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Packages and Date/Time in
Python

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Introduction to Python Packages
Code Reusability Organized Structure Extensive Functionality
Packages are collections of modules They help to organize and structure Packages offer a vast range of
that provide reusable code. your Python projects. functions and classes.

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Standard Library Packages

math
OS
Mathematical functions (trigonometry, logarithms).
Operating system interactions (file management, paths).

random
json
Generating random numbers and sequences.
Working with JSON data (encoding, decoding).

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•• •• Installing Third-Party
Packages
)_ @_
.
pip Package Index
Python's package installer. Repository of available packages
(PyPI).

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Working with the datetime
Module
Current Time
Get the current date and time.

33:15
2 Date Components
Extract year, month, day, etc.

Time Components
3
Extract hour, minute, second, etc.

1
4- Date and Time Formatting
Customize output string format.
1

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Date and Time Objects
datetime.date datetime.time datetime.datetime
Represents a date (year, month, day). Represents a time (hour, minute, Combines date and time information.
second).

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Time Delta Calculations
Duration
1 Calculate the difference between two dates or times.

Adding Time
2 Add a time delta to a date or time object.

Subtracting Time
3 Subtract a time delta from a date or time object.

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Formatting Dates and Times
strftime( )
Convert datetime objects to strings.

strptime( )
Parse date/time strings into datetime objects.

Custom Formats
Use format codes to create specific output.

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 Time Zones and Localization
1
Timezone
Represent time zones and conversions.

Localization
2
Adjust date and time formats for different regions.

UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)

3
A standard time reference.

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Sample Code: Working
with Dates and Times
import datetime

# Get current date and time now = datetime.datetime.now()

# Format the date and time

formatted_date = now.strftime("o/oY-o/om-o/od
o/oH:o/oM:o/oS")

# Print the formatted date and time print("Current Date and

Time:", formatted_date)

# Create a datetime object for a specific date birthday =

datetime.datetime(2024, 12, 25)

# Calculate the time difference between now and the birthday

time_until_birthday = birthday - now

# Print the time difference

print("Time until Birthday:", time_until_birthday)

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 CONTENTS
• ARRAYS AND ITS OPERATIONS
• HANDLING STRINGS AND CHARACTERS
• LIST OPERATIONS

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 • WHAT IS AN ARRAY ?
An array is a collection of items stored at contiguous
locations. In other words an array is a special variable
which can hold more than one value at a time.
ARRAY AND
ITS
OPERATIONS

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DIFFERENT OPERATIONS IN ARRAYS :
1. append( )-Adds an element at the end of the list
2. clear( )-Removes all the elements from the list.
3. copy( )-Returns a copy of the list.
4. count( )-Returns the number of elements with the specified value.
5. extend( )-Adds the element to the end of the current list.
6. index( )-Returns the index of the first element with the specified value.
7. insert( )-Adds an element at the specified position.
8. pop( )-Removes the element at the specified position.
9. remove( )-Removes the first item with the specified value.
10. reverse( )-Reverses the order of the list.
11. sort( )-Sorts the lists.

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HANDLING STRINGS AND CHARACTERS
• WHAT IS A STRING ?
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in either single quotes ‘.’ or double quotes “.”. It is used
for representing textual data.
CREATING A STRING:
Strings can be created using either single quotes or double quotes.
For Example- s1=‘geeks for geeks’
s2=“geeks for geeks”
Multi-line Strings: If we need to span multiple lines then we can use triple quotes.
For Examples: s= “ “ “ I am learning
coding from youtube ” ” ”

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OPERATIONS IN STRING:
Let us consider a string s=“HELLO”
Access Characters: s[0] gives ‘H’.
String Slicing: s[1:4] gives ‘ell’.
Concatenation: “Hi” + “there” gives “Hi there”.
METHODS: We have a string s,
 s.upper( )- Converts to uppercase.
 s.lower( )- Converts to lowercase
 s.spilt(“ ”)- Spilts by spaces into a list.
 “ ”.join([‘Hi’, ‘there’])- Joins list into a string.

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 LIST
OPERATIONS
• WHAT IS A LIST ?
A list is a built-in dynamic sized array that is
used to store an ordered collection of items.
We can store all types of items(including
another list) in a list. A list may contain mixed
type of items , this is possible because a list
mainly stores references at contiguous
locations and actual items maybe stored at
different location.

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OPERATIONS IN LIST:

1. LIST SLICING: Extract a portion of the list.

For example- lst[1:4] returns elements from index 1 to 3.
2. BOUNDS: Refers to the valid indices of a list . Accessing an index outside the bounds raises an
error.
For example- lst[10] if the list has only 5 elements.
3. CLONING: Creating a copy of a list.
cloned_list = lst[:] creates a shallow copy of the list.
4. NESTED LIST: A list inside another list
nested=[[1,2],[3,4]]- Access with nested[0][1](gives 2)

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LIST METHODS :
1. append( )-Adds an element to the end of the list.
2. copy( )-Returns a shallow copy of the list.
3. clear( )-Removes all elements from the list.
4. count( )-Returns the number of times a specified element appears in the list.
5. extend( )-Adds elements from another list to the end of the current list.
6. index( )-Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified element.
7. insert( )-Inserts an element at a specified position.
8. pop( )-Removes and returns the elements at the specified position(or the last element if no index is
specified).
1. remove( )-Removes the first occurrence of a specified element.
2. reverse( )-Reverses the order of the element in the list.
3. sort( )-Sorts the list in ascending order(by default).

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ADDING ELEMENT
&
MUTABILITY IN
PYTHON

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 MAP()

The map() function applies a given function to every item in a list (or any iterable)
and returns a map object (aniterator) .
SYNTAX :
map(function, iterable)
EXAMPLE :
numbers =[ 1,2,3,4]
squared =map(lambda x:x **2,numbers) print(list(squared))
Output :[1,4,9,16]

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 FILTER()
The filter() function is used to filter items from an iterable based on a
condition (function that returns True or False) .
SYNTAX :
filter(function, iterable)
EXAMPLE :
• numbers =[1,2,3,4,5,6]
• even =filter(lambda x:x %2 ==0, numbers) print(list(even))
• Output :[2,4,6]
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 APPEND()
The append() method in Python is used to add a single item to the end of list. This method modifies the original list
and does not return a new list.

Syntax of append() method :

list.append(element)

Parameter :
Element: The item to be appended to the list. This can be of any data type(integer, string, list, etc.) ,the parameter is
mandatory and omitting it can cause an error.

Return Type :
The append() method does not return any value, it just modifies the original list in place.

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 EXTEND()
The Python List extend() method adds items of an iterable (list, tuple, dictionary, etc) at the end of a list.

Syntax of extend() method :

list_name.extend(iterable)
Parameter :
Iterable: Any iterable (list, set, tuple, etc.)

Return Type :
Python list sort() returns none.

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 COUNT()
The count() method is used to find the number of times a specific element occurs in a list. It is very useful in scenarios where
we need to perform frequency analysis on the data.
Syntax of count() method :
list_name.count(value)
Parameter :
list_name: The list object where we want to count an element.
value: The element whose occurrences need to be counted.
Return Type :
The count() method returns an integer value, which represents the number of times the specified element appears in the list.

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 INDEX()
List index() method searches for a given element from the start of the list and returns the
position of the first occurrence.
Syntax of count() method :
list_name.index(element, start, end)
Parameter :
element – The element whose lowest index will be returned.
start (Optional) – The position from where the search begins.
end (Optional) – The position from where the search ends.
Return Type :
Returns the lowest index where the element appears.

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 INSERT()
Python List insert() method inserts an item at a specific index in a list.

Syntax of insert() method :

list_name.insert(index, element)
Parameter :
index: the index at which the element has to be inserted.
element: the element to be inserted in the list.

Return Type :
The insert() method returns None. It only updates the current list.

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 SORT()
The sort() method in Python is a built-in function that allows us to sort the elements of a list in ascending or
descending order and it modifies the list in place which means there is no new list created.

Syntax of insert() method :

list_name.sort(key=None, reverse=False)

Parameter :
Key (Optional): This is an optional parameter that allows we to specify a function to be used for sorting. For
example, we can use the len() function to sort a list of strings based on their length.
Reverse (Optional): This is an optional Boolean parameter. By default, it is set to False to sort in ascending
order. If we set reverse=True, the list will be sorted in descending order.

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 REVERSE()
The reverse() method is an inbuilt method in Python that reverses the order of elements in a list.

Syntax of reverse() method :

list_name.reverse()

Parameter :
It doesn’t take any parameters.

Return Type :
It doesn’t return any value.

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 REMOVE()
Python list remove() function removes the first occurrence of a given item from list.

Syntax of reverse() method :

list_name.remove(obj)
Parameter :
obj: object to be removed from the list.

Return Type :
The method does not return any value but removes the given object from the list.

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 CLEAR()
This method modifies the list in place and removes all its elements

Syntax of reverse() method :

list_name.clear()

Parameter :
The clear() method doesn't take any parameters.

Return Type :
The clear() method only empties the given list. It doesn't return any value.

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 POP()
The list pop() method removes the item at the specified index. The method also returns the removed item.
Syntax of reverse() method :
list_name.pop(index)
Parameter :
The pop() method takes a single argument (index).
The argument passed to the method is optional. If not passed, the default index -1 is passed as an argument (index of the last item).
If the index passed to the method is not in range, it throws IndexError: pop index out of range exception.
Return Type :
The pop() method returns the item present at the given index. This item is also removed from the list.

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