THE INTERNET

Introduction
The internet is a conglomeration of computer networks and other connected machines all over
the world. In other words, the Internet is a global network of computer networks. The machines
and the computer networks are interconnected. Therefore the intercommunication information
accessibility and exchange is possible.

The Internet is a cooperative effort of many organizations and the people participate as the
information users as well as the information providers, through their computer machines
connected to the Internet.
The people can use their stand-alone computers, or their local area network workstations to send
messages or exchange files with the people using computers in another region be it in another
company, another state, another country or anywhere-provided all the machines involved in the
communication are connected within the Internet.

Internet is suitable for all types of computers. Any type of computer from palmtop PC to a super
computer loaded with TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol
becomes automatically a member of the internet.
It uses a wide range of communications media. The “wires” that interconnects millions of
computers on the internet include local area networks, private data lines, local telephone lines,
national telephone networks carrying signals via wire, microwave, satellite and international
telephone couriers.
The internet is a single network which exchanges information from ‘anywhere to anywhere’
because it is platform independent due to TCP/IP and is communication technology independent.

Internet is a network of clients and servers. The servers may be, dedicated or general, performing
dedicated functions or serving general requirements. The information, which you need, is stored
on the server computer, the computer and the programme which accesses the information is the
client.
A number of tools are available to perform standard jobs of accessing, fetching and displaying
information.

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FEATURES OF INTERNET

The features of internet are described below:

Accessibility

An Internet is a global service and accessible to all. Today, people located in a remote part of an
island or interior of Africa can use the Internet.

Easy to Use

The software, which is used to access the Internet (web browser), is designed very simple;
therefore, it can be easily learned and used. It is easy to develop.

Interaction with Other Media

Internet service has a high degree of interaction with other media. For example, News and other
magazine, publishing houses have extended their business with the help of Internet services.

Low Cost

The development and maintenance cost of Internet service are comparatively low.

Extension of Existing IT Technology

This facilitates the sharing of IT technology by multiple users in organizations and even
facilitates other trading partners to use.

Flexibility of Communication

Communication through Internet is flexible enough. It facilitates communication through text,

voice, and video too. These services can be availed at both organizational and individual levels.

Security

Internet facility has to a certain extent, helped the security system both at the individual and
national level with components such as CCTV camera, etc.

Internet Software

Internet Software comprises of all the tools needed for networking through computer. Following
are a few important components of the Internet Software −

●​ Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

●​ Dialer Software
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 ●​ Interment Browser

INTERNET APPLICATIONS
1.​ Communication
Communication is one of the most used applications of the Internet because today it is very easy
to talk through the Internet and today almost everyone is communicating with each other through
the Internet. Some popular internet communication applications are: Email, Skype, Google Meet,
Zoom, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger etc.

2. Online Shopping
Everything is possible in today's era, in earlier times people could not even imagine that without
going to the market, anything could be bought, but in today's time, it is possible. We know that
we can buy anything without going to the market, without going to the shop. Today the whole
world is doing online shopping through the internet, that through sitting at home and you can
also shop online from home through the internet. Below are the names of some shopping
applications, from which you can shop. Amazon, FlipKart, Paytm Mall, ShopClues, Myntra etc

3. Web Browsing
Web browser is also an important Internet application, in earlier times, users used to have a lot of
trouble to do Internet travel, because at that time there were no good browsers so that people
could do web browsing. But today there is more than one web browser, which you can use to
search anything on the Internet. Today's web browsers come with more features than the earlier
browsers, because today's web browsers are made of the latest technology, which has many
advantages to use. The names of some web browsers are: Internet Explorer, Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, Tor Browser, UC Browser etc.

4. Research
Research means to find out more information about a subject or to know everything about that
subject. Doing research is no small task, it takes a lot of time and effort to do research about
anything. Research is not done by common people, but by scientists or Ph.D. students. Today
there are many such internet applications that make your research easier and you do not have to
work harder too. If you are a Ph.D. student then this internet application is very useful for

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you. The names of some search applications are: Mendeley, Flipboard, Researcher, Google Keep
etc.

5 Online Payments
Today is the era of online payments, in today's digital age, now everyone is paying any bill
online instead of giving cash. Today online payments are in full swing all over the world. You
can make online payments only through the internet, without an internet connection you cannot
make an online payment.
There are many benefits of online payment. For example - you do not need to carry cash, there is
no need to spare money in taking any item. There are many such internet applications today that
gives you the facility to make online payments, the names of those applications are: Paytm,
PhonePe, Google Pay, Amazon Pay etc

6. Social Networking
Social networking is also a good platform, through which you talk to people. Today millions of
people around the world are using social networking sites. Through social networking sites, you
can make connections with friends, family, classmates, customers, and clients.
You must have an internet connection to use social networking sites because without an internet
connection you cannot use these social networking sites. Some famous social Networking
applications are: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Pinterest, WhatsApp etc.

7. E-Banking
E-banking is also known as online banking and internet banking. E-banking is one of the best
features of the banking sector because, through e-banking, bank customers can now do all
banking work sitting at home. There are many benefits of using e-banking. Such as - online
account opening, money transfer, passbook check, bill payment, loan, etc. Online banking is
generally a core banking facility operated by a bank. To use e-banking, you must have an internet
connection, otherwise, you cannot use the e-banking facility. Today there are many such
e-banking internet applications, each bank has its own different internet application: ICICI
iMobile, YONO SBI, HDFC PayZapp, Bank of Baroda M-Connect Plus

8. E-Learning

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Today is the era of e-learning in the present time, e-learning means electronic learning which
means you can now study from anywhere through e-learning. If you understand it in an easy
language, now you can do your studies by staying in any corner of the world, now you do not
need to go to any college or institute to study, You can study from online live class through
e-learning sitting at home. There are many benefits of e-learning, just imagine the students who
live in the village, and the city is far away from their village, so those sudents can now study
online by staying in their village through e-learning without going to the city. To study through
e-learning, you must have a smart device and internet connection, only then you can study
online.​
Through e-learning, you can study any subject or you can also prepare for any competitive exam.
There are many Internet applications through which students can study. The names of those
applications are: Topper, Vedantu, Unacademy yQuick Learn Computer

9. Entertainment
If you are getting bored alone, then there is no need for you to worry, because today you can be
entertained through the medium of the internet. Today there are many such internet applications
that can entertain you. You can watch anything on these entertainment applications. Like -
Movies, Web series, Cartoons, Serials, Cricket, News, Comedy, etc.
We have given below the names of some popular entertainment applications Netflix, VOOT,
Disney+ Hotstar, Amazon Prime, Sony Liv, ALT Balaji
Bottom of Form

LIST OF WEB TERMINOLOGIES

WWW or World Wide Web

Full form of WWW is World Wide Web.
WWW is the system consisting of interlinked hypertext documents that can be accessed on the
internet.
World Wide Web is a collection of documents or web pages which are connected to multiple
document or web pages through hypertext links. These documents are accessible over internet
and anyone can search for information by navigating from one document to the other documents
easily.
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Internet
Internet is popularly known as network of networks. Internet helps any computer system/mobile
to connect with any other computer system globally using TCP/IP protocol. TCP/IP protocol is
also known as Internet protocol.
Internet identifies each system in the network through a unique address known as IP address.
Each computer system has a unique IP to distinguish from other computer on the network just
like voter id of human beings.

Online & Offline

When you are connected to the internet with your computer, laptop or mobile device you are said
to be online. Once your device or system gets disconnected with internet, you are said to
be offline.

Internet Service Provider or ISP

Internet Service Provider is full form of ISP. ISP is company or organization that provides access
to internet services to an individual or family or company or organization using dial-up or other
means of data telecommunications.
ISP provide you an Internet account for a monthly or yearly fee, using which you can manage
your account. It also provides other services such as website hosting and building.

URL
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is also known as URI or Uniform Resource
Identifier. To visit any website, you need to type its URL or URI on web browser. Suppose you
need to visit, Google so you need to type its URL - www.google.com

Webpage and Website

There are number of html documents present on World Wide Web. These html documents
contain lot of information which can be accessed using URL via web browser.
These html documents are referred to as Web Pages.
A web page may consist of texts, images, audio, video, graphics, hyperlinks, etc. Web pages are
placed on the server. Collection of interlinked web pages with related information is referred to
as website.
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Home Page or Index page
Every website has a landing page. It is the page where a user is redirected to first when user
visits the website. The landing page of a Website is commonly referred to as Home
Page or index page.
For example, When you visit amazon.com or flipkart.com, you are first redirected to their home
page. From there you can search different products based on categories, signup or login to their
website, sell product, purchase product, etc.

Signup, Login and Logout

Consider visiting an online banking website for example. Given below are the activities you need
to perform in sequence to access an online banking:
●​ Create account for online banking on bank's website by signup.
●​ After signup, you need to login to the website to access restricted products (online fund
transfer, book fixed deposit, apply for loan, etc.) of the banking website with
your username and password provided during signup.
●​ Once you have completed your tasks on website, you need to logout.

Static and Dynamic website

There are two different types of website:
Static website → Static Website displays same content or information to all the visitors. Static
websites are not interactive in nature as their content remains same irrespective of the number of
times you visit it.
For example, Consider this web page of our website that you are currently reading. No matter
how many times you or someone else visits this page from any device, the content of this page
remains same until updated by admin. It doesn't change from user to user. Same is the case with
different pages of this tutorial. So this makes it static in nature.

Dynamic website → Dynamic website is the one which displays content created on go by
considering the information entered by the user. They do not show the same information every
time you visit the page or refresh it. Dynamic websites are interactive in nature.

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For example, think of a Facebook page. You do not see the same post every time you login.
Every time you get fresh posts from your friend or page you follow as they update it from their
end

Web Browser and Web Server

A web browser helps us send request to the server. A web browser also helps receive response as
HTML document from the server, converts them to a form that user can read and finally displays
them on computer screen. Popular web browsers used around the globe are Internet Explorer,
Google, Firefox, Yahoo, Bing, Safari, UC Browser, etc.
A web server receives the request from the user with help of a browser and then it process the
request, prepares the necessary response and sends it back to the browser.

Domain name
Domain Name is the way to identify and locate computers connected to the internet. Two
websites cannot have same domain name along with top level domain. For example, google.com,
google is the domain name and .com is the top level domain.

IP address
Full form of IP is Internet Protocol. IP Address is a unique logical address provided to each
computer system on the internet network.
To communicate, send files, send emails, share information, etc. with other systems it is
necessary to know where that computer is. IP address helps identify the different systems
uniquely. IP address is an identifier for a particular computer on a particular network.
There are two types of IP address:
●​ IPv4
●​ IPv6

Firewall
Firewall is a kind of security device for computers accessing information via internet. Firewall
protects the computer and network by restricting the access of outsiders or intruders. It also sets
up the criteria that must be met before access to the network or system is allowed to anyone.

Cache
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Cache stores data of the recently or frequently visited websites. Cache helps to speed up the
serving of the web pages faster as the stored data is not required to be fetched from server again
which is time consuming task. Browser cache is used for purposes to store data of the frequently
visited websites.

FTP
FTP is an abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a network protocol used to transfer
data from one computer to another through a network. FTP helps in exchanging and
manipulating files over any TCP-based computer network. A FTP client may connect to a FTP
server to manipulate files on that server.

HTTP
HTTP is an abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP is a request / response
standard between a client and a server. HTTP is a communication protocol that helps in transfer
of information on the internet and the WWW or World Wide Web. Original purpose of HTTP
was to provide a protocol to publish and retrieve hypertext pages over the internet.

Hypertext pages are specially coded using HTML or hypertext markup language. HTML pages
may contain text, sound, animations, images, or link to another hypertext pages. When user
clicks on any hyperlink the client program on the computer uses HTTP to contact server and ask
the server to provide response based on clients request. Server responds back after processing the
request over HTTP.

HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML was the first language to be used to
design the web pages. Those web pages were static in nature. HTML designed web page can
contain texts, images, audio, videos, etc. HTML along with CSS can be used to design attractive
websites. You can view HTML as a plain design on a white paper whereas CSS is a paint that
can fill up the design with beautiful colors.

INTERNET HARDWARE
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A variety of hardware and software is used to make the Internet functional and effective.
●​ Modem
A modem is a device that enables two computers to communicate with one another through
phone lines. When you open an internet account and use it, you are using the modem installed at
your location to communicate through the modem installed at the internet service provider (ISP).
A modem has a speed, which is measured in bits per second (Bps). Higher the Bps value, the
faster the modem. Modems are available in the range of 9.6 Kbps to 56 Kbps. Since you are on
the internet and using modems to get a connection, the speed of exchange of information will be
dedicated by the rate of modem.
●​ Computer
In addition to a fast modem, you need a computer (client) capable of handling number of
multiple data types. The best PC would be a multimedia PC of 32 MB RAM with very powerful
CPU and 4 GB onwards disk capacity. For normal E-mail applications, standard PC of good
speed is adequate. If your application requires multimedia capability, the PC should have all
multimedia features, such as sound card, speakers and PC video camera, etc.
●​ Web TV
Web TV is a terminal to be attached to your TV. The terminal uses your TV as a display and you
navigate the internet through the terminal’s wireless remote control, or an optical wireless key
board. Web TV cannot access all the Internet activities, which a computer can.

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