Basic Applications of Computer Home Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment,

Limitations of Computer Depend on users input. Computer have no imagination. Only expert
watching movies or shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They user can work on it. Cannot take its own decisions. Zero IQ Lack of Decision making, Fields of
provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for corporate employees.
Computers help the student community to avail online educational support. Medical Field Computers are used in
hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays, live monitoring of patients, etc. Surgeons computer 1) Humanware- is the method of adding a human facet into the development of
nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely. Virtual reality
technologies are also used for training purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the mother’s womb. computer programs. The main goal of developing humanware is to make hardware and
Entertainment Computers help to watch movies online, play games online; act as a virtual entertainer in playing games, software as functional as possible It is necessary for enhancing user experience (UX) by
listening to music, etc. MIDI instruments greatly help people in the entertainment industry in recording music with making improvements in the system’s user interface (UI). It is the combination of hardware
artificial instruments. Videos can be fed from computers to full screen televisions. Photo editors are available with
fabulous features. Industry Computers are used to perform several tasks in industries like managing inventory, and software elements that make human interaction with a device as good as possible. 2)
designing purpose, creating virtual sample products, interior designing, video conferencing, etc. Online marketing has Firmware- refers to software that has been permanently installed in a machine, device, or
seen a great revolution in its ability to sell various products to inaccessible corners like interior or rural areas. Stock
markets have seen phenomenal participation from different levels of people through the use of computers. Education
Computers are used in education sector through online classes, online examinations, referring e-books, online tutoring, microchip, usually by the manufacturer In electronic systems and computing, firmware is a
etc. They help in increased use of audio-visual aids in the education field .Government computers are used in data
processing, maintaining a database of citizens and supporting a paperless environment. The country’s defense
organizations have greatly benefitted from computers in their use for missiledevelopment, satellites, rocket Computer Hardware:Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer
launches, etc. Banking, computers are used to store details of customers and conduct transactions, such as Hardware is any part of the computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary
withdrawal and deposit of money through ATMs. Banks have reduced manual errors and expenses to a great extent
electronic devices used to build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are
through extensive use of computers.Business Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The main
objective of business is transaction processing, which involves transactions with suppliers, employees or customers. the Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and the Central
Computers can make these transactions easy and accurate. People can analyze investments, sales, expenses, markets Processing Unit.Computer Software: Software is a collection of instructions, procedures,
and other aspects of business using computers. Training Many organizations use computer-based training to train their documentation that performs different tasks on a computer system. We can say also
employees, to save money and improve performance. Video conferencing through computers allows saving of time and Computer Software is a programming code executed on a computer processor. The code can
travelling costs by being able to connect people in various locations. be machine-level code or the code written for an operating system. Examples of software are
Ms Word, Excel, Power Point, Google Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL etc.
Data is a raw and unorganized fact that required to be processed to make it meaningful. Data
can be simple at the same time unorganized unless it is organized. Generally, data comprises
facts, observations, perceptions numbers, characters, symbols, image, etc.
Storage Devices-1) Primary storage (also known as main memory) is the component of the Data is always interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive meaning. So, data
computer that holds data, programs and instructions that are currently in use. Primary ismeaningless. Data contains numbers, statements, and characters in a raw form.
storage is located on the motherboard. As a result, data can be read from and written to Information is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way according to the given
primary storage extremely quickly. This gives the processor fast access to the data and requirement. Information is processed, structured, or presented in a given context to make it
instructions that the primary storage holds .Primary memory is known as “Main Memory” or meaningful and useful.It is processed data which includes data that possess context,
“Internal Memory” or “Primary Storage Device” or “Internal Storage Device” as well as they
relevance, and purpose. It also involves manipulation of raw data.
play vital role in computer, because those memories are capable to access all data directly
from CPU with the help of various buses. Primary storage devices are available in two
variance such as volatile and non volatile. Volatile memory is called temporary memory
because all data deleted when power get turn off mode but its access time and response time
much fine to secondary memory. Non volatile memory is permanent memory in which RAM is primary memory and RAM stands for “Random Access Memory“. Ram is capable to
nothing data erase when system is turn off. 2)Secondary Memory also called “storage access any data randomly any time as well as from any location to computer. This is volatile
device” and “auxiliary memory“, “external memory“. Secondary storage devices are volatile in storage memory means to temporary memory in nature, because entire data goes delete
nature, it means that data does not discard while power turn-off, in which all data store for while computer get turn off mode. ROM is primary memory and ROM stands for “Read Only
long time. It has the speed of access of data is very slow compare to primary memory, and Memory”. This memory is able to store data in permanently means to have non-volatile in
cheaper as well. Without primary memory, those secondary storage devices are useless nature. ROM is programmable chip because in which stored all instructions that are most
because for processing the secondary memory must be needed the primary memory, first of required when to start computer. This process is known as “Bootstrap”. ROM is not limited
all data are transferred into primary memory then these data make for executable. for computer because these chips use in other equipment like as washing machine and

microwave as well. types of ROM PROM Stands for “Programmable Read Only Memory“.
Users can store any data as per their requirement because these ROM is available in market
Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) It is another name for secondary storage devices that in blank. But in which store instructions (programs) only one time because after filling
store data in discrete locations with a unique address, such as hard disk drives, optical drives. programs it cannot delete. It is a memory chip on which data can be written only once. Once
Why does a computer need a hard drive?A computer requires an operating system to allow a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever. Unlike main memory,
users to interact with and use it. The operating system interprets keyboard and mouse PROMs retain their contents when the computer is turned off. EPROM IT is a special type of
movements and allows for the use of software, like an Internet browser, word processor, PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be
and video games. To install a computer operating system, a hard drive (or another storage reprogrammed. An EEPROM is similar to a PROM, but requires only electricity to be erased.
EPROM Stands for “Erasable and Programmable“. In these types of ROM, users have power to
editing (erase) the stored instruction (program) in EPROM. EPROM is erasable by ultra-violet
device) is required. The storage device provides the storage medium where the operating
light. EEPROM Stands for “Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory“. In
system is installed and stored.A hard drive is also required for the installation of any EEPROM, all activities such as programming and erasing are performed by electrically. This
programs or other files you want to keep on your computer. When downloading files to your EEPROM is able to reprogrammed and erased in more than ten thousand time. Entire chip
computer, they are permanently stored on your hard drive or another storage medium until
they are moved or uninstalled.

Optical disk is any computer disk that uses optical storage techniques and technology to read
Magnetic Tape memory In magnetic tape only one side of the ribbon is used for storing data. and write data. It is a computer storage disk that stores data digitally and uses laser beams
It is sequential memory which contains thin plastic ribbon to store data and coated by (transmitted from a laser head mounted on an optical disk drive) to read and write data.
magnetic oxide. Data read/write speed is slower because of sequential access. It is highly Compact disks (CD), digital versatile/video disks (DVD) and Blu-ray disks are currently the
most commonly used forms of optical disks. These disks are generally used to: Distribute
reliable which requires magnetic tape drive writing and reading data. Advantages : These are software to customers Store large amounts of data such as music, images and videos.
inexpensive, i.e., low cost memories. It provides backup. It can be used for large files. It can
be used for copying from disk files. It is a reusable memory. It is compact and easy to store on Transfer data to different computers or devices .Back up data from a local machine. Pen
racks. Disadvantages : Sequential access is the disadvantage, means it does not allow access Drive A pen drive, or a USB flash drive, is a portable data-storage device. Pen drives have
randomly or directly. It requires caring to store, i.e., vulnerable humidity, dust free, and replaced the floppy drives of old and have become the most popular data-storage devices
suitable environment. It stored data cannot be easily updated or modified, i.e., difficult to among consumers. A pen drive plugged into a USB port can be used as an interfacing device
make updates on data. to transfer files, documents and photos to a PC. Similarly, select files can be transferred from
a pen drive to any workstation. As long as the desktop or laptop has a USB port, and the pen
drive is compatible with the operating system, it should be easy to move the data from
Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources the hard drive to the device — and to another computer — in a matter of minutes.
include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software. Sequential access storage device is a computer storage device whose content is accessed
Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based
storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long as an electronic device
has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs to run it.
Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons Types of cloud-Public Cloud are managed by third parties which provide cloud services over
including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and the internet to the public, these services are available as pay-as-you-go billing models.
security .It is named as such because the information being accessed is found remotely in the They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and become a good option for
handling peak loads on the local infrastructure. Public clouds are the go-to option for small
cloud or a virtual space. Companies that provide cloud services enable users to store files enterprises, which are able to start their businesses without large upfront investments by
and applications on remote servers and then access all the data via the Internet. This means completely relying on public infrastructure for their IT needs. The fundamental characteristics
the user is not required to be in a specific place to gain access to it, allowing the user to work of public clouds are multitenancy. A public cloud is meant to serve multiple users, not a single
remotely. It can be both public and private. Public cloud services provide their services over
the Internet for a fee. Private cloud services, on the other hand, only provide services to a customer. A user requires a virtual computing environment that is separated, and most likely
certain number of people. These services are a system of networks that supply hosted isolated, from other users. Private cloudare distributed systems that work on private
services. There is also a hybrid option, which combines elements of both the public and infrastructure and provide the users with dynamic provisioning of computing resources.
Instead of a pay-as-you-go model in private clouds, there could be other schemes that
private services. Types of Cloud Services Regardless of the kind of service, cloud computing manage the usage of the cloud and proportionally billing of the different departments or
services provide users with a series of functions including :Email, Storage, backup, and data sections of an enterprise. Hybrid cloud: is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by
retrieval. Creating and testing apps. Analyzing data. Audio and video streaming combining facilities of public cloud and private cloud. For this reason, they are also
called heterogeneous clouds. A major drawback of private deployments is the inability to
scale on-demand and efficiently address peak loads. Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a
Delivering software on demand. Cloud computing is still a fairly new service but is being hybrid cloud takes advantage of both public and private clouds.Community cloud: are
distributed systems created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the
Sectors that use community clouds are: 1. Media industry: Media companies are looking for specific needs of an industry, a community, or a business sector. In the community cloud,
quick, simple, low-cost ways for increasing the efficiency of content generation. Most media the infrastructure is shared between organizations that have shared concerns or tasks.
productions involve an extended ecosystem of partners. In particular, the creation of digital The cloud may be managed by an organization or a third party.
content is the outcome of a collaborative process that includes the movement of large data,

Cloud Service Models- 1) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) also known as Hardware as a

massive compute-intensive rendering tasks, and complex workflow executions. 2.
Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet. The main
Healthcare industry: In the healthcare industry community clouds are used to share
information and knowledge on the global level with sensitive data in the private advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing
infrastructure.3. Energy and core industry: In these sectors, the community cloud is used to and managing the physical servers. . Instead of an organization purchasing hardware,
cluster a set of solution which collectively addresses management, deployment, and
orchestration of services and operations.4. Scientific research: In this organization with
companies purchase IaaS based on a consumption model. It is like buying electricity. You
common interests in science share a large distributed infrastructure for scientific computing.
only pay for what you use. This model enables companies to add, delete or reconfigure IT
infrastructure on-demand. Example-DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine.2) Platform as a Service (PaaS) platform is created
for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the applications. Platform as a Service

(PaaS) allows organizations to build, run and manage applications without the IT

infrastructure. This makes it easier and faster to develop, test and deploy applications.
Developers can focus on writing code and create applications without worrying about time-

consuming IT infrastructure activities such as provisioning servers, storage and backup. 3)

Software as a Service (SaaS) also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which
the applications are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications
with the help of internet connection and web browser.Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps,
Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx, ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.