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EVOLUTION

The document covers key concepts in evolution and geology, including the processes of relative and absolute dating, the classification of fossils, and the geologic time scale. It outlines the major eons and eras in Earth's history, highlighting significant events such as the oxygen revolution and the Cambrian explosion. Additionally, it discusses mechanisms of evolution, including mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, and artificial selection.

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6 views46 pages

EVOLUTION

The document covers key concepts in evolution and geology, including the processes of relative and absolute dating, the classification of fossils, and the geologic time scale. It outlines the major eons and eras in Earth's history, highlighting significant events such as the oxygen revolution and the Cambrian explosion. Additionally, it discusses mechanisms of evolution, including mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, and artificial selection.

Uploaded by

roxienruga
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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General

Biology II
WEEK 2
MS. GRACE MONICA P. LEBRILLA

SHS FACULTY
Evolution happens when a
heritable trait of a species
changes.
Evolution is the reason why
organisms used to be similar
then diversified after billions
of years.
Earth’s History
Petrology – branch of geology that deals with the
origin, composition, structure, and classification of
rocks
Stratigraphy – the study of rock layers (strata) and
layering (stratifications)
Paleontology – studies the life existed prior to, or at
the start, of the Holocene epoch.
Relative Dating
vs.
Absolute Dating
Relative Dating
It places events or rocks in their geologic sequence
or order of occurrence without knowing their actual
age.
Basic principles of relative dating:
◦ Principle of Original Horizontality
◦ Principle of Superposition
◦ Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
◦ Principe of Inclusion
Principle of Original
Horizontality
Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers horizontally.
Principle of
Superposition
The layer at the bottom is the oldest.
Principle of Cross-
cutting Relationships
Geologic features like faults or igneous
intrusions are younger than the rocks
they cut across.
Principle of Inclusion

Intrusion rocks
are older than the
layer rocks they
are embedded
with.
Laguna Cavite

Diskettes layer Diskettes layer

Aluminum cans layer Aluminum cans layer with


plastic ID dated 1990
Tin cans layer with license
Tin cans layer
plate dated 1950
Stone loads layer
Ceramic cups layer

Stone loads layer


Absolute Dating
▪ It places the
actual ages of
rocks and
events.
▪ The method
used is based on
the decay rate
of certain
radioisotopes
Fossils:
Evidence of
Past Life
Fossils

Remnants or traces
of organisms of a
past geologic age
Classification of
Fossils
▪ True form fossils
▪ Mold fossils
▪ Cast fossils
▪ Trace fossils or ichnofossils
True Form Fossils

Shows the
complete
structure of
an organism
Mold Fossils
Contain impressions of a living thing in a rock
Cast Fossils
Formed when a mold fossil is filled with minerals
Trace Fossils
(Ichnofossils)
Impressions on
rocks showing
various activities
like footprints.
Geologic Time
Scale
Geologists and biologists use
geologic time scales to
describe and scale significant
events that happened in the
history of earth.
Geologic Time Scale
Geologic Time Scale

Geologists divided
the 4.6 Gya of
Earth’s history into
different units: eons,
eras, periods, and
epochs.
(1) epoch is the smallest unit of time
which encompasses millions of years, it is
grouped into larger units
(2) periods which are combined to make a
subdivision called an
(3) era which makes up the largest unit in
the geological time scale –
(4) eon

Units of Time Scale


A Brief
Description of the
Earth’s History
Precambrian
Comprises about 88% of the total geologic time span.
▪ Hadean – chaotic era; Earth’s surface was continually bombarded by
meteorites. Ocean and atmosphere were formed, and the core and
the crust were stabilized.
▪ Archean – atmosphere contained mostly methane and little to no
oxygen; beginning of continent formation.
▪ Proterozoic – time of great changes; atmosphere oxygenation,
diversification of eukaryote life, appearance of multicellular animal
life, and continental drift.
Phanerozoic Eon
▪ Paleozoic Era – many fossils were found in sedimentary layers;
marine life forms developed shells, development of marine life, first
amphibian, development of land plants, land climate changed.
▪ Mesozoic Era – formation of several continents, dinosaurs existed,
many reptile group became extinct.
▪ Cenozoic Era – mountains uplifted, widespread volcanic activity,
warm-blooded animals roamed the land, glaciers covered the
Northern Hemisphere, humans left their marks on land.
Create a geologic
timeline by arranging
the organisms on when
you think they existed.
1 2 3 4 5 6

Geologic Timeline
Milestones on the Earth’s History
● The first unicellular organism was found in fossilized stromatolites (a
layered rock).

● Oxygen revolution refers to the significant increase of O2 in the


atmosphere, it had an enormous impact on life, specifically the
anaerobic organisms. Later, this led to emergence of aerobic eukaryotic
cells.

● The first eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotic cells which engulfed


mitochondria - this process is called endosymbiosis.

● The Cambrian explosion occurred 535-525 million years ago, this led
to the existence of several groups of animals like sponges, cnidarians,
and mollusks. This has been a significant part of the history of earth
because of the sudden appearance of several animals in a relatively
short period of time.
Assignment:
Read about the following:
▪ Mutation
▪ Genetic Drift
▪ Natural Selection
▪ Artificial Selection
Mechanism
of Evolution
Recombination

- Variance of genes at the


molecular level.
- In organisms
reproducing sexually,
this occurs during
meiosis (gamete
formation)
Mutation

- The change in the


nucleotide sequence of a
section of DNA coding for
a specific trait
- Mutations can be
beneficial, detrimental, or
neutral.
Genetic Drift

- A change to a population’s gene


pool by chance
- Fluctuation of allele frequencies
from one generation to the next
- It may cause allele frequencies
to change at random and may
lead to loss of variation within
populations or cause harmful
allele to become fixed
Few individuals become
isolated from a larger
Founder Effect population and this smaller
group establish a new
population
Bottleneck Effect Sudden change in the
environment reducing
the size fo a population.
Natural Selection

- It is not the strongest or


the smartest that
survives, but the ones
most adaptive to the
changing environment.
Artificial Selection

- Also called as selective


breeding where man
interferes in the
reproduction of species to
produce desired trait of
offspring

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