3 – Applications of First Order ODE

[Part 3 of 3]
ES 21: Differential Equations for Engineers

David A. Agbayani

Note: These lecture slides are not meant to be published.

• Last week we went through the application of first order
differential equations on electrical circuits and nuclear chemistry.

• For this set of slides, we will be looking into its application on

more physics and heat transfer.
 VI. Dynamics (Inclined Planes)
• We’ll be using the same notations in Lecture 3a on Dynamics – that
is,
𝑚 for the mass of the object
𝑔 for the gravitational acceleration (9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠2 )
𝑣 for the velocity of the object at any time 𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= for the effective acceleration of the object
𝑑𝑡
• We also remember that force 𝐹 can be expressed as the product of
mass 𝑚 and acceleration 𝑎, or 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎.
 VI. Dynamics (Inclined Planes)
• For inclined surfaces, we take into account all the forces acting on
the object.
𝐹𝑁
𝐹𝑓
• The normal force, friction, and the weight.
• Since we’re dealing with inclined surfaces,
we also consider the angle
of inclination.

𝛼 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
 VI. Dynamics (Inclined Planes)
• The summation of forces in the oblique y-axis will give us
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼 = 𝐹𝑦,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝐹𝑁
• This only means that the object will not fly
(𝐹𝑁 > 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼), or will sink into the
inclined surface and destroy it
(𝐹𝑁 < 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼).
𝑊 cos 𝛼
= 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼
• What concerns us is the summation
of forces in the oblique x-axis. 𝛼 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
 VI. Dynamics (Inclined Planes)
• The summation of forces in the oblique x-axis will give us
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑥,𝑛𝑒𝑡
• If the net force on this axis 𝐹𝑥,𝑛𝑒𝑡 is 0, it means 𝐹𝑓
the object is at equilibrium and will not be
sliding down.
• If 𝐹𝑥,𝑛𝑒𝑡 > 0, then the object 𝑊 sin 𝛼
must be sliding down. = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼

• For a frictionless surface, 𝐹𝑓 = 0,

𝛼 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 = 𝐹𝑥,𝑛𝑒𝑡
 Example 6
• The figure on the right shows a
weight, 𝑊, sliding down an
inclined plane that makes an
angle 𝛼 with the horizontal.
Assume that no force other 𝑊 sin 𝛼
than gravity is acting on the = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼
weight, that is, no friction, no
air resistance, etc. At time 𝑡 =
0, let 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , and let the initial 𝛼 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
velocity be 𝑣 = 𝑣0 . Determine
𝑥 for 𝑡 > 0.
 Example 6
• What is asked?
𝑥 at 𝑡 > 0
• This means we need to establish a relationship between 𝑥 and 𝑡.

• What is given?
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , 𝑣 = 𝑣0
𝐹𝑓 = 0
• We also know that the weight is sliding down the inclined plane,
which means
𝐹𝑥,𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0
 Example 6
• We now use the summation of forces in the oblique x-axis:
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑥,𝑛𝑒𝑡
• Since surface is frictionless, and we can express the net force as
the product of mass and acceleration, we rewrite the equation as

𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑎
• We now express acceleration as the change in velocity over time.

𝑑𝑣
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑔 sin 𝛼 =
𝑑𝑡
 Example 6
• Separating variables, • Plugging in the value of 𝑐 to
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔 sin 𝛼 𝑑𝑡 the general solution,
• Integrating both sides, 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝑣0

න 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔 sin 𝛼 න 𝑑𝑡
• Expressing velocity as the
𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝑐 rate of change in distance,
𝑑𝑥
• To get the value of 𝑐, we use = 𝑔𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡
the initial conditions 𝑡 =
0, 𝑣 = 𝑣0 . • Separating variables,
𝑣0 = 𝑔 0 sin 𝛼 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝑣0 𝑑𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑣0
 Example 6
• Integrating both sides, • Plugging in the value of 𝑐 to
the general solution,
න 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑔𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝑣0 ) 𝑑𝑡
1 2 𝟏 𝟐
𝑥 = 𝑔𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑐′ 𝒙 = 𝒈𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 + 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒙𝟎
2 𝟐
• To get the value of 𝑐′, we use
the initial conditions 𝑡 =
0, 𝑥 = 𝑥0 .
1
𝑥0 = 𝑔(0)2 sin 𝛼 + 𝑣0 (0) + 𝑐′
2
𝑐 ′ = 𝑥0
 VII. Heat Transfer
• Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the temperature 𝑇 of a body
changes at a rate that is proportional to the difference in
temperature between the outside medium 𝑇𝑂 and the temperature
of the body itself 𝑇.
• This relationship can be expressed as
𝑑𝑇
∝ (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑂 )
𝑑𝑡
• In an equation, we can assign a proportionality constant 𝑘 to relate
the two terms.
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑂 )
𝑑𝑡
 Example 7
• A thermometer reading 18°𝐹 is brought to a room where the
temperature is 70°𝐹. One minute later, the thermometer reading is
31°𝐹. Determine the temperature reading as a function of time
and, in particular, find the temperature reading 5 minutes after the
thermometer is first brought into the room.

• What is asked?
𝑇 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑇 at 𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
 Example 7
• A thermometer reading 18°𝐹 is brought to a room where the
temperature is 70°𝐹. One minute later, the thermometer reading is
31°𝐹. Determine the temperature reading as a function of time
and, in particular, find the temperature reading 5 minutes after the
thermometer is first brought into the room.

• What is given?
at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 18°𝐹
𝑇𝑂 = 70°𝐹
at 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛, 𝑇 = 31°𝐹
 Example 7
• We use the relationship of • Integrating both sides,
𝑇 and 𝑡 from Newton’s Law of 𝑑𝑇
Cooling. න = න 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
(𝑇 − 70)
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑂 ) ln(𝑇 − 70) = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇 𝑇 − 70 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝑐
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 70) 𝑇 − 70 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑐 ′ 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡

• Separating the variables, 𝑇 = 𝑐′𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 70

𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
(𝑇 − 70)
 Example 7
• To get the value of 𝑐′, we use • To get the value of the
the initial conditions 𝑡 = proportionality constant 𝑘,
0, 𝑇 = 18°𝐹 we use 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛, 𝑇 = 31°𝐹
𝑇 = 𝑐′𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 70 𝑇 = 70 − 52𝑒 𝑘𝑡
18 = 𝑐′𝑒 𝑘(0) + 70 31 = 70 − 52𝑒 𝑘(1)
𝑐 ′ = 18 − 70 = −52
𝑘 = −0.287682072
• We now plug this into the 𝑘 ≈ −0.2877
general solution. • We now have the equation
𝑇 = −52𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 70
𝑇 = 70 − 52𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑇 = 70 − 52𝑒 −0.2877𝑡
 Example 7
• We can now solve for 𝑇 at 𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠.

𝑇 = 70 − 52𝑒 −0.2877𝑡
𝑇 = 70 − 52𝑒 −0.2877(5)

𝑻 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟔°𝑭