59

58

Problems
Now 3.1 Create by computer spreadsheet a graph depicting the Blasius coordinate
0,074 1700 0,074 1700
CD
Rert" Re, (6,04x 106)t/5 604.10t
= 0,00326 - 0,000282 = 0.00298 î versus f¡q) from the values in table 3.1.
3.2 Create by computer spreadsheet graphs depicting the various velocity
The total shearing force per side is thus
profiles similar to figure 3.4.

Dr : CDApIf /2: 0,00298 x 3 x 0,5 x l,l x 302 /2 : z,2l N

3.3 Water flows over a flat smooth plate. Create by computer the velocity
: distribution at apoint 0,1 m downstream of the edge of aplate if the free
For two sides D¡: 2 x2,21 4.425 N--+
steam velocity of water is 2,5 m/s (X axis to be distance from plate and Y
axis to be velocity). Create a graph showing the boundary layer thickness
Ur*
= 500 000 and the displacement thickness along the plate length, and a graph showing
Deterrnine xo v
500 000x1,49x10-5 the shearing sûess along the plate.
=0,248 m
30
3"4 Create by computer spreadsheet 5 curves depicting the Blasius boundary
The laminar resistance is layer profile at various distances from the leading edge" The first curve
should riepict the conditions more or iess ai a position from the leading edge
Dt¡* : c¡ ¡*A¡u'pu2 /2 : 2 x 0.5 x 0,248 *1J'39' = 0'231 N equal to the square ofthe boundary layer ihiclmess, and the last one at about
(5#y;x 25 times the tirst distance. The other curves should be at any intermediate
distances you choose. (Hint, the y axis of your graph should depict y with a
maximum value of about 3 or 4 times the boundary layer thickness ð1, where
Thus the laminm force as a fraction ofthe total force is ô1 is the boundary layer thickless for curve l, at position xr where ôr - {xr .
The x axis would depict velocity V* with a maximum value of the freestream
0,231 / 4,425:5.25 Yo--+ velocity U" The intermediate graphs could be depictrrg conditions at
distances 4x1 , 9x1 , and 16xr).

3.5 Derive equation 3.16 from the preceding equation showing all the steps.

A small radio contolled yacht is 500 mm long, the wetted width is 120
3.6
mm and it is sailing at 0,9 m/s. Plot the variation in boundary layer
thickness, the local shearing shess, and calculate the total skin friction drag
on the hull. Assume laminar conditions prevail.
 60 61

3 .7 Aû aircraft flies at a speed of 600'km/h deceleratiorr and assume it stays constant for that interval oniy and calculate
at an altitude of l0 000 m on a
standard day. Assuming the boundary layer behaves as on a flat the distance required to decelerate to the next velocity region).
smooth
surface, at what distance from the lehding edge will transformation
occurs?
3. 14A thin plate 450 mm by 900 mm is irnmersed in a steam of glycerine at
3.8 certain regions on the wings of missiles might be turbulent at low 20"C and a velocity of 6 m/s" Calculate the viscous drag if the plate side that
altitudes and be changing to laminar at higher altitudes. Explain possible is parallel to the süeam is (a) the short side (b) the long side"
reasons.
3. 1 5 A four bladed helicopter blade roiates at 200 r/min. If each blade is 4 m
3.9 A wind tunnel
has a test section which is 300 mm square by 600 mm long and 0,45 m wide, estimate the torque needed to overcome friction on
:
long. The nominal wind speed is u 2g m/s at the entrance
fo the test the biades ifthey act as tlat plates.
section and the boundary layer thickness is 20 mm at the enfrance
and 30
mm at the exit from the test section. The boundary layer profile 3.16 A thin smooth sign 6m long by 1,5 m high is attached to the side of a
is of the one
seventh power law shape. Determine the freestream velocity truck. Estimate the friction drag on the sign when the truck is travelling at
at the exit from
the test section. li0 km/h..

3.10 Air at standard conditions flows over a flat plate. The freestream speed 3.i7 A plate 5 m wide byl l m long is towed at 4 rrrls through sea waier at
is I
15 r¡ls. Find ô and t* at m from the leading edge for completely 20'C. Estimate the tow force and power requred if tìie plate is (a) smooth
lamina¡ flow assuming a parabolic velocity profile and (b) and (b) rough with s:0,0004 rn.
turbulent flow assuming a ll7 power law velocity profile. "o*pt"t"ly
3.18 A boat has a wetted area of 8500 m2 and is 200 m long. Estimate (a) the
3.llcalculate the drag force on a flat plate with dimensions 0,75 m
by 0,75 power required to propel the ship at 25 km/h if the huli is smooth, (b) the
m when it is aligned to a flow of air with a freestream velocity
of 1,75 m/s.
:
power required if the hull has a rougluress value of e 5 mm and (c)
estimate the speed that can be obtained if the same power calcuiated in (a) is
3.12 A towboat for barges is to be tested in a towing now available for the rough hull"
mnk. The towboat
model is built at a scale ratio of i:13,5. Dimensions of the
model is overall
lengtl 3,5 m, beam (width) I m, and draft (depth) 190 mm. Estimate 3"19 A jet airplane tìies at 950 km/h at l0 000 m standard altitude" it has a
the
average drag on the model at a speed relative to the water
of 5 km/h. smooth wing ?-5 m long and 55 m wide to the direction of flight" Estimate
ihe power required to overcome the friction drag. If the wing is rougb and
3.13 A supertanker has a rength of300 m, a beam ofg0 m and a draft of25 requires 13 MW to overcome friction, estimate the wing roughness in
m. calculate the displacement in tonnes. The ship steams at.25 millirnetres
km/hthrough
seawater at a meå.n temperature of 10"c, ca{culate the thickness
of t}re
boundary layer at the stern (rear) ofthe ship, (b) the total
skin friction drag 3.20 A torpedo 600 mm diameter and length 5 tn moves in seawater at a
on the ship, (c) the power to overcomË this drag and (d)
estimate the dìstance speed of 90 kn/h. Estimate the power required to overcome skin drag if
required for the ship to stop. (Hint; treat the deceleration
as ifthe velocity is e : 0,5 mm. State the assumptions you made.
reducing in a number of intervals or steps. For each interval
calculate the
62 bJ

3-21 A ship is 150 m long and has a wetted area

of 5000 m2. It is encrusted
with barnacles, the srrip requiring 5000 kw to overcome
moving at 25 kmrh in seawater ãt 20 " c, what is
friction drag when CHAPTER 4
the average roughãess of
the barnacles? How fast wourd the ship be moving
with the sameipower if
the hull was cleaned? Ignore wave drag. External Flow over Bodies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Drag on Flat Plates
4,3 Drag on Two and Three Dimensional Bodies
4'4 Forces on Streamlined Bodies
4.5 Forces on rotating Bodies
4.6 Aerodyna mic forces on road vehicles
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will be looking at the forces cleveloped on an object
submerged in a fluid which is moving relativeiy to it" These cc¡nditions lind
many applications in the engineering world i.e. ioad vehicies, airpianes,
submarines and also stationary objects like buildings, advertisemenr boards
ærd also sports equipment like balls or raaquets. A body immersed in a
flowing fluid experience friction forces on it as well as pressure forces.
Friction forces are due to the viscous friction stress acting on the body by the
relatively moving fluid and have been taken care of in chapter 3. What we
are concemed with in this chapter are the forces due to a difference in
pressure on the body. This force can generally be decomposed in a drag
force acting parallel to the direction of motion, and a lift force acting
perpendicular to the motion. This lift force could be upwards, as on an
airplane's wing, or downward as on a racing oar's pressure wings"

we start off by looking at some standard simple objects that is set up in a

flow field, and theu to some basic aerodynamic principles on strearnlined
shapes and to road vehicles.

4.2 Drag on Flat Plates

Consider a long flat plate which is held perpendicular to the flow of a fiuid
with densrty p as is shown in figure 4.1. At point A on the centre line near