Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 07

Design of Reinforced Concrete

Slabs
By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com
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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture Contents

 Concrete Floor Systems

 Analysis and Design of slabs

 Strip Method of Analysis for One-way Slabs

 Basic Design Steps

 Example

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Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

➢ Classify slab systems

➢ Analyze one-way slabs using Strip Method of Analysis for flexure

➢ Design one-way slab system for flexure

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Introduction
⚫ In reinforced concrete construction, Concrete Floor Systems are
broad and flat plates, usually horizontal, with top and bottom
surfaces parallel or nearly so.

⚫ They are used to provide flat and useful surfaces.

⚫ They may be supported by:

▪ Reinforced concrete beams

▪ Masonry or reinforced concrete walls

▪ Structural steel members

▪ Columns

▪ Ground.

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

1. Flat Plate

 Concrete floors directly supported on columns (with no beams)

are called flat plates.

 Punching shear is a typical problem in flat plates.

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

2. Flat Slab

 A flat plate that has a column capital or a Drop panel

drop panel is referred to as a flat slab.

 Drop panel is a projection of slab at the

vicinity of column.

 Column capital is a widening of the top of

a support column where it meets the
soffit of a slab.
Drop panel

 The Drop panel and Column capital are Column capital

intended to reduce the Punching shear

problem.

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

3. One-way Joist System

 Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of

regularly spaced ribs with clear spacing of 3′ and a top slab
arranged to span in one direction or two orthogonal directions.

Rib
Peshawar University Auditorium

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

4. Two-way Joist System

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

5. Beam supported slab systems

 Slabs may be supported on two opposite sides only, or on all

four sides.

 Based on the behavior of bending, there are two types of slab

a. One – way slab (bending in one direction)

b. Two – way slab (bending in two direction)

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

5. Beam supported slab systems

a. One – way slab (Case I)

⚫ Slab supported on two opposing sides only is called one - way slab.

⚫ In such case, the bending occurs perpendicular to the supports as

shown in the following figures.

Bending behavior of one-way slab

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

5. Beam supported slab systems

a. One – way slab (Case II)

⚫ When the ratio of long to short span in a slab supported on all sides
is equal to or greater than 2 the slab is called one – way slab.

⚫ Because the major bending moment is always along the short

direction, these slabs are solely designed for the short direction.

𝑙𝑎
𝑙𝑏

Slab supported on all sides, but 𝛽 = 𝑙𝑏 /𝑙𝑎 ≥ 2

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

5. Beam supported slab systems

b. Two – way slab

⚫ When the ratio of long to short span in a slab supported on all sides
is less than 2, then the bending is in two directions. Such a slab is
termed as a Two – way slab.

𝑙𝑎

𝑙𝑏

Slab supported on all sides, but 𝛽 = 𝑙𝑏 /𝑙𝑎 < 2

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

5. Beam supported slab systems

▪ Behavior of one – way and two – way slab

One – way Slab Two – way Slab

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Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of concrete floor system

5. Beam supported slab systems

▪ Behavior of one – way and two – way slab

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various types of slab system

⚫ Types of Beam Supported slabs

⚫ Load Transfer Mechanism

One – way Slab Two – way Slab

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Analysis and Design of Slabs

 Analysis
⚫ Unlike beams and columns, slabs are two dimensional members.
Therefore, their analysis except one-way slab systems is relatively
difficult.

 Design
⚫ Once the analysis is done, the design is carried out in the usual
manner. So, no problem in design, problem is only in analysis of
slabs.

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Analysis and Design of Slabs

 Various Methods of slab Analysis

1. Analysis using computer software (FEA)

▪ SAP 2000

▪ ETABS

▪ SAFE and so on.

2. ACI Approximate Method of Analysis

▪ Strip Method for one-way slabs

▪ Moment Coefficient Method for two way slabs

▪ Direct Design Method (DDM) for two way slabs

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Analysis and Design of

One – way Slabs

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Introduction

 Definition of One-way slab

❑ Case I

⚫ Slab supported on two opposing sides only is called one - way slab.

⚫ In such case, the bending occurs perpendicular to the supports as

shown in the following figures.

Bending behavior of one-way slab

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Definition of One-way slab

❑ Case II

⚫ When the ratio of long to short span in a slab supported on all sides
is equal to or greater than 2.

⚫ Because the principal/major bending moment is always along the

short direction, these slabs are solely designed for the short
direction.

𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑎
𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑏

Slab supported on all sides, but 𝛽 = 𝑙𝑏 /𝑙𝑎 ≥ 2

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Analysis of One – way Slab

 Reason for more Demand (Moment) in short direction

⚫ Consider two strips along the long and short direction as shown in
the figure. The deflection at the center of slab subjected to UDL is
calculated as;

5𝑤𝑙4
∆𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 =
384𝐸𝐼

The deflection at any point, of the two

orthogonal slab strips must be same
5𝑤𝑎 𝑙𝑎4 5𝑤𝑏 𝑙𝑏4
∆𝑎 = ∆𝑏 ⇒ =
384𝐸𝐼𝑎 384𝐸𝐼𝑏

𝑤𝑎 = 𝑤𝑏 𝑙𝑏4 /𝑙𝑎4 → larger share of load (demand) is taken by the short direction

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Analysis of One – way Slab

 Reason for more Demand (Moment) in short direction

𝑤𝑎 𝑙𝑎 2
𝑀𝑎 = ---- (a)
𝑘
𝑤𝑏 𝑙𝑏 2
𝑀𝑏 = ---- (b)
𝑘

Substitute value of 𝑤𝑎 in eq. (a)

𝑤𝑏 𝑙𝑏4 /𝑙𝑎4 𝑙𝑎2
𝑀𝑎 =
𝑘
2
𝑤𝑏 𝑙𝑏 2
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑙𝑏 /𝑙𝑎
𝑘

2
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑀𝑏 𝑙𝑏 /𝑙𝑎 → Bending in short direction is more than bending in long direction.

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Analysis of One – way Slab

 Strip method of analysis

⚫ For the purpose of analysis and design, a unit strip of one way slab,
cut out at right angles to the opposing beams, may be considered as
a rectangular beam of unit width, with a depth ℎ and a span 𝑙𝑎 as
shown in figure.

⚫ This method is called as strip method of analysis.

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Analysis of One – way Slab

 Limitations of Strip method of analysis

⚫ The strip method of analysis for slabs having bending in one
direction is applicable only when

▪ Slab is supported on two opposing sides on stiff beams or walls,

▪ Slab is supported on all sides on stiff beams or walls with ratio of

long to short side is equal or greater than 2.

⚫ Strip method of analysis is not applicable to flat plates etc., even if

bending is in one direction.

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

1. Selection of sizes (depth of slab)

2. Calculation of Loads

3. Analysis (Determining Ultimate moment)

4. Determination of Steel Area

5. Applying Minimum reinforcement Check

6. Detailing and Drafting

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

1. Selection of sizes

⚫ As Per ACI 318-19, section 7.3.1.1, for solid nonprestressed slabs,

ℎ shall not be less than the limits in Table 7.3.1.1

Table 7.3.1.1— Minimum thickness of solid nonprestressed one-way slabs

Support condition Minimum h [1]

Simply supported 𝑙/20

One end continuous 𝑙/24

Both ends continuous 𝑙/28

Cantilever 𝑙/10
• 𝑙 = Span length (Center to center length) of beam (Section 2.2)
• [1] For 𝑓𝑦 other than 60,000 psi, the expressions in the table shall be multiplied by (0.4 + 𝑓𝑦 /100,000)

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Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

2. Calculation of loads

⚫ One way slabs are usually designed for gravity loading.

⚫ Ultimate Load is calculated as follows:

𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷 + 1.6𝑤𝐿

Where;
𝑤𝐷 = Surface dead load in psf or ksf

𝑤𝐿 = Surface live load in psf or ksf

𝑤𝑢 = Ultimate Surface load in psf or ksf

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

3. Analysis

⚫ The analysis is carried out for ultimate load including self weight
obtained from size of the slab and the applied dead and live
loads.

⚫ The maximum bending moment value is used for flexural design.

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

4. Determination of Flexural steel area

⚫ Area of steel can be calculated using direct method.

2.614𝑀𝑢
𝑎 = 𝑑 − 𝑑2 −
𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = (𝑖𝑛2 /𝑓𝑡)
𝑎
∅𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

⚫ This calculated area 𝐴𝑠 is converted into bar spacing 𝑠 using

suitable bar size, as described in the next slide.

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

4. Determination of Flexural steel area

In case of beam, we have;

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
For a unit width 𝑏 = 12″ with center to center spacing “s”, the above
equation becomes b
𝑏 𝐴𝑠 12 𝐴𝑠
= ⇒ =
𝑠 𝐴𝑏 𝑠 𝐴𝑏 s
Which on solving for 𝑠 gives,

12𝐴𝑏
𝑠(𝑖𝑛) = ---- (7.1)
𝐴𝑠
• The unit of 𝐴𝑠 is 𝑖𝑛2 /𝑓𝑡

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

4. Applying Necessary Checks

⚫ Check for Flexural reinforcement

⚫ Minimum flexural reinforcement permitted by ACI 319-19,

Section 7.6.1.1 for slabs is given by
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ𝑓

Where,
𝑏 = Width of slab strip which is 12″ and

ℎ𝑓 = Thickness of slab

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

4. Applying Necessary Checks

⚫ Check for maximum bar spacing for Flexural reinforcement

⚫ Maximum allowed spacing 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 as per ACI 319-19, Section

7.7.2.3 is least of 3ℎ𝑓 or 18".

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

5. Shrinkage or Temperature reinforcement

⚫ Concrete shrinks as it dries out.

⚫ Because slabs and other members are rigidly

connected to other portions of the structure,
they cannot contract freely, resulting in
tension known as shrinkage stresses.

⚫ Since concrete is weak in tension, these

temperature and shrinkage stresses are likely
to result in cracking.

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure

 Steps involved in design of One – way slabs

5. Shrinkage or Temperature reinforcement

⚫ It is necessary to provide special reinforcement for shrinkage and

temperature contraction in the direction perpendicular to the
main reinforcement.

⚫ Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is equal to the

minimum flexural reinforcement i.e.

𝐴𝑆+𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ𝑓

⚫ Maximum spacing for shrinkage reinforcement permitted by ACI

318-19, Section 7.7.2.4 is least of 5ℎ𝑓 or 18ʺ

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Design of One way Slab

 Example 7.1
⚫ Design the given 12 feet simply supported slab carrying a uniform
service dead load (excluding self weight) of 120 psf and a uniform
service live load of 100 psf. Take 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖.

Unit strip

For clarity, the front wall

has not been shown

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Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Given Data Slab ℎ𝑓

𝑙𝑐/𝑐 = 12′
𝑙𝑎 = 11.25′
𝑙𝑏 = 29.25′ 𝑙𝑎 = 11.25′

𝑆𝐷𝐿 = 120𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑙𝑐/𝑐 = 12′

𝐿𝐿 = 100𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖

⚫ Required Data

Design the slab as per ACI 318 -19

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.1: Selection of sizes

Check behavior of slab, whether one-way or two-way

𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑏
𝛽= =
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎

29.25
𝛽= = 2.6 > 2 → 𝑂𝑛𝑒 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
11.25

Now, minimum thickness for simply supported one way slab is

𝑙 12
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.6′ 𝑜𝑟 7.2" → Take ℎ𝑓 = 7.5"
20 20

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.2: Calculation of loads

Self weight of slab per unit area is calculated as

7.5
𝑠𝑤 = 𝛾𝑐 ℎ𝑓 = 150 × = 93.75𝑝𝑠𝑓
12

Now,
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷 + 1.6𝑤𝐿 = 1.2 120 + 93.75 + 1.6 100 = 416.5𝑝𝑠𝑓

For unit width (1ft) strip, this ultimate load will be

𝑊𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 × 1 = 416.5𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑟 0.4165𝑘/𝑓𝑡

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.3: Analysis

The maximum bending moment is given by

𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑐/𝑐 2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 = 0.4164𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑓𝑡
8

0.4164 × 122 𝑙𝑐/𝑐 = 12′

𝑀𝑢 = = 7.497𝑘. 𝑓𝑡/𝑓𝑡
8
𝑀𝑢 = 89.96

OR

𝑀𝑢 = 89.96 𝑖𝑛. 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 BMD

(in.k/ft)

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.4: Determination of Flexural steel area

Assuming #4 bar to be used, then effective depth of slab is

𝑑𝑏 Slab
𝑑 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝑦ത = ℎ𝑓 − 𝐶𝑐 +
2
𝑑
4 ℎ𝑓
𝑑 = 7.5 − 0.75 + = 6.5"
16 𝑦ത

Rebar
2.614 89.96
𝑎 = 6.5 − 6.52 − = 0.524" 𝑦ത = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝑑𝑏 /2
3 × 12
As per ACI 318-19, Section 20.6.1.3.1,
89.96 Clear cover for slab is 0.75in
𝐴𝑠 = = 0.267𝑖𝑛2 /𝑓𝑡
0.524
0.9 × 60 6.5 −
2

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.4: Minimum Reinforcement Check

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ𝑓 = 0.0018 12 7.5 = 0.162𝑖𝑛2 /𝑓𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠 → 𝑂𝐾!

⚫ Step No.5: Detailing of flexural reinforcement

Bar spacing can be determined using eq (7.1)

12𝐴𝑏
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠

Using #4 bar with 𝐴𝑏 = 0.20𝑖𝑛2

0.20
𝑆 = 12 × = 8.99"
0.267

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Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.5: Detailing of flexural reinforcement

⚫ Check for maximum bar spacing

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (3ℎ𝑓 , 18") = (3 × 7.5 , 18")
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (22.5" , 18")
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 18"

The calculated spacing of 8.99" is OK!

Finally, provide #4 @ 8.5" 𝑐/𝑐

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 42

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.6: Detailing of Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement

𝐴𝑆+𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.162𝑖𝑛2

Using #4 bar with 𝐴𝑏 = 0.20𝑖𝑛2

0.20
𝑆 = 12 × = 14.81"
0.162
⚫ Check for maximum bar spacing
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (5ℎ𝑓 , 18") = (37.5" , 18") = 18"

The calculated spacing of 14.81" is OK!

Finally, provide #4 @ 14.5" 𝑐/𝑐

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 43

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution Main Reinforcement

(Yellow)
#4 @ 8.5″ c/c

⚫ Step No.7: Drafting (3D)

Shrinkage Reinforcement
(Blue)
#4 @ 14.5″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 44

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.7: Drafting (3D)
Shrinkage Reinforcement Main Reinforcement
#4 @ 14.5″ c/c #4 @ 8.5″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 45

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.7: Drafting (Plan)
A

Main Reinforcement
#4 @ 8.5″ c/c
B B

11′ - 3"
Shrinkage Reinforcement
#4 @ 14.5″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 46

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Solution
⚫ Step No.7: Drafting (Sectional details)

Shrinkage Reinforcement
#4 @ 14.5″ c/c

7.5″

Main Reinforcement
#4 @ 8.5″ c/c
11′ - 3"

Section A-A

Shrinkage Reinforcement
#4 @ 14.5″ c/c

7.5″

Main Reinforcement
#4 @ 8.5″ c/c

Section B-B

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 47

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Slab rebar placement at site

⚫ Main reinforcing bars are placed at the bottom in the direction of
flexure stresses.

⚫ Shrinkage bars are perpendicularly placed above the main bars.

Shrinkage reinforcement

Spacer Main reinforcement

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 48

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One – way Slab

 Example 7.2 (Class Activity)

⚫ Design the given 10 feet simply supported slab carrying a uniform
service dead load (excluding self weight) of 40 psf and a uniform
service live load of 120 psf. Take 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖.

Slab

h
12″
9″

9″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 49

Updated: May 25, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

Figure 9

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design – I 50