:
 Independent Variable (IV): The variable that is
manipulated or changed (the cause).

 Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is

measured or observed (the effect).

7. What is the difference between Correlation and Causation?

o Answer: Correlation means two variables change together,
but it doesn’t mean one causes the other. Causation means
one variable directly affects the other. For example, just
because two things happen together (like ice cream sales and
drowning) doesn’t mean one causes the other.

8. What are the types of Sampling Methods?

o Answer:
 Random Sampling: Everyone in the population has an
equal chance of being selected.

 Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into

groups (strata), and samples are taken from each group.

 Cluster Sampling: A natural group is selected, and

everyone in that group is sampled.

 Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth person

from a list.

 Opportunity Sampling: Sampling a convenient group

(not always representative).
 9. What is the difference between Pre-Experimental, Quasi-
Experimental, and True-Experimental Designs?
o Answer:
 Pre-Experimental: No random assignment, weak
control over variables.

 Quasi-Experimental: No random assignment, but

some control over variables.

 True-Experimental: Random assignment, strong

control over variables, and can establish causality.

10. What is the importance of Scientific Reasoning?

o Answer: Scientific reasoning involves forming theories based
on observations (inductive reasoning) or testing theories
through observations (deductive reasoning). It helps
researchers understand and explain phenomena logically.

11. What is the role of Epistemology and Ontology in

Research?
o Answer:
 Epistemology: How we gain knowledge. Positivism
(explaining phenomena) vs. Interpretivism
(understanding phenomena).

 Ontology: The nature of reality. Objectivism (external,

tangible outcomes) vs. Constructionism (socially
constructed realities).

What is a Research Proposal?

 Answer: A research proposal is a detailed plan of your study. It explains what you
want to research, why it’s important, how you will do it, and what resources you will
use. It helps others decide if your research is worth funding or approving.

2. What are the main elements of a Research Proposal?

 Answer: The main elements are:
1. Title of the proposal
2. Summary
3. Background of the problem
4. Statement of the problem
5. Research objectives, questions, and hypotheses
6. Significance of the study
7. Review of related literature
8. Research methods and procedures
 9. Expected results
10. Resources required

3. Why is the Statement of the Problem important?

 Answer: The statement of the problem tells what issue you are trying to solve. It
explains why the problem is important, how it relates to other studies, and what
benefits your research will bring.

4. What is the purpose of a Literature Review?

 Answer: A literature review helps you understand what has already been studied in
your field. It shows gaps in knowledge, helps you avoid mistakes others made, and
gives you ideas for your research questions.

5. What are the steps in conducting a Literature Review?

 Answer: The steps are:
1. Identify a research topic.
2. Find keywords to search for relevant information.
3. Search for sources (books, articles, etc.).
4. Read and summarize the sources.
5. Organize the information into themes.
6. Write the review, linking it to your research.

6. What is the difference between Delimitations and Limitations?

 Answer:
o Delimitations are the boundaries you set for your study (e.g., focusing on a
specific age group). You control these.
o Limitations are factors you cannot control, like time or resources, that might
affect your study.

7. What are the key components of a Research Paper?

 Answer: The key components are:
1. Title: A short, clear description of your research.
2. Abstract: A brief summary of your study.
3. Introduction: Explains the problem and why it’s important.
4. Methods: Describes how you conducted the research.
5. Results: Presents the findings of your study.
6. Discussion: Explains what the results mean.
7. Conclusion: Summarizes the main points and implications.
8. References: Lists all the sources you cited.

8. What is the purpose of an Abstract?

 Answer: An abstract is a short summary of your research. It tells the reader what you
studied, how you did it, what you found, and why it matters. It helps readers decide if
they want to read the full paper.
9. What should be included in the Methods section of a Research Paper?
 Answer: The Methods section should include:
o A detailed description of how you conducted your research.
o Information about the participants, materials, and procedures.
o Enough detail so someone else can repeat your study.

10. Why is it important to cite sources in a Research Paper?

 Answer: Citing sources gives credit to the original authors and avoids plagiarism. It
also helps readers find the original work and shows that your research is based on
reliable information.

11. What is the difference between APA and MLA citation styles?
 Answer:
o APA (American Psychological Association) is used in social sciences. It
includes the author’s name and year of publication (e.g., Smith, 2020).
o MLA (Modern Language Association) is used in humanities. It includes the
author’s name and page number (e.g., Smith 45).

12. What is the purpose of the Discussion section in a Research Paper?

 Answer: The Discussion section explains what your results mean. It compares your
findings with previous studies, discusses any limitations, and suggests future research.

13. What should be avoided in an Abstract?

 Answer: Avoid:
o Unnecessary phrases like “It is suggested that…”
o Acronyms or abbreviations without explanation.
o Information not included in the paper.
o References (unless absolutely necessary).

14. What is the importance of a good Title in a Research Paper?

 Answer: A good title is short and clear. It tells the reader what your paper is about
and helps it get noticed in searches. A bad title can make your paper hard to find.

15. What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

 Answer: The IRB reviews research proposals to ensure they are ethical and protect
the rights of participants. Your research cannot proceed without their approval.

16. What is Plagiarism, and how can you avoid it?

 Answer: Plagiarism is using someone else’s work without giving them credit. To
avoid it, always cite your sources and use your own words when summarizing or
paraphrasing.

17. What are the key steps in writing a Research Paper?

  Answer: The key steps are:
1. Choose a topic and research question.
2. Do research and gather information.
3. Write a thesis statement.
4. Organize your ideas and create an outline.
5. Write the first draft.
6. Revise and edit your paper.
7. Cite your sources and create a reference list.
8. Proofread and submit your paper.

18. What is the purpose of a Thesis Statement?

 Answer: A thesis statement tells the reader what your paper is about and your
position on the topic. It guides the direction of your research and writing.

19. What should you include in the Acknowledgments section?

 Answer: In the Acknowledgments section, you thank people who helped you with
your research, such as advisors, funding sources, or anyone who provided technical
support.

20. What is the importance of a Literature Map?

 Answer: A literature map helps you organize the information from your literature
review. It shows how different studies are connected and helps you identify gaps in
the research.

What is the role of a supervisor in a PhD?

 Answer: A supervisor helps the student find a research topic, guides them in doing
research, writing papers, and giving talks. They also provide support, introduce the
student to the academic community, and give advice about career prospects after the
PhD.

2. What are the supervisor’s expectations from a PhD student?

 Answer: The supervisor expects the student to be hardworking, independent, reliable,
creative, and dedicated. The student should also be able to read, analyze, think
independently, and write clearly.

3. What do students expect from their supervisors?

 Answer: Students expect their supervisors to support, guide, and encourage them.
They want the supervisor to read their work, be available when needed, and have
good knowledge of the research area. They also expect the supervisor to be critical in
a constructive way and help them with problems.

4. What can go wrong during a PhD?

  Answer: Things can go wrong if the research topic is too broad or too narrow, if the
research doesn’t yield results, or if the supervisor is not an expert in the field.
Problems can also arise if the student and supervisor don’t communicate well.

5. What is the importance of communication in the supervisor-student relationship?

 Answer: Communication is very important. Both the student and supervisor need to
be open, honest, and respectful. Regular meetings and clear discussions help avoid
misunderstandings and keep the research on track.

6. What should a PhD student do to have a good relationship with their supervisor?
 Answer: The student should set timelines, prepare for meetings, ask questions, and be
clear about what is expected. They should also be enthusiastic about their work,
accept criticism, and avoid personal conflicts.

7. What is a supervisor-supervisee contract?

 Answer: It is a written agreement between the student and supervisor that outlines
expectations, responsibilities, and rules. It helps both parties understand their roles
and avoid problems.

8. What are some ethical issues in research?

 Answer: Ethical issues include honesty in data collection, avoiding plagiarism, and
considering the impact of research on people, animals, and the environment. Research
must be original and transparent.

9. How does the supervisor-student relationship change over time?

 Answer: At the beginning, the supervisor is more hands-on, helping the student with
topics and papers. Later, the student becomes more independent and may even know
more about the topic than the supervisor.

10. What is the most important component of success in the PhD student-supervisor
relationship?
 Answer: The most important components are communication, hard work,
and transparency. Both the student and supervisor need to work together, respect
each other, and be honest.

11. What is the role of the student in effective supervision?

 Answer: The student should be proactive, set goals, prepare for meetings, and take
responsibility for their progress. They should also be open to feedback and work hard
to improve.

12. Why is research integrity important?

 Answer: Research integrity ensures that the research is honest, original, and ethical. It
builds trust in the scientific community and ensures that the research has a positive
impact.
13. What should a PhD student avoid during their research?
 Answer: A PhD student should avoid procrastination, losing focus, and inappropriate
personal relationships. They should also avoid plagiarism and ensure their work is
original.

14. What is the ideal PhD supervisor like from a student’s perspective?
 Answer: The ideal supervisor is knowledgeable, passionate about mentoring, and
cares about the student’s well-being. They should also encourage independent
thinking and help the student grow professionally.

15. What is the importance of mutual respect in the supervisor-student relationship?

 Answer: Mutual respect is crucial because it creates a positive and productive
environment. Both the student and supervisor need to value each other’s contributions
and work together effectively.

What is the role of a supervisor in a PhD?

 Answer: A supervisor helps the student find a research topic, guides them in doing
research, writing papers, and giving talks. They also provide support, introduce the
student to the academic community, and give advice about career prospects after the
PhD.

2. What are the supervisor’s expectations from a PhD student?

 Answer: The supervisor expects the student to be hardworking, independent, reliable,
creative, and dedicated. The student should also be able to read, analyze, think
independently, and write clearly.

3. What do students expect from their supervisors?

 Answer: Students expect their supervisors to support, guide, and encourage them.
They want the supervisor to read their work, be available when needed, and have
good knowledge of the research area. They also expect the supervisor to be critical in
a constructive way and help them with problems.

4. What can go wrong during a PhD?

 Answer: Things can go wrong if the research topic is too broad or too narrow, if the
research doesn’t yield results, or if the supervisor is not an expert in the field.
Problems can also arise if the student and supervisor don’t communicate well.

5. What is the importance of communication in the supervisor-student relationship?

 Answer: Communication is very important. Both the student and supervisor need to
be open, honest, and respectful. Regular meetings and clear discussions help avoid
misunderstandings and keep the research on track.

6. What should a PhD student do to have a good relationship with their supervisor?
  Answer: The student should set timelines, prepare for meetings, ask questions, and be
clear about what is expected. They should also be enthusiastic about their work,
accept criticism, and avoid personal conflicts.

7. What is a supervisor-supervisee contract?

 Answer: It is a written agreement between the student and supervisor that outlines
expectations, responsibilities, and rules. It helps both parties understand their roles
and avoid problems.

8. What are some ethical issues in research?

 Answer: Ethical issues include honesty in data collection, avoiding plagiarism, and
considering the impact of research on people, animals, and the environment. Research
must be original and transparent.

9. How does the supervisor-student relationship change over time?

 Answer: At the beginning, the supervisor is more hands-on, helping the student with
topics and papers. Later, the student becomes more independent and may even know
more about the topic than the supervisor.

10. What is the most important component of success in the PhD student-supervisor
relationship?
 Answer: The most important components are communication, hard work,
and transparency. Both the student and supervisor need to work together, respect
each other, and be honest.

11. What is the role of the student in effective supervision?

 Answer: The student should be proactive, set goals, prepare for meetings, and take
responsibility for their progress. They should also be open to feedback and work hard
to improve.

12. Why is research integrity important?

 Answer: Research integrity ensures that the research is honest, original, and ethical. It
builds trust in the scientific community and ensures that the research has a positive
impact.

13. What should a PhD student avoid during their research?

 Answer: A PhD student should avoid procrastination, losing focus, and inappropriate
personal relationships. They should also avoid plagiarism and ensure their work is
original.

14. What is the ideal PhD supervisor like from a student’s perspective?
 Answer: The ideal supervisor is knowledgeable, passionate about mentoring, and
cares about the student’s well-being. They should also encourage independent
thinking and help the student grow professionally.
15. What is the importance of mutual respect in the supervisor-student relationship?
 Answer: Mutual respect is crucial because it creates a positive and productive
environment. Both the student and supervisor need to value each other’s contributions
and work together effectively.

Mids:

What is Research?
 Answer: Research is a systematic way of finding answers to questions. It involves
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to solve problems or create new
knowledge. It must be unbiased, objective, and based on valid and reliable methods.

2. What are the Characteristics of Research?

 Answer: Research must be:
o Controlled: Minimize the effect of other factors.
o Rigorous: Follow correct procedures.
o Systematic: Follow a logical sequence.
o Valid and Verifiable: Conclusions should be correct and verifiable.
o Empirical: Based on real-life evidence.
o Critical: Methods should withstand scrutiny.

3. What are the Types of Research?

 Answer: Research can be classified based on:
o Application: Pure (theoretical) and Applied (practical).
o Objectives: Descriptive, Correlational, Explanatory, Exploratory.
o Inquiry Mode: Structured (quantitative) and Unstructured (qualitative).

4. What is the Difference Between Pure and Applied Research?

 Answer:
o Pure Research: Focuses on developing theories and may not have immediate
practical use.
o Applied Research: Solves specific, practical problems and is often based on
pure research.

5. What are the Steps in the Research Process?

 Answer: The steps are:
1. Formulating the Research Problem.
2. Reviewing Literature.
3. Developing Objectives.
4. Preparing Research Design.
5. Collecting Data.
6. Analyzing Data.
 7. Generalizing and Interpreting.
8. Reporting Findings.

6. What is a Research Problem?

 Answer: A research problem is the main question or issue you want to investigate. It
should be clear, specific, and manageable. It often revolves around people, problems,
programs, or phenomena.

7. What is a Literature Review?

 Answer: A literature review is a summary of existing knowledge on a topic. It helps
you understand what has already been studied, identify gaps, and improve your
research methodology.

8. What are Research Objectives?

 Answer: Research objectives are the goals you want to achieve through your study.
They should be clear, specific, and start with action words like "to determine," "to
find out," or "to explore."

9. What is a Hypothesis?
 Answer: A hypothesis is an educated guess or assumption about a relationship
between variables. It is tested through research to see if it is true, partially true, or
false.

10. What are the Methods of Data Collection?

 Answer: Common methods include:
o Observation: Watching and recording behavior.
o Survey: Asking questions through questionnaires or interviews.
o Experiment: Testing cause-and-effect relationships.
o Focus Groups: Group discussions to gather opinions.

11. What is Sampling?

 Answer: Sampling is selecting a small group (sample) from a larger population to
represent the whole. It helps researchers draw conclusions about the entire population
without studying everyone.

12. What are the Types of Sampling?

 Answer:
o Probability Sampling: Every member has a known chance of being selected
(e.g., random sampling).
o Non-Probability Sampling: Members are selected based on convenience or
judgment (e.g., convenience sampling).

13. What is a Questionnaire?

  Answer: A questionnaire is a set of questions used to collect data from respondents. It
can be:
o Closed-ended: Predefined answers (e.g., multiple choice).
o Open-ended: Respondents answer in their own words.
o Combination: Mix of both.

14. What are Ethical Issues in Research?

 Answer: Ethical issues include:
o Informed Consent: Participants should know the purpose of the study and
agree to participate.
o Confidentiality: Keeping participants' information private.
o Avoiding Harm: Ensuring participants are not harmed physically or
emotionally.
o Avoiding Bias: Researchers should not manipulate data or results.

15. What is Data Analysis?

 Answer: Data analysis involves summarizing and interpreting collected data to
answer research questions. It can be:
o Qualitative: Analyzing themes and patterns in non-numerical data.
o Quantitative: Using statistical methods to analyze numerical data.

16. What is a Research Report?

 Answer: A research report is a formal document that presents the findings of a study.
It includes:
o Introduction
o Literature Review
o Research Design
o Data Analysis
o Conclusions
o Recommendations

17. What is the Importance of a Literature Review?

 Answer: A literature review helps you:
o Understand existing knowledge on the topic.
o Identify gaps in research.
o Improve your research methodology.
o Contextualize your findings.

18. What is the Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research?

 Answer:
o Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding concepts, opinions, or
experiences. It is exploratory and uses unstructured methods.
o Quantitative Research: Focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical data.
It is structured and uses statistical methods.
19. What is a Variable?
 Answer: A variable is something that can be measured and can take on different
values. For example, age, income, or satisfaction level.

20. What is the Role of Hypotheses in Research?

 Answer: Hypotheses provide focus and direction to a study. They help researchers
decide what data to collect and test the validity of assumptions.