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PSet4 1

The document outlines Problem Set 4, Part 1, which includes various mathematical problems related to stable theorems, approximation by local diffeomorphisms, transversality, Lefschetz maps, and the Whitney C ∞ topology. It provides specific tasks such as proving the failure of a theorem for non-compact manifolds, demonstrating properties of smooth maps, and exploring the implications of Lefschetz maps. Additionally, it mentions optional problems concerning simply connectedness and the Whitney C ∞ topology.

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yangleyang476
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8 views2 pages

PSet4 1

The document outlines Problem Set 4, Part 1, which includes various mathematical problems related to stable theorems, approximation by local diffeomorphisms, transversality, Lefschetz maps, and the Whitney C ∞ topology. It provides specific tasks such as proving the failure of a theorem for non-compact manifolds, demonstrating properties of smooth maps, and exploring the implications of Lefschetz maps. Additionally, it mentions optional problems concerning simply connectedness and the Whitney C ∞ topology.

Uploaded by

yangleyang476
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBLEM SET 4, PART 1

DUE: NOV. 11

(1) [Stable theorem fails for noncompact manifolds]


Prove that Theorem 2.4 in Lecture 11 fails if M is non-compact by studying the
following example.
Counterexample: Let h ∈ C ∞ (R) be a smooth bump function with
h(x) = 1 for |x| < 1, h(x) = 0 for |x| > 2.
Consider the map F (x, t) = xh(tx) as a homotopy with f0 (·) = F (·, 0).

(2) [Approximation by local diffeomorphism]


(a) Let f : Rn → Rn (n > 1) be smooth, and let K ⊂ Rn be compact. Prove: For
any ε > 0, there exists smooth map g : Rn → Rn such that dg 6= 0 everywhere,
and |f − g| < ε on K.
[Hint: Show that F : Rn × M (n) → M (n), (x, A) 7→ dfx + A is a submersion. ]
(b) For n = 1, prove that the result above is false.

(3) [Transversality v.s. Homotopy]


(a) Prove: If M is compact, then the following property is stable:
f ∈ C ∞ (M, N ) is transversal to a given submanifold X ⊂ N .
(b) Prove Corollary 1.12 in Lecture 12 (homotopy transversality theorem).

(4) [Lefschetz maps]


You will need the following conceptions.
Let f : M → M be a smooth map. A point p ∈ M is a called a fixed point of
f if f (p) = p. We say f is a Lefschetz map if for each fixed point p of f , 1 is
not an eigenvalue of dfp : Tp M → Tp M . The local Lefschetz number Lp (f ) of
a Lefschetz map at a fixed point p is the sign of the determinant det(dfp −Id),
i.e. Lp (f ) := 1 if det(dfp − Id) > 0, and Lp (f ) := −1 if det(dfp − Id) < 0.
Do the following questions:
(1) Let rθ : S 2 → S 2 be the map “rotate S 2 by an angle θ”, (θ 6= 2kπ), defined by
rθ (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 cos θ − x2 sin θ, x1 sin θ + x2 cos θ, x3 ).
Prove: rθ is a Lefschetz map.
(2) Let V be a vector space, and L : V → V a linear map. Let ∆ = {(v, v) : v ∈ V }
be the diagonal in V × V , and ΓL = {(v, Lv) : v ∈ V } be the graph of L in
V × V . Prove: ΓL intersects ∆ transversally if and only if 1 is not an eigenvalue
of L.
(3) Prove: If M is compact and f : M → M is a Lefschetz map, then f has only
finitely many fixed points. P
(4) The Lefschetz number of a Lefshetz map f is defined to be L(f ) = f (p)=p Lp (f ),
where the summation is over all fixed points p. Compute L(rθ )for rθ in (1).
1
2 PROBLEM SET 4, PART 1 DUE: NOV. 11

(5) [Whitney C ∞ Topology] (Not required)


(a) From literature, find the definition of the Whitney C ∞ topology (also known as
strong C ∞ topology) on the space C ∞ (M, N ) of smooth maps.
(b) Show that the space Imm(M, RK ) of immersions from M to RK is an open subset
of C ∞ (M, RK ) with respect to the Whitney C ∞ Topology.
(c) Is Imm(M, RK ) open in C ∞ (M, RK ) with respect to the compact-open Topology?

(6) [Simply connectedness of Rn \ M (dim M ≤ n − 3)] (Not required)


Let M ⊂ Rn be a smooth submanifold. In class we showed that if dim M ≤ n − 2,
then the complement Rn \ M is connected. Prove: If dim M ≤ n − 3, then Rn \ M is
simply connected.

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