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7 Signal Generator Part 1 A Hazra

The document discusses various signal generation and waveform shaping circuits, including astable and monostable multivibrators, and the use of 555 timers. It explains the operation and design of these circuits for generating non-sinusoidal waveforms such as square and triangular pulses, as well as the concept of duty cycle. Additionally, it covers the generation of standardized pulses using monostable multivibrators and the conversion of triangular waveforms to sine waves.

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pmisdbest
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10 views33 pages

7 Signal Generator Part 1 A Hazra

The document discusses various signal generation and waveform shaping circuits, including astable and monostable multivibrators, and the use of 555 timers. It explains the operation and design of these circuits for generating non-sinusoidal waveforms such as square and triangular pulses, as well as the concept of duty cycle. Additionally, it covers the generation of standardized pulses using monostable multivibrators and the conversion of triangular waveforms to sine waves.

Uploaded by

pmisdbest
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal Generation &

Waveform Shaping
Circuit
 Astable Multivibrator- Square & triangular pulses
 Monostable Multivibrator
 555 Timer for astable and monostable operation
 Design of function generator
Signal Generation & Waveform
Shaping Circuits

Sinusoidal Oscillator Non-sinusoidal Multivibrator Circuit


 LC, RC frequency selective networks  Op-Amp based Multivibrator
 Amplifiers with positive feedback  555 Timer based Multivibrator

 Natural sinusoidal  Non-sinusoidal waveforms


waveforms such as square, triangular,
sawtooth waveforms

Comparator, Schmitt Trigger etc.

Triangular to sine wave converter


Multivibrator Circuit
 Non-sinusoidal waveforms like triangular, square, pulses
etc. are generated
 Three types of multivibrators:
Bistable,
Astable
Monostable
 Developed by using Op-Amp IC or Timer IC
 Also called “Relaxation Oscillator”
 Device operates either in saturation or in cut-off.
 In cut-off: device are relaxing
Bistable Multivibrators
As its name indicates, the bistable multivibrator has two stable
states. The circuit can remain in either stable state indefinitely
and moves to the other stable state only when appropriately
triggered.

Bistability can be obtained by connecting a dc amplifier in a


positive-feedback loop having a loop gain greater than unity.

An op-amp and a resistive voltage divider in the positive-


feedback path.
Bistable Multivibrators

Loop gain A >1 & Regenerative process can start

𝑅1
𝑣+ = +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Two stable states
𝑅1
𝑣+ = −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝒗+ = 𝟎 is called unstable equilibrium
or metal stable state
Bistable Multivibrators

Ball
Metastable
state

Stable Hill Stable


state #1 state #2
Inverting Input Bistable Multivibrator
+Vsat

VLT VUT

-Vsat

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴 𝑣+ − 𝑣𝑖
𝑅1
𝑉𝑈𝑇 = 𝑣+ = +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Two stable states
𝑅1
𝑉𝐿𝑇 = 𝑣+ = −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Non-Inverting Input Bistable Multivibrator

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴 𝑣+ − 0
Using superposition
𝑅2 𝑅1
𝑣+ = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑜 (1)
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝐼𝑛 𝐸𝑞. 1 , 𝑣𝑜 = +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡 , 𝑣+ = 0 , 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑉𝐿𝑇

𝑅1
𝑉𝐿𝑇 = − +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅2

Two stable states


𝐼𝑛 𝐸𝑞. 1 , 𝑣𝑜 = −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡 , 𝑣+ = 0 , 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑉𝑈𝑇
𝑅1
𝑉𝑈𝑇 =− −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅2
Precise Output Circuit using Bistable
Multivibrator
Generation of Square Waveforms
using Astable Multivibrators
 A square waveform can be generated by arranging for a
bistable multivibrator to switch states periodically.

 This can be done by connecting the bistable multivibrator


with an RC circuit in a feedback loop

 Bistable multivibrator has an inverting transfer


characteristic

 Circuit has no stable states and thus is appropriately


named an astable multivibrator
Operation of Astable Multivibrators
Operation of Astable Multivibrators
Operation of Astable Multivibrators
Concept of Duty Cycle
A duty cycle is the fraction of one period in which a
signal or system is active.
Duty cycle is commonly expressed as a percentage or a
ratio.

DC = (T1/ T) *100 Where, T=T1+T2

T1 T2
T1 T2 T1 T2
Triangular Waveform Generation
Triangular Waveform Generation
 The exponential waveforms generated in the astable circuit can
be changed to triangular by replacing the low-pass RC circuit
with an integrator.
 The integrator is, after all, a low-pass circuit with a corner
frequency at dc.
 The integrator causes linear charging and discharging of the
capacitor, thus providing a triangular waveform.
Triangular Waveform Generation
Triangular Waveform Generation

2𝑅𝑅1 𝐶
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 =
𝑅2
4𝑅𝑅1 𝐶
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 =
𝑅2
1 𝑅2
𝑓= =
𝑇 4𝑅𝑅1 𝐶

Amplitude can be controlled by R1 and R2 resistors.


Generation of a Standardized
Pulse—The Monostable Multivibrator
 In some applications the need arises for a pulse of known
height and width generated in response to a trigger signal.
 Such a standardized pulse can be generated by the third type of
multivibrator, the monostable multivibrator.
 The monostable multivibrator has one stable state in which it
can remain indefinitely.
 It also has a quasi-stable state to which it can be triggered and
in which it stays for a predetermined interval equal to the
desired width of the output pulse.
 When this interval expires, the monostable multivibrator
returns to its stable state and remains there, awaiting another
triggering signal.
 Alternative name, the one shot.
Operation of Monostable Multivibrator
Triggering Circuit

L+=> +Vsat
L-=> -Vsat
Operation of Monostable Multivibrator

 Monostable multivibrator may not be triggered again


until the capacitor C has been recharged completely
to VD1.
 Otherwise resulting pulse will be shorter than
normal.
 Recharging time is known as recovery period.
555 Timer Circuit
Reset (4)
(8)

(6)

(3)
Control
Voltage (5)

(2)

(7)

(1)
Monostable Multivibrator Operation
Monostable Multivibrator Operation
Single Liner Ramp Generator
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Free Running Ramp Generator

Current Mirror Ckt.


Function Generator
Triangular to Sine Wave Converter
Triangular to Sine Wave Converter

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