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This document discusses various operating system services, highlighting user interfaces such as command-line, batch, and graphical user interfaces. It also covers essential functions like program execution, I/O operations, and file-system manipulation, emphasizing the need for efficient and secure handling of these tasks. The operating system plays a crucial role in managing resources and providing services to users and programs.

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12 views1 page

Page 80

This document discusses various operating system services, highlighting user interfaces such as command-line, batch, and graphical user interfaces. It also covers essential functions like program execution, I/O operations, and file-system manipulation, emphasizing the need for efficient and secure handling of these tasks. The operating system plays a crucial role in managing resources and providing services to users and programs.

Uploaded by

noreennazmrd123
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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56 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures

user and other system programs

GUI batch command line

user interfaces

system calls

program I/O file resource


communication accounting
execution operations systems allocation

protection
error
and
detection
security
services
operating system

hardware

Figure 2.1 A view of operating system services.

task easier. Figure 2.1 shows one view of the various operating-system services
and how they interrelate.
One set of operating system services provides functions that are helpful to
the user.

• User interface. Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).
This interface can take several forms. One is a command-line interface
(CLI), which uses text commands and a method for entering them (say,
a keyboard for typing in commands in a specific format with specific
options). Another is a batch interface, in which commands and directives
to control those commands are entered into files, and those files are
executed. Most commonly, a graphical user interface (GUI) is used. Here,
the interface is a window system with a pointing device to direct I/O,
choose from menus, and make selections and a keyboard to enter text.
Some systems provide two or all three of these variations.
• Program execution. The system must be able to load a program into
memory and to run that program. The program must be able to end its
execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating error).
• I/O operations. A running program may require I/O, which may involve a
file or an I/O device. For specific devices, special functions may be desired
(such as recording to a CD or DVD drive or blanking a display screen). For
efficiency and protection, users usually cannot control I/O devices directly.
Therefore, the operating system must provide a means to do I/O.
• File-system manipulation. The file system is of particular interest. Obvi-
ously, programs need to read and write files and directories. They also
need to create and delete them by name, search for a given file, and
list file information. Finally, some operating systems include permissions
management to allow or deny access to files or directories based on file
ownership. Many operating systems provide a variety of file systems,
sometimes to allow personal choice and sometimes to provide specific
features or performance characteristics.

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