SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES

FINANCIAL MODELLING (122301021)

A Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the Degree of
Master of Business Administration
For the year 2024-2025

By
CHANDRU B
Reg.No.122301021

2023-2025
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify this is a Bonafide work done by Mr. Chandru B a student of 2023-25 Batch
of MBA, in partial, fulfillment of the requirements for the, award of the Degree of Master of
Business Administration.

Faculty Co-ordinator External Examiner Principal

 DECLARATION

I, Chandru B (Regd. No.122301021) hereby declare that the report

entitled“FINANCIAL MODELLING” is a Bonafide work done by me in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration. This is
my original work and it has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any other
Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or any other similar title.

Place: CHENNAI

Date:
CHANDRU B
(Reg No:122301021)
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO

1 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 1-2

2 GOAL SEEK ANALYSIS 3-4

3 TIME VALUE OF MONEY 5-6

4 BOND ANALYSIS (YTM) 7-8

5 PV CALCULATION FOR BOND 9

6 COMPOUND INTEREST 10

7 COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS 11-12

8 STIMULATING STOCK PRICES 13-23

9 LOAN AMORTISATION 24-27

10 LOAN WITH DIFFERENT DURATION 28

11 PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT 29-31

12 ALTMAN Z SCORE 32-33

13 VLOOKUP 34-36

14 HLOOKUP 37-39

15 IF FUNCTION 40-42
 EXERCISE 1
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS

AIM:

To find how different values of an independent variable affect a particular dependent variable
under a given set of assumptions using what-if analysis.

PROCEDURE:

• Enter the Assumption in the excel.

• Create a P&L statement.
• Calculate the revenue by using the Formula (=volume* price)
• Calculate the Cost of sales by using the Formula (=volume *cost)
• Calculate the Gross profit by using the Formula (=revenue-cost of sales)
• Calculate the Fixed cost by sum of all fixed cost
• Calculate the Operating profit by using the Formula (=Gross Profit-Fixed cost)

OUTCOME:

ASSUMPTIONS

No of Computer Sold 1250

Price/Computer 150

Cost/Computer 60

Store rent 10000

Payroll 30000

PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT

REVENUE 187500

COST OF SALES 75000

GROSS PROFIT 112500

FIXED COST 40000

OPERATING PROFIT 72500

1
PRICE VOLUME

72500 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

50 -42500 -45000 -47500 -50000 -52500 -55000

100 -30000 -20000 -10000 0 10000 20000

150 -17500 5000 27500 50000 72500 95000

200 -5000 30000 65000 100000 135000 170000

250 7500 55000 102500 150000 197500 245000

2
 EXERCISE 2
GOAL SEEK ANALYSIS

AIM:

To find how one value in a formula impacts another using what-if analysis.

PROCEDURE:

• Enter the input in the Excel

• Calculate P&L statement.
• Calculate the revenue by using the Formula, = (Unit Sold* Sales price)
• Calculate the Cost of goods sold by using the Formula, = (Unit sold* Manufacturing cost)
• Calculate the Gross profit by using the Formula, = (revenue-cost of goods sold)
• Calculate the Fixed cost by sum of all fixed cost
• Calculate the Operating profit by using the Formula, = (Gross Profit-Fixed cost)
• Calculate profit percentage by using the formula, = (Operating profit/Revenue)

OUTCOME:

GOAL SEEK

INPUTS

Unit costs

Sale price ₹ 250

Unit sold 1500

Manufacturing cost ₹ 100

Marketing Cost ₹ 75

FIXED COST
Rent ₹ 10,000

Revenue ₹ 3,75,000

Cost of goods sold ₹ 1,50,000

Gross profit ₹ 2,25,000

Marketing cost ₹ 1,12,500

3
=

Rent ₹ 10,000

Operating profit ₹ 1,02,500

Profit 0.273333333

Question Answers

1.Calculate operating profit and its %on revenue 1,02,500 -27.33%

2 How do we get to a 60%profit margin ?

2.1 What prices get us to 60%? ₹ 454

2.2 What manufacturing cost gets us to 60%? ₹ 18

3 How do we get 4 lakhs gross profit?

3.1 What price get as to 4 lakhs 367

3.2 How many units gets us to 4 lakhs ? ₹ 2,667

4
 EXERCISE 3
TIME VALUE OF MONEY

AIM:

To find out the value of money using present value. future value, rate and period.

PROCEDURE:

• Enter the given input in the Excel

• Calculation of present value by using the formula = PV (rate, nper, pmt, (fv), (type)
• Calculation of future value by using the formula = FV (rate, nper, pmt, (pv). (type)
• Calculation of rate by using the formula = RATE [(nper, pmt. pv, (fv). (type), (guess)]
• Calculation of period by using the formula =NPER (rate, pmt, pv, [fv], [type])

OUTCOME:

TIME VALUE OF MONEY

1. CALCULATION OF
PRESENT VALUE

FUTURE CASH FLOW ₹ 1,00,000

NUMBER OF PERIOD 9

INTEREST RATE 30%

Present value ₹ 9,430

2. CALCULATION OF
FUTURE VALUE

INITIAL INVESTMENT ₹ 10,00,000

NUMBER OF PERIOD 10

INTEREST RATE 0.08

FUTURE VALUE ₹ 21,58,925

5
3. RATE CALCULATION

PRESENT VALUE 25000

FUTURE VALUE 45000

NUMBER OF PERIOD 10

RATE 6%

4. PERIOD CALCULATION

PRESENT VALUE 12000

FUTURE VALUE 60000

RATE 0.1

NUMBER OF PERIOD 16.88631703

6
 EXERCISE 4
BOND ANALYSIS (YTM)

AIM:

To find the interest rate, yield to maturity and its redemption features of bonds.

PROCEDURE:

● Enter the following input in the Excel -

1. Face value
2. Present Value
3. Duration
4. Coupon Rate
● Calculate both Half yearly YTM and annual YTM
● Calculate PMT by the using the formula, = (face value*coupon rate) /2)
● Calculate YTM by using the formula, = RATE (nper, pmt, pv, [fv]. [type], [guess]

OUTCOME:

YTM CALCULATION

FACE VALUE ₹ 1,200

PRESENT VALUE ₹ 800

DURATION 8
COUPON 9%

HALF YEARLY

FACE VALUE ₹ 1,200

PRESENT VALUE ₹ 800

DURATION 16

PMT ₹ 54

YTM 8%

X2 17%

7
ANNUAL

FACE VALUE ₹ 1,200

PRESENT VALUE ₹ 800

DURATION 8

COUPON 9%

PMT ₹ 108

YTM 17%

8
 EXERCISE 5
PV CALCULATION FOR BOND

AIM:

To find the present value of bond.

PROCEDURE:

● Enter the following assumptions data in Excel.

1. Maturity
2. Coupon Rate
3. Face value
4. YTM
5. PMT
● Calculate the PV of bond by using the formula, =PV (rate, nper, pmt, (fv), (type))

OUTCOME:

HALF YEARLY
MATURITY 7
COUPON 8%
PAR VALUE 1000
YTM 5% -0.025
PMT 40
PAYMENT PERIOD 14

PV OF BOND (₹1,175.36)

ANNUAL PAYMENT

MATURITY 7

COUPON 8%

PAR VALUE 1000

YTM 5%

PMT 80

PV OF BOND (₹1,173.59)

9
 EXERCISE 6
COMPOUND
INTEREST

AIM:

To calculate compound interest in Excel using formulas for financial analysis.

PROCEDURE:

● Open Excel and create a table with the following columns:

1. Principal (P)
2. Rate of Interest (R)
3. Time in years (T)
4. Number of times interest is compounded per year (N)
5. Compound Interest (CI)

● Enter values for Principal, Rate, Time, and Number of compounding periods.

● Use the formula in a cell: Compound Interest = P*(1+R/N)^(N*T) - P

1. P = principal amount cell,
2. R = rate (in decimal form),
3. N = number of times compounded per year,
4. T = time in years.
Press Enter to get the compound interest.

● Drag down the formula for multiple calculations if needed.

OUTCOME:
Particulars

Loan Amount 1700000

Interest 10%

Years 8

Compounding per year 2

Total Amount using formula: 3710886.8

Compound Interest: 2010886.8
Total Amount using function(FV): ₹37,10,886.80
Compound Interest: ₹20,10,886.80

1
0
 EXERCISE 7
COMPARABLE COMPANY ANALYSIS

AIM:

To evaluate the value of a company using metrics of businesses of similar size in the same
industry.

PROCEDURE:

● Enter the input Assumption in the excel by searching the company details in the
money control website.

● Input the following MARKET and FINANCIAL data

1. Market price per share

2. Market capitalization
3. Enterprise value
4. Sales
5. EBIT
6. Earings

● Generate valuation table using the following

- EV/SALES
- EV/EBIT
- PE

● Calculate average and median.

● Compare the result to evaluate the value of the company.

OUTCOME:

S.NO COMPANY NAME MARKET DATA

MARKET
MPS CAP EV

1 HDFC Bank ₹ 1,675 35,01,321 35,50,520

2 YES Bank ₹ 19 25,344 38,578

3 ICICI ₹ 1,260 6,56,187 6,72,722

4 IDFC First Bank ₹ 63 1,28,902 1,54,731

5 PNB ₹ 101 90,114 91,472

1
1
 FINANCIAL DATA

SALES EBIT EPS

5,69,083 75,669 44,098

57,821 9,880 14,899

3,35,609 27,895 17,356

77,908 15,432 10,989

45,325 4,590 3,455

VALUATION

EV/SALES EV/EBIT P/E=MPS/EPS

6.239019616 46.9217249 ₹0.04

0.667197039 3.90465587 ₹0.00

2.004481405 24.1162215 ₹0.07

1.986073317 10.026633 ₹0.01

2.018135687 19.9285403 ₹0.03

Mean 2.582981413 20.9795551 0.029364442

Median 2.004481405 19.9285403 0.029232996

1
2
 EXERCISE - 8
STIMULATING STOCK PRICES

AIM:

To find the volatility of the stock price.

PROCEDURE:

⦁
⦁
Enter the data of the company

⦁
Current price

⦁
Annual volatility

⦁
Daily volatility
Calculate daily volatility by using the formula (=Annual volatility/SQRT (no of

⦁
working days)
Calculate future price by using the formula (=Current price*(1+NORMINV (RAND
(),0, Daily volatility)

OUTCOME:

Return (natural
S.NO Date CLOSE RETURN% logarithm)

1 31-Dec-24 1,215.45

2 30-Dec-24 1,210.70 -0.003908018 -0.003915674

3 27-Dec-24 1,221.05 0.008548773 0.00851244

4 26-Dec-24 1,216.55 -0.003685353 -0.00369216

5 24-Dec-24 1,222.75 0.005096379 0.005083437

6 23-Dec-24 1,222.30 -0.000368023 -0.000368091

7 20-Dec-24 1,205.30 -0.013908206 -0.014005831

8 19-Dec-24 1,230.45 0.020866174 0.020651458

9 18-Dec-24 1,253.25 0.018529806 0.018360221

10 17-Dec-24 1,245.30 -0.006343507 -0.006363712

11 16-Dec-24 1,268.30 0.018469445 0.018300956

12 13-Dec-24 1,272.85 0.003587479 0.00358106

13 12-Dec-24 1,262.90 -0.007817103 -0.007847817

14 11-Dec-24 1,278.20 0.012114973 0.012042175

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15 10-Dec-24 1,284.85 0.005202629 0.005189142

16 09-Dec-24 1,295.15 0.0080165 0.007984539

17 06-Dec-24 1,311.55 0.012662626 0.012583125

18 05-Dec-24 1,322.05 0.008005795 0.007973918

19 04-Dec-24 1,308.95 -0.009908854 -0.009958273

20 03-Dec-24 1,323.30 0.010962986 0.010903328

21 02-Dec-24 1,309.15 -0.010692965 -0.010750545

22 29-Nov-24 1,292.20 -0.012947332 -0.01303188

23 28-Nov-24 1,270.80 -0.016560904 -0.016699569

24 27-Nov-24 1,293.20 0.017626692 0.017473143

25 26-Nov-24 1,295.70 0.001933189 0.001931323

26 25-Nov-24 1,287.00 -0.006714517 -0.006737161

27 22-Nov-24 1,265.40 -0.016783217 -0.016925651

28 21-Nov-24 1,223.00 -0.033507191 -0.034081421

29 19-Nov-24 1,241.65 0.015249387 0.015134284

30 18-Nov-24 1,260.75 0.015382757 0.015265642

31 14-Nov-24 1,267.60 0.005433274 0.005418567

32 13-Nov-24 1,252.05 -0.012267277 -0.012343141

33 12-Nov-24 1,274.25 0.017730921 0.017575562

34 11-Nov-24 1,272.70 -0.001216402 -0.001217142

35 08-Nov-24 1,283.75 0.008682329 0.008644854

36 07-Nov-24 1,305.65 0.017059396 0.016915519

37 06-Nov-24 1,325.35 0.01508827 0.014975574

38 05-Nov-24 1,305.30 -0.015128079 -0.015243676

39 04-Nov-24 1,302.15 -0.002413238 -0.002416155

40 01-Nov-24 1,338.65 0.028030565 0.027644899

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41 31-Oct-24 1,332.05 -0.00493034 -0.004942534

42 30-Oct-24 1,343.90 0.008896062 0.008856726

43 29-Oct-24 1,340.00 -0.002902002 -0.002906221

44 28-Oct-24 1,334.35 -0.004216418 -0.004225332

45 25-Oct-24 2,655.70 0.990257429 0.688263992

46 24-Oct-24 2,679.60 0.00899951 0.008959256

47 23-Oct-24 2,677.05 -0.000951635 -0.000952088

48 22-Oct-24 2,686.70 0.003604714 0.003598233

49 21-Oct-24 2,738.40 0.019242937 0.019060134

50 18-Oct-24 2,718.60 -0.0072305 -0.007256766

51 17-Oct-24 2,712.85 -0.002115059 -0.002117299

52 16-Oct-24 2,708.15 -0.001732495 -0.001733998

53 15-Oct-24 2,688.05 -0.007422041 -0.007449721

54 14-Oct-24 2,745.05 0.021204963 0.020983266

55 11-Oct-24 2,744.20 -0.000309648 -0.000309696

56 10-Oct-24 2,742.10 -0.00076525 -0.000765543

57 09-Oct-24 2,749.20 0.002589256 0.00258591

58 08-Oct-24 2,794.70 0.016550269 0.016414806

59 07-Oct-24 2,741.45 -0.019053923 -0.019237789

60 04-Oct-24 2,773.05 0.011526747 0.01146082

61 03-Oct-24 2,813.95 0.014749103 0.014641393

62 01-Oct-24 2,929.65 0.04111658 0.040293772

63 30-Sep-24 2,953.15 0.008021436 0.007989435

64 27-Sep-24 3,052.35 0.03359125 0.033039388

65 26-Sep-24 2,995.90 -0.018493947 -0.018667098

66 25-Sep-24 2,987.90 -0.002670316 -0.002673888

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67 24-Sep-24 2,978.75 -0.003062351 -0.00306705

68 23-Sep-24 2,986.75 0.00268569 0.00268209

69 20-Sep-24 2,971.85 -0.0049887 -0.005001185

70 19-Sep-24 2,939.35 -0.010935949 -0.010996186

71 18-Sep-24 2,926.90 -0.00423563 -0.004244626

72 17-Sep-24 2,944.60 0.006047354 0.006029142

73 16-Sep-24 2,942.70 -0.000645249 -0.000645457

74 13-Sep-24 2,945.25 0.000866551 0.000866176

75 12-Sep-24 2,959.60 0.004872252 0.004860421

76 11-Sep-24 2,903.00 -0.019124206 -0.019309439

77 10-Sep-24 2,923.05 0.006906648 0.006882907

78 09-Sep-24 2,924.90 0.000632901 0.0006327

79 06-Sep-24 2,929.65 0.001623987 0.00162267

80 05-Sep-24 2,985.95 0.019217313 0.019034992

81 04-Sep-24 3,029.10 0.014451012 0.014347592

82 03-Sep-24 3,018.25 -0.003581922 -0.003588352

83 02-Sep-24 3,032.50 0.004721279 0.004710169

84 30-Aug-24 3,019.25 -0.004369332 -0.004378906

85 29-Aug-24 3,041.85 0.007485303 0.007457427

86 28-Aug-24 2,996.60 -0.014875816 -0.01498757

87 27-Aug-24 3,000.90 0.00143496 0.001433931

88 26-Aug-24 3,025.20 0.008097571 0.008064961

89 23-Aug-24 2,999.95 -0.008346556 -0.008381583

90 22-Aug-24 2,996.25 -0.001233354 -0.001234115

91 21-Aug-24 2,997.35 0.000367126 0.000367058

92 20-Aug-24 2,991.90 -0.001818273 -0.001819928

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93 19-Aug-24 2,976.80 -0.00504696 -0.005059739

94 16-Aug-24 2,956.40 -0.006852997 -0.006876586

95 14-Aug-24 2,923.70 -0.01106075 -0.011122374

96 13-Aug-24 2,927.25 0.001214215 0.001213478

97 12-Aug-24 2,921.25 -0.002049705 -0.002051809

98 09-Aug-24 2,948.60 0.00936243 0.009318875

99 08-Aug-24 2,898.25 -0.0170759 -0.017223375

100 07-Aug-24 2,929.65 0.010834124 0.010775855

101 06-Aug-24 2,912.10 -0.005990477 -0.006008492

102 05-Aug-24 2,894.65 -0.005992239 -0.006010265

103 02-Aug-24 2,998.65 0.035928351 0.035297982

104 01-Aug-24 3,030.60 0.010654795 0.010598432

105 31-Jul-24 3,010.85 -0.006516861 -0.006538189

106 30-Jul-24 3,026.30 0.005131441 0.00511832

107 29-Jul-24 3,040.20 0.004593067 0.004582551

108 26-Jul-24 3,018.05 -0.007285705 -0.007312375

109 25-Jul-24 2,984.80 -0.011017047 -0.011078185

110 24-Jul-24 2,991.40 0.002211203 0.002208762

111 23-Jul-24 2,975.80 -0.00521495 -0.005228595

112 22-Jul-24 3,001.35 0.008585926 0.008549277

113 19-Jul-24 3,110.30 0.036300332 0.035656997

114 18-Jul-24 3,173.35 0.020271356 0.020068628

115 16-Jul-24 3,152.50 -0.006570344 -0.006592023

116 15-Jul-24 3,194.45 0.013306899 0.01321914

117 12-Jul-24 3,193.45 -0.000313043 -0.000313092

118 11-Jul-24 3,161.30 -0.010067482 -0.010118502

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119 10-Jul-24 3,168.45 0.002261728 0.002259174

120 09-Jul-24 3,180.55 0.003818902 0.003811628

121 08-Jul-24 3,201.80 0.006681234 0.006659014

122 05-Jul-24 3,177.25 -0.007667562 -0.007697109

123 04-Jul-24 3,108.05 -0.021779841 -0.022020523

124 03-Jul-24 3,104.85 -0.001029584 -0.001030115

125 02-Jul-24 3,130.35 0.008212957 0.008179414

126 01-Jul-24 3,120.30 -0.003210504 -0.003215668

127 28-Jun-24 3,130.80 0.003365061 0.003359412

128 27-Jun-24 3,061.10 -0.02226268 -0.022514234

129 26-Jun-24 3,028.05 -0.010796772 -0.010855481

130 25-Jun-24 2,908.30 -0.039546903 -0.04035013

131 24-Jun-24 2,882.95 -0.008716432 -0.008754643

132 21-Jun-24 2,908.40 0.008827763 0.008789026

133 20-Jun-24 2,947.40 0.013409435 0.013320324

134 19-Jun-24 2,917.30 -0.010212391 -0.010264895

135 18-Jun-24 2,962.05 0.015339526 0.015223065

136 14-Jun-24 2,955.10 -0.002346348 -0.002349105

137 13-Jun-24 2,930.50 -0.008324591 -0.008359434

138 12-Jun-24 2,926.65 -0.001313769 -0.001314633

139 11-Jun-24 2,913.35 -0.004544445 -0.004554802

140 10-Jun-24 2,942.80 0.010108638 0.010057887

141 07-Jun-24 2,939.90 -0.000985456 -0.000985942

142 06-Jun-24 2,863.20 -0.026089323 -0.026435687

143 05-Jun-24 2,841.50 -0.007578933 -0.007607799

144 04-Jun-24 2,794.55 -0.016522963 -0.01666099

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145 03-Jun-24 3,020.65 0.080907481 0.077800948

146 31-May-24 2,860.80 -0.052919074 -0.054370734

147 30-May-24 2,849.70 -0.003880034 -0.00388758

148 29-May-24 2,881.55 0.011176615 0.011114618

149 28-May-24 2,912.40 0.010706044 0.01064914

150 27-May-24 2,932.50 0.006901525 0.006877818

151 24-May-24 2,960.50 0.009548167 0.009502871

152 23-May-24 2,972.10 0.003918257 0.003910601

153 22-May-24 2,921.30 -0.017092292 -0.017240051

154 21-May-24 2,872.25 -0.01679047 -0.016933028

155 18-May-24 2,869.65 -0.000905214 -0.000905624

156 17-May-24 2,871.40 0.00060983 0.000609645

157 16-May-24 2,850.70 -0.007209027 -0.007235138

158 15-May-24 2,832.55 -0.006366857 -0.006387212

159 14-May-24 2,840.15 0.002683095 0.002679502

160 13-May-24 2,805.40 -0.012235269 -0.012310736

161 10-May-24 2,814.85 0.003368504 0.003362843

162 09-May-24 2,788.25 -0.009449882 -0.009494815

163 08-May-24 2,837.10 0.01751995 0.017368245

164 07-May-24 2,802.95 -0.012036939 -0.01210997

165 06-May-24 2,839.05 0.012879288 0.012797055

166 03-May-24 2,868.00 0.010197073 0.010145434

167 02-May-24 2,933.10 0.022698745 0.022444961

168 30-Apr-24 2,934.00 0.000306843 0.000306796

169 29-Apr-24 2,930.05 -0.001346285 -0.001347192

170 26-Apr-24 2,905.10 -0.008515213 -0.008551675

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171 25-Apr-24 2,919.95 0.0051117 0.00509868

172 24-Apr-24 2,900.35 -0.006712444 -0.006735073

173 23-Apr-24 2,918.65 0.006309583 0.006289761

174 22-Apr-24 2,959.70 0.014064722 0.013966731

175 19-Apr-24 2,940.25 -0.006571612 -0.0065933

176 18-Apr-24 2,928.65 -0.003945243 -0.003953046

177 16-Apr-24 2,931.50 0.000973145 0.000972671

178 15-Apr-24 2,929.65 -0.000631076 -0.000631275

179 12-Apr-24 2,934.30 0.00158722 0.001585962

180 10-Apr-24 2,959.15 0.0084688 0.008433141

181 09-Apr-24 2,927.30 -0.010763226 -0.010821568

182 08-Apr-24 2,971.95 0.015252963 0.015137807

183 05-Apr-24 2,920.20 -0.01741281 -0.017566196

184 04-Apr-24 2,925.85 0.001934799 0.00193293

185 03-Apr-24 2,943.20 0.005929901 0.005912388

186 02-Apr-24 2,973.90 0.010430824 0.010376798

187 01-Apr-24 2,969.55 -0.001462726 -0.001463797

188 28-Mar-24 2,971.70 0.000724015 0.000723753

189 27-Mar-24 2,985.70 0.004711108 0.004700046

190 26-Mar-24 2,883.15 -0.034347054 -0.034950779

191 22-Mar-24 2,910.05 0.009330073 0.009286817

192 21-Mar-24 2,901.95 -0.002783457 -0.002787338

193 20-Mar-24 2,887.50 -0.00497941 -0.004991849

194 19-Mar-24 2,850.50 -0.012813853 -0.012896658

195 18-Mar-24 2,878.95 0.009980705 0.009931227

196 15-Mar-24 2,836.45 -0.014762327 -0.014872374

2
0
197 14-Mar-24 2,862.95 0.009342664 0.009299291

198 13-Mar-24 2,864.35 0.000489006 0.000488887

199 12-Mar-24 2,950.85 0.030198823 0.029751816

200 11-Mar-24 2,933.20 -0.005981327 -0.005999287

201 07-Mar-24 2,957.85 0.008403791 0.008368676

202 06-Mar-24 3,006.00 0.016278716 0.016147638

203 05-Mar-24 3,000.40 -0.001862941 -0.001864678

204 04-Mar-24 3,014.80 0.00479936 0.00478788

205 02-Mar-24 2,982.15 -0.010829906 -0.010888976

206 01-Mar-24 2,984.25 0.00070419 0.000703942

207 29-Feb-24 2,921.60 -0.020993549 -0.021217048

208 28-Feb-24 2,911.25 -0.003542579 -0.003548869

209 27-Feb-24 2,971.30 0.020626878 0.020417025

210 26-Feb-24 2,974.65 0.001127453 0.001126818

211 23-Feb-24 2,987.25 0.004235792 0.004226847

212 22-Feb-24 2,963.50 -0.007950456 -0.00798223

213 21-Feb-24 2,935.40 -0.009482031 -0.009527272

214 20-Feb-24 2,942.05 0.002265449 0.002262887

215 19-Feb-24 2,948.00 0.002022399 0.002020357

216 16-Feb-24 2,921.15 -0.00910787 -0.0091496

217 15-Feb-24 2,941.20 0.006863735 0.006840287

218 14-Feb-24 2,962.75 0.007326941 0.00730023

219 13-Feb-24 2,930.20 -0.010986415 -0.011047211

220 12-Feb-24 2,904.70 -0.008702478 -0.008740565

221 09-Feb-24 2,921.50 0.00578373 0.005767068

222 08-Feb-24 2,900.25 -0.007273661 -0.007300243

2
1
223 07-Feb-24 2,884.30 -0.005499526 -0.005514704

224 06-Feb-24 2,855.60 -0.009950421 -0.010000258

225 05-Feb-24 2,878.05 0.007861745 0.007831003

226 02-Feb-24 2,915.40 0.012977537 0.01289405

227 01-Feb-24 2,853.30 -0.021300679 -0.021530812

228 31-Jan-24 2,853.25 -1.75236E-05 -1.75237E-05

229 30-Jan-24 2,815.25 -0.013318146 -0.013407628

230 29-Jan-24 2,896.10 0.028718586 0.028313937

231 25-Jan-24 2,706.15 -0.065588205 -0.067838044

232 24-Jan-24 2,687.75 -0.006799327 -0.006822548

233 23-Jan-24 2,657.15 -0.011384987 -0.011450293

234 20-Jan-24 2,713.30 0.021131664 0.020911486

235 19-Jan-24 2,734.90 0.007960786 0.007929266

236 18-Jan-24 2,735.90 0.000365644 0.000365577

237 17-Jan-24 2,723.15 -0.004660258 -0.004671151

238 16-Jan-24 2,749.25 0.009584489 0.009538849

239 15-Jan-24 2,788.25 0.014185687 0.014086012

240 12-Jan-24 2,741.45 -0.016784722 -0.016927181

241 11-Jan-24 2,719.80 -0.007897281 -0.007928629

242 10-Jan-24 2,650.10 -0.025626884 -0.025960973

243 09-Jan-24 2,580.50 -0.02626316 -0.026614197

244 08-Jan-24 2,587.35 0.002654524 0.002651007

245 05-Jan-24 2,607.70 0.00786519 0.007834421

246 04-Jan-24 2,596.65 -0.004237451 -0.004246454

247 03-Jan-24 2,583.30 -0.00514124 -0.005154501

248 02-Jan-24 2,611.70 0.01099369 0.010933699

2
2
249 01-Jan-24 2,590.25 -0.008213041 -0.008246954

Annual Volatility 0.045972733

Daily Volatility 0.002913404

CURRENT PRICE 1,673.15

Annual volatility 0.04597

Daily Volatility 0.00291

Days Future Price

1 1675.50

2 1672.52

3 1673.22

4 1674.14

5 1672.76

6 1672.73

7 1672.87

8 1674.66
9 1674.19

10 1674.66

2
3
 EXERCISE – 9
LOAN AMORTISATION

AIM:

To find the total duration for repaying a given loan amount using MS Excel.

PROCEDURE:

• Type in the PMT function for calculation of the loan repayment tenure, with an annual
interest rate (in %), for some years duration and a present value, that is the amount borrowed
for a given INR.
• Type in the 'PPMT' formula to find out the principal value for the total payment.
• Insert the 'IPMT formula' to estimate the interest to be paid with the principal.
• Update the current balance and chose the appropriate range for the 1st payment and drag it
down for just 1 row below.
• Then, change the balance formula.
• Now, select the next set of range for the 2nd payment and drag it down up to last payment
period.
• The final balance will get the result. It will take around a few months to repay the given
loan value.
• If done correctly, the principal value will increase, and the interest rate should decrease.

OUTCOME:

AMOUNT ₹ 13,00,000

INTEREST RATE 8%

YEAR 7 yrs

PAYMENT PER YEAR 12

PAYMENT
NUMBER AMOUNT PRINCIPAL INTEREST BALANCE

1 (₹20,262.08) (₹11,595.41) (₹8,666.67) ₹12,88,404.59

2 (₹20,262.08) (₹11,672.71) (₹8,589.36) ₹12,76,731.87

3 (₹20,262.08) (₹11,750.53) (₹8,511.55) ₹12,64,981.34

4 (₹20,262.08) (₹11,828.87) (₹8,433.21) ₹12,53,152.47

5 (₹20,262.08) (₹11,907.73) (₹8,354.35) ₹12,41,244.74

6 (₹20,262.08) (₹11,987.11) (₹8,274.96) ₹12,29,257.63

2
4
7 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,067.03) (₹8,195.05) ₹12,17,190.60

8 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,147.47) (₹8,114.60) ₹12,05,043.13

9 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,228.46) (₹8,033.62) ₹11,92,814.67

10 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,309.98) (₹7,952.10) ₹11,80,504.69

11 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,392.05) (₹7,870.03) ₹11,68,112.64

12 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,474.66) (₹7,787.42) ₹11,55,637.98

13 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,557.83) (₹7,704.25) ₹11,43,080.15

14 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,641.54) (₹7,620.53) ₹11,30,438.61

15 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,725.82) (₹7,536.26) ₹11,17,712.79

16 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,810.66) (₹7,451.42) ₹11,04,902.13

17 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,896.06) (₹7,366.01) ₹10,92,006.06

18 (₹20,262.08) (₹12,982.04) (₹7,280.04) ₹10,79,024.02

19 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,068.59) (₹7,193.49) ₹10,65,955.44

20 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,155.71) (₹7,106.37) ₹10,52,799.73

21 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,243.41) (₹7,018.66) ₹10,39,556.32

22 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,331.70) (₹6,930.38) ₹10,26,224.61

23 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,420.58) (₹6,841.50) ₹10,12,804.03

24 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,510.05) (₹6,752.03) ₹9,99,293.98

25 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,600.12) (₹6,661.96) ₹9,85,693.86

26 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,690.79) (₹6,571.29) ₹9,72,003.07

27 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,782.06) (₹6,480.02) ₹9,58,221.02

28 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,873.94) (₹6,388.14) ₹9,44,347.08

29 (₹20,262.08) (₹13,966.43) (₹6,295.65) ₹9,30,380.65

30 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,059.54) (₹6,202.54) ₹9,16,321.10

31 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,153.27) (₹6,108.81) ₹9,02,167.83

32 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,247.63) (₹6,014.45) ₹8,87,920.21

2
5
33 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,342.61) (₹5,919.47) ₹8,73,577.60

34 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,438.23) (₹5,823.85) ₹8,59,139.37

35 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,534.48) (₹5,727.60) ₹8,44,604.88

36 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,631.38) (₹5,630.70) ₹8,29,973.51

37 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,728.92) (₹5,533.16) ₹8,15,244.58

38 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,827.11) (₹5,434.96) ₹8,00,417.47

39 (₹20,262.08) (₹14,925.96) (₹5,336.12) ₹7,85,491.51

40 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,025.47) (₹5,236.61) ₹7,70,466.04

41 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,125.64) (₹5,136.44) ₹7,55,340.40

42 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,226.48) (₹5,035.60) ₹7,40,113.92

43 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,327.99) (₹4,934.09) ₹7,24,785.94

44 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,430.17) (₹4,831.91) ₹7,09,355.76

45 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,533.04) (₹4,729.04) ₹6,93,822.72

46 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,636.59) (₹4,625.48) ₹6,78,186.13

47 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,740.84) (₹4,521.24) ₹6,62,445.29

48 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,845.78) (₹4,416.30) ₹6,46,599.52

49 (₹20,262.08) (₹15,951.42) (₹4,310.66) ₹6,30,648.10

50 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,057.76) (₹4,204.32) ₹6,14,590.34

51 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,164.81) (₹4,097.27) ₹5,98,425.53

52 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,272.58) (₹3,989.50) ₹5,82,152.96

53 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,381.06) (₹3,881.02) ₹5,65,771.90

54 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,490.27) (₹3,771.81) ₹5,49,281.63

55 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,600.20) (₹3,661.88) ₹5,32,681.43

56 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,710.87) (₹3,551.21) ₹5,15,970.56

57 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,822.27) (₹3,439.80) ₹4,99,148.29

58 (₹20,262.08) (₹16,934.42) (₹3,327.66) ₹4,82,213.86

2
6
59 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,047.32) (₹3,214.76) ₹4,65,166.54

60 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,160.97) (₹3,101.11) ₹4,48,005.58

61 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,275.37) (₹2,986.70) ₹4,30,730.20

62 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,390.54) (₹2,871.53) ₹4,13,339.66

63 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,506.48) (₹2,755.60) ₹3,95,833.18

64 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,623.19) (₹2,638.89) ₹3,78,209.98

65 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,740.68) (₹2,521.40) ₹3,60,469.31

66 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,858.95) (₹2,403.13) ₹3,42,610.36

67 (₹20,262.08) (₹17,978.01) (₹2,284.07) ₹3,24,632.35

68 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,097.86) (₹2,164.22) ₹3,06,534.48

69 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,218.52) (₹2,043.56) ₹2,88,315.97

70 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,339.97) (₹1,922.11) ₹2,69,975.99

71 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,462.24) (₹1,799.84) ₹2,51,513.76

72 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,585.32) (₹1,676.76) ₹2,32,928.44

73 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,709.22) (₹1,552.86) ₹2,14,219.21

74 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,833.95) (₹1,428.13) ₹1,95,385.26

75 (₹20,262.08) (₹18,959.51) (₹1,302.57) ₹1,76,425.75

76 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,085.91) (₹1,176.17) ₹1,57,339.85

77 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,213.15) (₹1,048.93) ₹1,38,126.70

78 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,341.23) (₹920.84) ₹1,18,785.46

79 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,470.18) (₹791.90) ₹99,315.29

80 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,599.98) (₹662.10) ₹79,715.31

81 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,730.64) (₹531.44) ₹59,984.67

82 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,862.18) (₹399.90) ₹40,122.49

83 (₹20,262.08) (₹19,994.60) (₹267.48) ₹20,127.89

84 (₹20,262.08) (₹20,127.89) (₹134.19) (₹0.00)

2
7
 EXERCISE 10
LOAN WITH DIFFERENT DURATION

AIM:

To determine loan repayment amounts for different duration using Excel.

PROCEDURE:

⦁ Excel and create columns for Loan Amount, Interest Rate, Duration, and Monthly

⦁
Payment.

⦁
Enter loan details in respective columns.

⦁
Use the formula:

⦁
PMT*(Interest Rate/12, Duration*12, -Loan Amount)

⦁
Divide the interest rate by 12 (months).

⦁
Multiply the duration by 12 to convert years to months.

⦁
Use a negative sign for the loan amount to get a positive result.

⦁
Apply the formula for different duration and observe the changes.
Format cells if necessary for better readability.

OUTCOME:

Loan amount 300000

0

Years 10

15

20

Interest rate 7.25%

Payment per year 12

Per month (EMI) Total payable= EMI*Total no of Instalment

10 YEARS ₹ -35,220.31 ₹ 4,226,437.48

15 YEARS ₹ -27,385.89 ₹ 4,929,459.56

20 YEARS ₹ -23,711.28 ₹ 5,690,707.09

2
8
 EXERCISE 11
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

AIM:

To calculate the Return and risk involved in combination of securities and to measure profit or
loss of an investment over time.

PROCEDURE:

⦁
⦁
Select the securities combination.

⦁
Collect the necessary data from NSE website.

⦁
Enter and arrange the data in Excel.
Calculate the Return with the help of close price by using the formula

⦁
=ln(P1/P0))
Calculate average return by using the formula

⦁
=AVERAGE (number1, [number2], ...)
Calculate standard deviation by using the formula

⦁
=STDEV (number1, [number2],...])
Calculate correlation by using the formula

⦁
= CORREL (array1, array2)
Calculate the portfolio return by using the formula

⦁
= (*)+(*)
Calculate the portfolio risk by using the formula

⦁
=SQRT (())
Calculate the maximum return and minimum risk.

OUTCOME:

Company BAJAJ FINSERV LIMITED KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK LIMITED

Date Close price Return Close Return

27-Jan-23 1,314.20 1,713.10

25-Jan-23 1,314.35 0.000114131 1,749.80 0.021196901

24-Jan-23 1,332.70 0.013864713 1,760.25 0.005954349

23-Jan-23 1,332.75 3.75171E-05 1,783.75 0.013262045

20-Jan-23 1,333.20 0.000337591 1,762.90 -0.011757709

2
9
19-Jan-23 1,355.15 0.016330082 1,767.30 0.002492778

18-Jan-23 1,367.30 0.008925843 1,799.10 0.017833582

17-Jan-23 1,372.90 0.004087299 1,797.65 -0.000806283

16-Jan-23 1,383.90 0.007980309 1,784.80 -0.007173892

13-Jan-23 1,391.15 0.005225143 1,780.30 -0.002524475

12-Jan-23 1,387.80 -0.002410984 1,779.50 -0.000449463

11-Jan-23 1,399.70 0.008538168 1,801.85 0.012481489

10-Jan-23 1,413.30 0.009669467 1,795.55 -0.003502533

9-Jan-23 1,414.00 0.000495172 1,811.90 0.009064637

6-Jan-23 1,430.35 0.011496602 1,786.80 -0.013949708

5-Jan-23 1,468.85 0.026560612 1,820.30 0.018575012

4-Jan-23 1,547.85 0.05238709 1,820.75 0.000247181

3-Jan-23 1,563.00 0.00974018 1,832.85 0.006623628

2-Jan-23 1,552.50 -0.006740517 1,825.05 -0.004264749

30-Dec-22 1,547.85 -0.002999664 1,827.25 0.00120472

29-Dec-22 1,511.70 -0.023632026 1,818.75 -0.004662652

28-Dec-22 1,522.70 0.007250229 1,820.10 0.000741993

3
0
 BAJAJ FINSERV LIMITED KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK
LIMITED

AVERAGE RETURN 0.0070 AVERAGE 0.0029

RETURN
Standard Deviation 0.0144 Standard 0.0097
Deviation
Correlation 0.1479

CONSTRUCTION OF PORTFOLIO

Stock 1 Stock 2 Portfolio

Combination BAJAJ FINSERV KOTAK Return Risk

LIMITED MAHINDRA
BANK LIMITED

1 0.1 0.9 0.003302 0.00905

2 0.2 0.8 0.003714 0.00866

3 0.3 0.7 0.004126 0.00856

4 0.4 0.6 0.004538 0.00876

5 0.5 0.5 0.00495 0.00924

6 0.6 0.4 0.005362 0.00996

7 0.7 0.3 0.005774 0.01088

8 0.8 0.2 0.006186 0.01194

9 0.9 0.1 0.006598 0.01311

Max return 0.006598

Min risk 0.00856

3
1
 EXERCISE 12
ALTMAN Z
SCORE

AIM:

To measure the financial distress and predict bankruptcy rate.

PROCEDURE:

● Enter the data of the company.

· Current assets
· Current liabilities
· Total asset/liabilities
· Retained earnings.
· EBIT
· Market capital
· Market value of equity (Market capitalisation- Net cash)
· Net sales
· Calculate Z-score by using the formula

OUTCOME:

Particulars Amount

INCOME Sales 11,247

INCOME EBIT 3490

BAL/SHEET Current Assets 127810

3
2
 BAL/SHEET Total Assets 160529

BAL/SHEET Reserves & Surplus 77843

BAL/SHEET Current Liabilities 90337

STOCK MARKET Market capitalization 10984.72

Market Value of
CASH FLOW AND STOCK Equity 9,673

BAL/SHEET Total Liabilities 12330

CASH FLOW STATEMENT Netcash 1,312

X1 0.23343446 0.28012135
X2 0.4849155 0.6788817
X3 0.02174062 0.07174405
`X4 0.78448662 0.47069197
X5 0.07006211 0.07006211

Z Score 1.57150117

3
3
 EXERCISE 13
VLOOKUP
AIM:

To search for a specific piece of information and to look up from certain data in a table
organized vertically, in MS Excel.

PROCEDURE:

⦁
⦁
Open a MS Excel file.

⦁
Type in the necessary data sets as columns in the excel sheet.
Make sure to put the numbers only in columns since VLOOKUP does not

⦁
work with rows.

⦁
Now, click on the cell where the VLOOKUP formula has to be applied.
Type in the [=VLOOKUP] formula and the rest of the values asked in

⦁
between the open and close parenthesis.

⦁
=VLOOKUP (lookup value, table_array, Column_index_num, [range_lookup])
Get the cell where the lookup value is noted and then enter the cell's name into the

⦁
VLOOKUP formula, followed by a comma.
Go to the top-left cell where the data has been stored. Enter its name into the formula,
type a colon (:), and find the bottom-right cell in the same data group to add that in the

⦁
formula, with a comma.
Look for the column’s index number with the value needed for the VLOOKUP to

⦁
display and then type the same with a comma after it.
Type in (FALSE) to close the formula. This will allow VLOOKUP to get the exact

⦁
value in the specified column for the specific item.
Finally, press ‘Enter’ and the formula will fetch the results.

OUTCOME:

ID First Name Last Name Salary

24 Lucas Holloway $72,035

47 Noah Sinclair $90,203

55 Olivia Bennett $190,746

67 Mason Fletcher $100,758

74 Henry Whitaker $28,593

16 Alexander Prescott $99,867
85 Gabriel Whitmore $140,974

EXACT MATCH:

ID 47

3
4
 Salary $90,203

ID 16
SALARY $99,867

APPROXIMATE MATCH:

Score Grade

0 F

60 D

70 C

80 B

90 A

Score 67

Grade D

SCORE 89

GRADE B

VLOOKUP LOOKS RIGHT:

ID First Name Last Name Salary

24 Lucas Holloway $64,901

47 Noah Sinclair $70,855

55 Olivia Bennett $188,657
67 Mason Fletcher $97,566

3
5
 74 Henry Whitaker $58,339
16 Alexander Prescott $125,180

85 Gabriel Whitmore $91,632

First Name Mason

Last Name Fletcher

First Name Gabriel

Last Name Whitmore

3
6
 EXERCISE 14
HLOOKUP

AIM:

To Retrieve some information from a table by searching table arrays from MS Excel.

PROCEDURE:

⦁
⦁
Open a MS Excel file with data.

⦁
Copy the data and right click on the empty cell.

⦁
Go to paste special and click transpose and click OK.

⦁
Prepare the data columns for which H-LOOKUP has to be applied.

⦁
Calculate using H-LOOKUP by using formula,

⦁
=HLOOKUP (lookup value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])
Click Enter and save the sheet.

OUTCOME:

EXACT MATCH

ID 85 92 37 41 68 74 89

First Oliver Sophia Liam Ava Noah Emma Lucas

Name
Last Carter White Johnson Taylor Martin Lee Harris
Name

Salary $75,000 $82,400 $95,120 $103,500 $67,890 $120,450 $88,600

ID 41
Salary 103500

ID 74
Salary 120450

APPROXIMATE MATCH

Score 0 50 65 75 85 95

Grade F D C B A A+

3
7
Score 78
Grade B

Score 34
Grade F

H LOOK UP LOOKS DOWN

ID 85 92 37 41 68 74 89

First Name Oliver Sophia Liam Ava Noah Emma Lucas

Last Name Carter White Johnson Taylor Martin Lee Harris

Salary $75,000 $82,400 $95,120 $103,500 $67,890 $120,450 $88,600

FIRST NAME Noah

SALARY $67,890

FIRST MATCH

ID 85 92 37 41 68 74 89

First Name Oliver Sophia Oliver Ava Noah Emma Lucas

Last Name Carter White Johnson Taylor Martin Lee Harris

Salary $75,000 $82,400 $95,120 $103,500 $67,890 $120,450 $88,600

FIRST NAME Oliver

SALARY $75,000

3
8
H LOOK UP IS CASE INSENSITIVE

ID 85 92 37 41 68 74 89

First Name Oliver Sophia Oliver Ava Noah Emma Lucas

Last Name Carter White Johnson Taylor Martin Lee Harris

Salary $75,000 $82,400 $95,120 $103,500 $67,890 $120,450 $88,600

FIRST NAME Oliver

LAST NAME Carter

N/A ERROR

ID 85 92 37 41 68 74 89

First Name Oliver Sophia Liam Ava Noah Emma Lucas

Last Name Carter White Johnson Taylor Martin Lee Harris

Salary $75,000 $82,400 $95,120 $103,500 $67,890 $120,450 $88,600

FIRST NAME Ethan

LAST NAME NOT FOUND

3
9
 EXERCISE 15
IF FUNCTION

AIM:

The IF function in Excel is used to perform logical tests and return different values based on
whether the condition is TRUE or FALSE. It helps in decision-making within spreadsheets.

PROCEDURE:

Syntax: =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)

Enter the condition in the logical_test argument (e.g., A1>50).
Define the output for when the condition is met (value_if_true).
Define the output for when the condition is not met (value_if_false).
Press Enter, and Excel will return the result based on the condition.

OUTCOME:

1. SIMPLE

If the price is greater than $400 then the result is shown as “HIGH” and If condition is Vice
Versa then the result is shown as “LOW”

Price Result
$256 Low
$456 High

$534 High
$876 High
$345 Low

2. COMBINATION IF & AND FUNCTION

If both the Internals and Externals are above 40 marks the the result will be shown as
“PASS” and Vice versa condition

Name Internals Externals Result

Oliver 65 45 Pass
Sophia 35 95 Fail

Ethan 54 23 Fail
Ava 45 88 Pass

4
0
 Noah 78 48 PASS

XYZ 23 44 FAIL

3. COMBINATION OF IF & OR FUNCTION

If either score 1 or score 2 has value of greater than 40 then the result is “PASS” and
vice versa condition then the result is “FAIL”

Name Score 1 Score 2 Result

4.
Isabella 56 45 Pass

Mason 87 67 Pass

Harper 33 24 Fail

Liam 34 76 Pass

Charlotte 12 37 Fail
COMBINATION OF IF, AND & OR

If the product is a "Laptop" or the color is "Silver", a 30% discount will be applied.
For all other products, a 15% discount will be given.

Product Color Price Sale

Laptop Black $1,000 $700
Smartphone Silver $800 $560
Tablet Gold $500 $425

Laptop Silver $1,200 $840

Smartwatch Blue $300 $255
Laptop Grey $1,500 $1,050
Smartphone Black $700 $595

5. NESTED IF

If the score is below 30, the grade is "F"; if the score is between 30 and 50, the
grade is "D"; if the score is between 50 and 70, the grade is "C"; if the score is between 70
and 80, the grade is "B"; if the score is between 80 and 90, the grade is "A"; if the score is
above 90, the grade is "O".

4
1
Marks Grade
Below 30 F
30 - 50 D
50-70 C
70-80 B
80-90 A
90-100 O

Name Score Grade

Leo 49 D

Luna 22 F

Ezra 78 B

Violet 84 A

Kai 96 O

4
2