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Open Ended Lab

The experiment tested Bernoulli's theorem by measuring flow rates and pressures in a tapered tube, demonstrating the relationship between pressure, velocity, and height in fluid dynamics. Results indicated that fluid velocity increases as it transitions from wider to narrower sections, confirming the theorem's principles. The findings have significant applications in engineering, particularly in designing efficient fluid transport systems.

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12 views6 pages

Open Ended Lab

The experiment tested Bernoulli's theorem by measuring flow rates and pressures in a tapered tube, demonstrating the relationship between pressure, velocity, and height in fluid dynamics. Results indicated that fluid velocity increases as it transitions from wider to narrower sections, confirming the theorem's principles. The findings have significant applications in engineering, particularly in designing efficient fluid transport systems.

Uploaded by

abub17529
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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To determine the pressure head, velocity head and elevation head by

using Bernoulli’s theorem


[ Open Ended Lab ]

Scope

This experiment was conducted to test Bernoulli's theorem by studying the steady flow of water
through a tapered tube. It focused on measuring flow rates and both static and total pressure in a
converging and diverging tube with a fixed shape under steady flow conditions. Bernoulli's
theorem explains the relationship between pressure, velocity, and height in a moving fluid when
the fluid’s compressibility and internal friction are negligible, and the flow is smooth (laminar).

To demonstrate this principle, Bernoulli's Apparatus Test Equipment was used. The flow rate,
velocity, dynamic head, and total head were calculated based on the results for both converging
and diverging flows. The results showed that fluid velocity increases as it moves from a wider to
a narrower section of the tube, regardless of the flow type or pressure difference. Additionally, a
higher pressure difference results in greater fluid velocity for both flow types. As the velocity
increases, the dynamic head also increases.

Significance

This experiment is important because it verifies Bernoulli's theorem, a fundamental principle in


fluid mechanics that is widely used in engineering and science. Understanding the relationship
between pressure, velocity, and elevation helps in designing efficient systems for fluid transport,
such as pipelines, water turbines, and airplane wings. By analyzing how fluid behaves in
converging and diverging flows, engineers can optimize designs to reduce energy losses and
improve performance in various applications.

Apparatus and equipment

• Hydraulic bench
• Bernoulli‘s apparatus
• Stopwatch

1
Procedure

 Place the apparatus on a flat surface of the hydraulic bench.


 Use a spirit level to ensure the baseboard is level by adjusting its feet.
 Fill the hydraulic bench’s volumetric tank with water until it is about 90% full.
 Connect the flexible inlet tube to the quick-release coupling in the channel bed.
 Attach the outlet hose and ensure it is positioned to direct water into the channel.
 Partially open the outlet flow control valve on the Bernoulli’s Apparatus.
 Fully close the bench flow control valve (V1) and switch on the pump.
 Gradually open V1 to fill the pipes with water, ensuring all air is expelled.
 Check for air bubbles in the glass or plastic tubes and remove them for accuracy.
 To remove trapped bubbles, lightly press the air bleed valve on the top right of the
manometer board using a pen or screwdriver.
 Allow air and fluid to escape until no bubbles remain in the system.
 Observe water flowing into the venturi and discharging into the hydraulic bench’s
collection tank.
 Gradually increase the water flow rate and, when flow is steady, slowly close the
discharge valve to reach the maximum measurable flow rate.
 Observe the water levels in the manometer tubes. If levels are too low, open V1 to
increase static pressure. If levels are too high, open the outlet control valve to decrease
static pressure.
 Adjust water levels as needed using the air bleed valve.
 Adjust V1 and the outlet control valve to achieve a steady flow through the test section.
 Observe the static pressure profile along the converging and diverging sections on the
respective manometers.
 Measure the total head pressure along the venturi tube using the hypodermic tube.
 Calculate velocity by

 Calculate the velocity, ViC using continuity equation where

 Compare the calculated velocities and note the difference

2
Observation and Calculations

Cross Using Bernoulli Equation Using Differe-


Section continuity nce
Eq.
S.No Dia. h*=hH hi = hA ViB =√[2*g*(h*-hi)] Ai = ViC = ViB-ViC
(mm) (mm) (m/s) 2
(m) πDi /4 Qav/Ai (m/s)
2
(m ) (m/s)

0.026 A 162 162 0 0.000531 0 0

0.021 B 162 143 0.611 0.000366 0.276 0.335


6
0.016 C 162 142 0.626 0.000201 0.502 0.124

0.02 D 162 155 0.371 0.000314 0.322 0.049


0.022 E 162 158 0.280 0.00380 0.266 0.014

0.026 F 162 159 0.243 0.000531 0.190 0.053

t = 49.53 s
V = 5L
V = 5L/1000 = 0.005 m3
Qav = 0.005m3/49.53s
Qav = 0.000101 m3/s

3
Graphic Representation

ViB vs ViC Graph


0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Conclusion

The experiment successfully demonstrated Bernoulli’s theorem by analyzing the relationship between
pressure, velocity, and static head in a convergent-divergent tube. It was observed that as the fluid
moved from a wider to a narrower section, its velocity increased while static pressure decreased,
validating the theorem. Accurate measurements were achieved by removing air bubbles and adjusting
flow rates, ensuring steady conditions. The results emphasize the practical application of Bernoulli’s
principle in fluid dynamics, such as in designing efficient fluid transport systems and understanding flow
behavior in engineering applications.

4
Comments

 In this experiment, head and elevation head have been determined by using Bernoulli's
theorem
 Theoretical velocity Using Bernoulli’s equation While experimental velocity using
continuity equation have been determined.
 As we know, the pipe has different diameter at different points, so the point where
diameter is less S is i;e 0.016 m the velocity was higher 0.626m/s and 0.502 m/s and
Vice Versa.

Q= AV

Q/V = A

 There is inverse relationship between Area of the pipe and velocity of the fluid flowing in
that particular pipe.

Applications

o Water Supply Systems: Understanding Bernoulli’s principle helps design efficient


pipelines and distribution networks by optimizing pressure and flow rates.
o Irrigation Systems: Ensures proper flow in channels and pipes for effective water
delivery to fields.
o Hydraulic Structures: Assists in designing spillways, dams, and weirs by analyzing
pressure and velocity changes in flowing water.
o Pump Design: Enhances the performance and placement of pumps in water supply and
sewage systems by understanding flow dynamics.
o Stormwater Management: Improves the design of drainage systems to handle varying
flow rates during heavy rainfall.

5
Y

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