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Two Marks

The document provides an overview of PN junctions, including definitions of key concepts such as depletion region, barrier potential, and reverse saturation current. It also discusses various applications of PN diodes, rectifiers, and bipolar junction transistors, as well as their characteristics and operational principles. Additionally, it covers field effect transistors, their comparison with bipolar devices, and important parameters like pinch-off voltage and biasing.

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afrith mohamed
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19 views10 pages

Two Marks

The document provides an overview of PN junctions, including definitions of key concepts such as depletion region, barrier potential, and reverse saturation current. It also discusses various applications of PN diodes, rectifiers, and bipolar junction transistors, as well as their characteristics and operational principles. Additionally, it covers field effect transistors, their comparison with bipolar devices, and important parameters like pinch-off voltage and biasing.

Uploaded by

afrith mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Define PN junction.

A PN-junction is formed when an N-type material is fused together with a P-type material
creating a semiconductor diode.

2. What is depletion region in PN junction?


The region around the junction from which the mobile charge carriers (electrons and holes)
are depleted is called as depletion region. Since this region has immobile ions, which are
electrically charged, the depletion region is also known as space charge region.

3. What is barrier potential?


Because of the oppositely charged ions present on both sides of PN junction an electric
potential is established across the junction even without any external voltage source which is
termed as barrier potential.

4. What is Reverse saturation current?


The current due to the minority carriers in reverse bias is said to be reverse saturation current.
This current is independent of the value of the reverse bias voltage.

5. Draw V-I characteristics of pn diode

6. Write the application of pn diode


◻ can be used as rectifier in DC Power Supplies.
◻ In Demodulation or Detector Circuits.
◻ In clamping networks used as DC Restorers
◻ In clipping circuits used for waveform generation.
◻ As switches in digital logic circuits.
◻ In demodulation circuits.

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7. What is forward bias in a PN junction?

When positive terminal of the external supply is connected to P region and


negative terminal to N region ,the PN junction is said to be forward biased. under
forward biased condition the PN region offers a very low resistance and a large amount
of current flows through it

8. What is reverse bias in a PN junction?

When positive terminal of the external supply is connected to N type and negative
terminal to P type then the PN junction is said to be in reverse bias. Under reverse biased
condition the PN region offers a very high resistance and a small amount of current flows
through it.

9. What is zener breakdown?

Zener breakdown takes place when both sides of junctions are very heavily doped.and
the depletion layer will be thin.When a small value of reverse bias voltage is applied , a very
strong electric field is set up across the thin depletion layer. This electric field is enough to
break the covalent bonds. Now extremely large number of free charge carriers are produced
which constitute the zener current. Thisprocess is known as zener break down.
(a) Voltage regulator
(b) Voltage clipper circuits
(c) For controlling the output amplitude.

10. Half Wave Rectifier


A half-wave rectifier is a type of rectifier that only allows the one-half cycle of the input AC
voltage to be passed and converted to an output DC voltage. It is the simplest rectifier
type and is usually used for low-power applications.
11. Full Wave Rectifier
A full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier that converts both half cycles of the input AC
voltage to an output DC voltage. It is more efficient than a half-wave rectifier, as it
utilizes both half cycles of the input AC voltage.
Bridge rectifiers efficiently convert AC to DC because they use diodes to convert AC to DC
with minimal power loss.
11.Bridge rectifier
o The bridge rectifier circuit is more efficient than center-tapped rectifiers because it uses four diodes
instead of two diodes and one center-tapped transformer, and Bridge rectifiers are more efficient
than center-tapped rectifiers because they contain fewer components, require less wiring, and have
fewer losses due to the reduced number of connections. Additionally, bridge rectifiers can handle
higher input voltages than center-tapped rectifiers and provide output voltages with less ripple.
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12. The transformer utilization factor (TUF)
The transformer utilization factor (TUF) of a full-wave rectifier is a measure of its efficiency. It's
calculated by comparing the DC power output to the AC rating of the output coil
13. Ripple factor
Measure of the amount of ripple in the current or voltage output. It's the ratio of the root mean
square (RMS) value of the AC component to the average value of the DC component.
14. RECTIFIER PARAMETERS-Refer class notes

13
UNIT II BIPOLAR JUNCTION

PART A

1. Why an ordinary transistor is called bipolar?


The operation of the transistor depends on both majority and minority carriers. So it is
called bipolar device.

2. Why BJT is called current controlled device?


The output voltage, current, or power is controlled by the input current in a transistor. So it
is called the current controlled device.

3. Define Early Effect.


A variation of the base-collector voltage results in a variation of the quasi-neutral width in the
base. The gradient of the minority-carrier density in the base therefore changes, yielding an
increased collector current as the collector-base current is increased. This effect is referred to as
the early effect.

4. Draw the characteristics of CE configuration.

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5. Among CE, CB, CC which one is most popular. Why?
CE is most popular among the three because it has high gain compared to base and collector
configuration. It has the gain about to 500 that finds excellent usage in audio frequency
applications.

6. Compare CE, CB, CC.

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7. Define current amplification factor
In a transistor amplifier with a.c. input signal, the ratio of change in output current to be the
change in input current is known as the current amplification factor.

9. What is the major difference between a bipolar & unipolar device?


In bipolar devices like BJT, the current flowing is controlled by both minority & majority
charge carriers whereas in unipolar devices like FET, only the majority charge carriers are
responsible for the current flow.

UNIT III FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS

PART A
1. Why it is called field effect transistor?
The drain current ID of the transistor is controlled by the electric field that extends into
the channel due to reverse biased voltage applied to the gate, hence this device has been
given the name Field Effect Transistor.

2. Why FET is called voltage controlled device.


value of the current depends upon the value of the voltage applied at the gate and drain. So it
is known as voltage controlled device.
3. What is channel length modulation?
As the drain voltage increases, its control over the current extends further toward the source,
so the uninverted region expands toward the source, shortening the length of the channel
region, the effect called channel-length modulation.

4. Draw the transfer characteristics curve for JFET.


5. Compare JFET with BJT.

6. Differentiate between N and P channel FETs


1. In an N channel JFET the current carriers are electrons, whereas the current carriers are
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holes in a P channel JFET.
2. Mobility of electrons is large in N channel JFET; Mobility of holes is poor in P
channel JFET.
7. Write some applications for JFET.

8. Compare MOSFET with JFET.

9. Define pinch-off voltage.

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In JFET, the electrons flow through a semiconducting channel between source & drain
terminals. By applying a reverse bias voltage to a gate terminal, the channel is made free of
charge carriers, ie., pinched off, so that the electric current is impeded or switched off
completely.

10. Why do we choose q point at the center of the loadline?

The operating point of a transistor is kept fixed usually at the center of the active region
in order thatthe input signal is well amplified. If the point is fixed in the saturation region or
the cut off region the positive and negative half cycle gets clipped off respectively.

11. What is biasing?

To use the transistor in any application it is necessary to provide sufficient voltage


and current to operate the transistor. This is called biasing.
12. What is "DC load line"?
It is a graphical representation on a transistor's characteristic curve that shows all
possible combinations of collector current (IC) and collector-emitter voltage (VCE)
for a given circuit

Draw the V-I characteristics curve of MOSFET.


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