2

M.3 Additional Mathematics

Factorizing Polynomials
1st Semester, 2020
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Factorizing Polynomials

A. Factorization by applying Difference of Two Squares

Since A2 – B2 = (A + B)(A – B) where A and B are polynomials.

2
and a a where a is any real number greater than or equal to zero.

Example 1 Factorize x2 – 2 1 2
Example 2 Factorize x –5
4

Example 3 Factorize 8 – (x – 3)2 Example 4 Factorize (2x + 7)2 - 12

EXERCISE 1

Factorize the following polynomials.

1. x 2 – 3 = x2 – ( 3 ) 2 2. x2 - 7
= (x - 3 )(x + 3)

3. 20 - x2 4. 18 - x2

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3 5
5. x2 – 6. x2 –
4 36

1 2 25 2
7. x – 15 8. x – 24
9 16

9. 7x2 - 24 10. (x - 1)2 – 6

11. (x + 3)2 - 10 12. (x - 2)2 – 27

13. 50 - (x - 4)2 14. 32 - (x + 5)2

15. (2x + 3)2 – 24 16. (3x - 2)2 – 52

17. (5x - 1)2 – 48 18. 72 - (4x + 3)2

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B. Factorization by applying Completing the Square Method

We observe that A2 + 2AB + B2 = (A + B)2

and A2 - 2AB + B2 = (A - B)2

for example x2 + 2ax + a2 = (x + a)2 ,

and x2 - 2ax + a2 = (x - a)2 , where a is a constant.

From our observations above, we may write x2 + 6x = x2 + 2(3)x into a square pattern by adding
32and -32 as follow:
x2 + 6x = x2 + 2(3)x + 32 - 32
= [x2 + 2(3)x + 32] - 32
= (x + 3)2 - 32

Another example: x2 + 6x + 5 can be rewritten in to the square pattern as

x2 + 6x + 5 = [x2 + 2(3)x + 32 ] - 32 + 5
= (x + 3)2 – 4
= (x + 3)2 – 22
= (x + 3 + 2)(x + 3 – 2)
= (x + 5)(x + 1)

The method is called “Completing the Square Method”.

Example 1 By completing the square method, Example 2 By completing the square method,
factorize x2 + 10x + 6 factorize x2 + 10x – 9

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Example 3 By completing the square method, Example 4 By completing the square method,
factorize x2 - 6x + 2 factorize x2 - 7x – 6

EXERCISE 2

Using Completing the Square Method, factorize the following polynomials.

1. x2 + 24x + 140 2. x2 + 16x - 561

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3. x2 - 28x + 195 4. x2 - 26x – 155

5. x2 + 8x + 10 6. x2 + 2x – 5

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7. x2 - 6x + 6 8. x2 - 2x - 10

9. x2 + 10x + 1 10. x2 - 7x + 11

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11. x2 + 9x + 19 12. x2 + 5x – 2

13. x2 + 11x + 29 14. x2 + 7x + 9

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15. x2 + 11x + 29 16. x2 + 7x + 9

We have factorize the 2nd degree polynomial of the form ax2+ bx + c where a = 1. In case that a is
greater than 1, the polynomial can be factorized.

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Example 1 Factorize 3x2 – 8x – 35 Example 2 Factorize 2x2 + 4x + 1

Solution Solution
8 35 1
3x2 – 8x – 35 = 3[x2 – x – ] 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 2[x2 + 2x + ]
3 3 2
4 4
2
4
2
35 1
= 3[{x2 – 2 x+ }- - ] = 2[(x2 – 2x + 1 ) – 1 + ]
3 3 3 3 2
1
4
2
16 35 = 2[ x 1 2 - ]
= 3[ x - - ] 2
3 9 3 2
1
4
2
16 105 = 2[ x 1 2 – ]
= 3[ x – ] 2
3 9
1 1
4
2
121 = 2 x 1 x 1 Ans.
= 3[ x – ] 2 2
3 9
2 2
4 11
= 3[ x – ]
3 3
4 11 4 11
= 3 x x
3 3 3 3
7 15
= 3 x x
3 3
= (3x + 7)(x – 5) Ans.

Example 3 Factorize - 4x2 + 8x + 20 Example 4 Factorize - x2 + 5x + 7

Solution Solution

- 4x2 + 8x + 20 = -4[x2 - 2x - 5] - x2 + 5x + 7= -[x2 - 5x - 7]

2 2
5 5 5
= -[{x2 – 2 x+ }– - 7]
= -4[{x2 – 2x +1 } – 1 - 5] 2 2 2
2
5 25
2 = -[ x - 7 ]
= -4[ x 1 - 6] 2 4
2
5 25 28
2
= -[ x – ]
= -4[ x 1 - 2
6 ] 2 4
2
5 53
= -[ x ]
= -4 x 1 6 x 1 6 ] 2 4
2 2
5 53
= -[ x ]
Ans. 2 2
5 53 5 53
= -[(x – + )(x – - )]
2 2 2 2
5 53 5 53
= -[{x – ( - )}{(x – ( + )}]
2 2 2 2
= -[{x - }{x - }]
Ans.

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EXERCISE 3
1. By Completing the Square Method, factorize the following polynomials.

1) 3x2 + 19x – 14 2) 11x2 - 142x – 13

3. 15x2 - 77x + 10 4. -2x2 - 12x + 4

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5. -3x2 + 24x + 15 6. 3x2 + 5x – 1

7. 6x2 + 36x – 8 8. 4x2 + 18x + 10

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9. -2x2 + x + 7 10. -x2 + 5x - 3

11. 10x2 + 17x + 4 12. -4x2 - 26x – 4

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Some other case when a is not an integer. From the sum and difference of two squares below :
x2 + 2x + a2 = (x + a)2
x2 - 2x + a2 = (x - a)2
The rule is applied for factorization.

Example 1 Example 2
2 2
x2 + 2 2 x + 2 = x 2 + 2 2 x + 2 1 1 1
x2 - x + = x2 - 2( )x+
= (x + 2 )2 4 2 2
1 2
= (x - )
2

Exercise 4

Factorize the following polynomials.

1. x2 - 2 5 x + 5 1
2. x2 + x +
4

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3. x2 + 4 3 x + 12 2 1
4. x2 - x+
3 9

C. Factorization of polynomials by applying Sum and Difference of two cubes.

Consider the following products :

1. (x + 5)(x2 – 5x +25) = x3 – 5x2+ 25x + 5x2 – 25x + 125
= x3 + 125
= x3 + 53
2. (2x + 3)(4x – 6x + 9) = 8x3 – 12x2+ 18x + 12x2 – 18x + 27
2

= 8x3 + 27
= (2x) 3 + 33
3. (x - 5)(x2 + 5x +25) = x3 + 5x2+ 25x - 5x2 – 25x - 125
= x3 - 125
= x3 - 53

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4. (2x - 3)(4x2 + 6x + 9) = 8x3 + 12x2+ 18x - 12x2 – 18x - 27

= 8x3 - 27
= (2x) 3 - 33

The patterns of polynomials above , x3 + 53 and (2x)3 + 33 are called Sum of Cubes,
and x3 - 53 and (2x)3 - 33 are called Difference of Cubes.

For F = ‘First term’, and L = ‘Last term’, the patterns can be memorized as :

Sum of Cubes F3 + L3 = (F + L)(F2- FL + L2)

Difference of Cubes F3 - L3 = (F - L)(F2+ FL + L2)

Example 1 Factorize x3 + 1 Example 2 Factorize x3 + 125

Example 3 Factorize 27x3 + 64 Example 4 Factorize (2x + 1)3 + (x – 3)3

Example 5 Factorize x3 - 216 Example 6 Factorize 1000 - x3

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Example 7 Factorize 8x3 – 27y3 Example 8 Factorize (x – 3)3 - (3x + 2)3

EXERCISE 5
Factorize the following polynomials.

1. x3 + 27

2. y3 + 64

3. 8x3 + 1

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4. 64z3 + 125

5. 27x3 + 512y3

6. 729 + (x – 2)3

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7. (3x – 1)3 + (x – 4)3

8. (2x + 5)3 + (5x – 9)3

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9. x3 – 1

10. z3 - 216

11) 125y3 – 64

12) 1000 – 216x3

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13) 1331y3 – 343z3

14) (4x + 3)3 – 215

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15) (8x – 15)3 – (3x – 7)3

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To factorize higher degree polynomials other than 2 nd degree, students may apply different
methods as appropriate to factorize the polynomials.
Example 9 Factorize 16x4 – 81

Example 10 Factorize x4 + x2 + 1

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Example 11 Factorize x4 + 4

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Example 12 Factorize x6 – 64
1st Method

2nd Method

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EXERCISE 6
Factorize the following polynomials.

1. x4 – 625

2. 81y4 – 625

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3. 81x4 – 256y4

4. x4 + 3x2 + 4

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5. y4 + 6y2 + 25

6. x4 + 64

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7. y4 + 324

8. y6 - 1

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9. 64x6 - 729

10. x6 - y6

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11. x6 + 216

12. 343x6 + 10000z6

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13. 512 - y6

14. 216x6 – 27y6

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For some patterns of polynomials, reorganizing their terms and apply properties of operations of
real numbers, such as associative, commutative, and distributive properties may be helpful to
factorize them.

Example 13 Factorize x3 – 6x2 + 12x - 8

Solution x3 – 6x2 + 12x - 8 =

Example 14 Factorize 16x4 – y2 + 2y - 1

Solution 16x4 – y2 + 2y - 1 =

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EXERCISE 7
Factorize the following polynomials.

1. x3 – x2 - x + 1

2. y4 + 2y3 – y - 2

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3. z3 + z2 – 4z - 64

4. y3 + 9y2 – 54y - 216

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5. x3 – 5x2 – 15x + 27

6. 6x3 + 12x2y + xy2 + 8y3

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D. Factorization of polynomials by applying Remainder and Factor Theorem

Division Process : Dividend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder

P(x) = Q(x)(x – a) + Remainder.
Case 1: Study the following division procedure.
x +5

x - 2 x2 3x 4

x2 - 2x
5x - 4
5x – 10
6
2
Thus, when x + 3x - 4 is divided by x – 2, the remainder is 6.
Since, Dividend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder
2
i.e. x + 3x - 4 = Quotient x (x -2) + Remainder ………….(*)
Here, the divisor is x – 2. If x – 2 = 0, then x = 2.
Let P(x) be x2 + 3x - 4
Substitute x = 2 into (*), we get
P(2) = 22 + 3(2) – 4 = 0 + Remainder
6 = Remainder
From the division above, we deduce a theorem.

Remainder Theorem : When a polynomial in x is divided by x – a, the remainder can be

obtained by substituting a for x in the polynomial.

Case 2: Study the following division procedure.

x2 + 7x + 10

x - 3 x3 4x2 11x 30

x3 - 3x2
7x2 - 11x
7x2 – 21x
10x - 30
10x – 30
0

Here, the dividend is x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30, the divisor is x – 3 and remainder is 0.
In this case, without actual division, we can find remainder by assigning the divisor x – 3 = 0,
then x = 3. Let P(x) = x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30, substitute x = 3 into P(x) , we get

P(3) = 33 + 4(3)2 – 11(3) - 30 = 0 = Remainder

It means that x3 + 4x2 – 11x - 30 is divisible by x – 3.

Thus, x3 + 4x2 – 11x - 30 = (x2 + 7x + 10)(x – 3) = (x + 2)(x + 5)(x – 3)
i.e. (x - 3) is a factor of x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30.

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Factor Theorem : When a polynomial in x is reduced to zero by substituting a for x, then

(x – a) is a factor of the polynomial.

Summary Step of factorization when divisor is given.

1. Assign P(x) = Given polynomial
2. Assign the divisor term equal to zero :
(i) when divisor is x – a, then x - a = 0 x=a
(ii) when divisor is x + a, then x + a = 0 x = -a

3. Substitute x obtained from 2. to P(x) in 1.

4. If the result of 3. is zero, then the divisor is a factor of P(x).
5. Find Q(x) by actual division using either long division or synthetic division (See page 51)
6. Factorize Q(X) further to the final results.

1. Trial Factors In case that (x – a) is not given and we want to find the value of x which
makes the polynomial become zero. To restrict the number of trials, we factorize the last
term
(the constant term) of the polynomial. The number which will substitute x in the polynomial and
make it zero are the factors of the last term.
Example 1 Factorize x3 – x2 – 8x + 12.
Solution Let P(x) = x3 – x2 – 8x + 12
The factors of 12 are : 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, 4, -4, 6, -6, 12 and -12.
Let try x = 1, P(1) = 13 – 12 - 8 + 12 = 4 P(1) 0
3 2
Let try x = -1, P(-1) = (-1) – (-1) – 8(-1) + 12 = 18 P(-1) 0
Let try x = 2, P(2) = 23 – 22 – 8(2) + 12 = 0 P(2) 0
Thus, x – 2 is a factor of x3 – x2 – 8x + 12
Using long division or synthetic division (See page 46) divide x – 2 into x3 – x2 – 8x + 12.

Long division Synthetic division

2
x +x - 6
2 1 -1 -8 12
x - 2 x3 x2 8x 12
2 2 -12
x3- 2x2
x2 - 8x 1 1 -6 0
x2 – 2x
- 6x + 12 Q(x) = x2 + x – 6, Remainder = 0
- 6x + 12
0
Q(x) = x2 + x – 6, Remainder = 0

P(x) = Q(x)(x – 2) + 0
x – x – 8x + 12 = (x2 + x – 6)(x – 2)
3 2

= (x – 2) (x + 3)(x – 2)
x3 – x2 – 8x + 12 = (x – 2)2 (x + 3) Ans.

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Example 2 Factorize x3 + 3x2 – 2.

Solution Let P(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 2
The factors of -2 are :

Example 2 Factorize x4 - 15x3 – 10x + 24

Solution Let P(x) = x4 - 15x3 – 10x + 24
The factors of 24 are :

Example 3 Factorize x4 + 3x3 – 27x - 81

Solution Let P(x) = x4 - 15x3 – 10x + 24
The factors of 24 are :
1st Method By grouping x4 - 15x3 – 10x + 24 2nd Method Apply Remainder Theorem
Let P(x) = x - 15x3 – 10x + 24
4

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EXERCISE 8
1. For the given P(x) and a for each problem below, find P(a).

1) P(x) = x3 – x2 + 10x – 8, a = 3 2) P(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 6x – 5, a = -4

3) P(x) = 2x3 – 4x2 - 7x + 1, a = 0 4) P(x) = 3x4 + 5x3 + 9x2 – 6, a = -2

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5) P(x) = -x4 - 8x3 + 4x + 12, a = 2 6) P(x) = -2x5 - 9x4 + 19x3 + 51x2 – 89x + 30,
a = -3

2. Applying Remainder Theorem, find each Remainder from the following divisions.

1) (x3 + 4x2 - x – 3) (x – 4) 2) (5x3 - 3x2 + 7x + 6) (x + 2)

Solution Solution

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3) (2x4 -5x2 + 6x – 14) (x + 3) 4) (2x4 - 2x3 - 5x2 + 3x + 4) (x + 1)

Solution Solution

5) (-2x5 + 4x4 - 3x3 + 4x2 + 8x + 7) (x – 1) 6) (4x5 + 3x4 + 2x3 + 9x2 - 29x + 2) (x + 2)

Solution Solution

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3. Applying Remainder Theorem, show that x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 12 is divisible by (x + 2).

4. Applying Remainder Theorem, show that x – 4 is a factor of x4 - 23x2 + 18x + 40.

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5. Applying Remainder Theorem, factorize the following polynomials.

1) x3 - 8x2 + 19x – 12

2) x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 12

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3) x3 - 19x – 30

4) x3+ 4x2 - 11x + 6

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5) x3+ 2x2 - 16x - 32

6) x3+ 4x2 - 11x + 6

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7) x4 + 2x3- 11x2 - 12x + 36

8) x4 - 5x3- 17x2 + 129x - 180

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9) x4 - 34x2 + 225

10) x5 - 23x3- 6x2 + 112x + 96

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11. Find the value of k in each problem below.

1) x3- 3x2+ kx – 20 is divisible by x – 5

2) x + 7 is a factor of x4 + 9x3+ 5x2 - kx + 28

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3) When x – 6 divides into x3 + x2 + 19x + k leaving remainder 15.

4) When x + 3 divides into x3 + x2 - 4x - k leaving remainder 0.

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SYNTHETIC DIVISION
Example

As expected (since we know that x 1 is not a factor), we got a non-zero remainder. What does this look
like in synthetic division? Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2002-2011 All Rights Reserved

First, write the coefficients ONLY inside an

upside-down division symbol:

Make sure you leave room inside, underneath the row of

coefficients, to write another row of numbers later.

Put the test zero, x = 1, at the left:

Take the first number inside, representing the

leading coefficient, and carry it down,
unchanged, to below the division symbol:

Multiply this carry-down value by the test

zero, and carry the result up into the next
column:

Add down the column:

Multiply the previous carry-down value by the

test zero, and carry the new result up into the
last column:

Add down the column:

This last carry-down value is the remainder.

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Comparing, you can see that we got the same result from the synthetic division, the same quotient (namely,
1x + 6) and the same remainder at the end (namely, 12), as when we did the long division:

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Reference

1. ,
. 2551

2. S. N. Sharma, Core C.B.S.E. Mathematics for Class IX,

3. www.purplemath.com

______________________________________________________________________Compiled by : Sirada Kaosucharit

MA 23201