King oi India.

e Reforc acomparative adjective to denote

selection out of tuno:
This is the more beautiful of the two toys.
Radha is the more intelligent of the two sisters.
9 Before an adjective to indicate an abstract idea:
He is a lover of the good, the pure and the
beautiful.
Ithe good=goodness; the pure = purity; the
beautiful = beautyl
10. As an adverb with comparatives:
The morethe merrier. The more you earn the
The higher you go the cooler it is. more you spend.
11, Before a proper adjective when the word 'nation' or people' is
understood:
The French are more cultured than the English.
The English often fought the French.
12. Before a noun with special emphasis:
Theverb is the action word in a sentence.
He is the hero of the day. This is just the thing I want.
13. Before the names of directions:
the north, the south, the east, the west etc.
 HE DEFINITE ARTICLE WITH PROPER NOUNS
the'should not be placed before a proper noun, but the
As a generalrule,
may be carefully noted:
(a) A nation, a party, or a community; as
the English, the Congress, the Hindus
fol owing excepions
( )A river, a sea, an ocean, a gulf, a bay, a strait, a canal: 2s
the Ganga, the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Bay of Bengal, the Persian
Palk Strait, the Strait of Gibralter, the Suez Canal, the
(c) A range of mountains; as
Panama CanalGulf, the
the Himalayas, the Vindhyas, the Alps.
Note. Many individual mountains do not have 'the' before
Abu, Mount Everest, Parasnath. (But the Matterhorn,them; we say, Mount
the Jungfrau
etc.)
(d) A group of islands; as
the East Indies, the West Indies, the Andamans, the Hebrides.
Note. Individual islands do not have the' placed before them; as,
Sri Lanka, Ireland, Mauritius.
(e) A descriptive geographical name; as
the Punjab, the Sahara, the United Kingdom, the United States of
() A newspaper, magazine or a well-known book: as America.
the Tribune, the Statesman, the Hindustan Times, the Bible, the Gita,
the Ramayana, the Vedas.
Note. If the title of the book is the name of a person or if the author's name is cives
ingenitive, no article is used:
Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Tom Jones, Homer's Illiad, Balmiki's Ramo.
yana.
(g) Aship or an aeroplane; as
the Emperor Ashoka, the Jaladurga, the Kanishka, the Titanic.
(h) Apublic building; as
the Parliament house; the Town Hall.
Note. We also say the cinema, the circus, the concert, the show.
Omission of the Articles
Articles should not be used:
1. before proper nouns. e.g.,
Delhi is the capital of India.
JawaharlalNehru was born at Anand Bhawan in Allahabad.
Everest is the highest peak in the world.
Tagore was a great poet and philosopher.
2. beforeabstract nouns.
e.g.,
Wisdom is better than wealth. Common sense is a great virtue.
Honesty is the best policy.
 nouns. e.g..
4 before material
0lis lighter than water.
Iron and Steel are used to make machines.
Gold and Silver are precious metals.
This temple is made of marble.
before a common noun Used in its widest sense, e..,
4.
Man is mortal. Man is a social being,
Boys play with balls and girls, with dolls.
Iswoman really the weaker sex?
Animals have an undeveloped brain.
Science tries to discover the laws of nature.
 icle is used before a sngular countable noun in the following Cases:
it is used as a nominative of address; e.g.,
(a) when
Come here, girl. Wait a bit, boy.
(b) when
there is another determiner in the form of a possessive adjective
Hke my, our, your, his, her, its, their, before, it, e.g..
Thave lost my pen. Where is your watch? Here is his bat.
(c) whenthe noun is preceded by a demonstrative or distributive adjective like each,
pither, neither, this, that, some, any, another or number, e.g.,
Every man supported him. There are three boys on each bench.
These books are very costly. Some boys went away for blood donation.
countables come in pairs, e.g.,
(d) when
They are brother and sister. Father and son are both blind.
Both husband and wife agreed to my plan.
The film was interesting from beginning toend.
From head to foot, she was dressed in white.
tea, dinner. etc.
(p) before the names of meals as lunch,
He invited me to breakfast.
but we say,
Ienjoyed the dinner he gave me.
the clause he gave me'.
because it has been made specific by the use of
 Before the nouns such as
()
school, college, church,
when their primary purpose (i.e.,
study, attending temple,
etc.) is referred to; e.g.,
service, bed,
Ravi goes to college every day.
Heis still in bed.
But if these nouns are referred to as
Rahul goes to
The injured boytemple treatmenthospital,
every
or u
l nEa
places (of meeting or for taken omorning
was
purpose) the is used. e.g.,
other
My father went to the sch0ol to
The postman comes to the
see the
headmast
college at 12.30 e
p.m.r. than hosppriimtaalr.y
Igo to the hospital every evening to see my uncle
We went to the church to see the bishop.
(g) before a noun denoting rank, title. occupation, station,
King George, Queen Elizabeth, Doctor Rajendra etc. e.g.,
(h) after expressions such as, sort of, type of, kind of,
Prasad.
What sort of person is he? What type of manner of, e.g.,
house do you live in?
() in certain verbal phrases (transitive verb + noun). e.g..
to catch fire, to leave school, to give ear, to send word, to set
hands, to give battle, to cast anchor, to set sail, to take
to do penance, to take fire, to lay siege, to keep house, to
breath, tofoot, to shake
heart, to leave home, totake offence. fol ow
lose heart, to suitaket,
) in certain prepositional phrases (preposition and noun).
at : at home, at school, at fault, at anchor, at ease,at sight.
in : in fact, in debt, in trouble, in court, in hand.
at : at sunset, at night, at daybreak, at noon, at breakfast, at
by : by hand, by water, by road, by rail, by air, by name, by day,lunch, diiner.
at

on : on foot, on horseback.
for : for love, for money.
Repetition of the Article
Note the difference between:
(a) (i) He has a red and white cow. (one cow, partly red, partly white)
(iü) He has a red and a white cow. (two cows, One red and the other white)
(6) i) The horse and the tonga are at the door.
(two horses, one for riding, and the other attached to a tonga)
(u) The horse and tonga is at the door.
(the horse is attached to a tonga; only one horse)
(c) (i) The poet and philosopher was honoured. (one person)
(ü) The poet and the philosopher were honoured. (two persons)
(d) (i) He is a better electrician than clerk.
(He knows both the jobs. His work as electrician is better than that as a clerk.)
(ii) He is a better electrician than a clerk.
(The comparison is between he' and 'a clerk. A
clerk in general cannot be such
a good mechanic as he' is.)
 DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
Use or Omission of Articles
omission of an article leads to a difference in the meaning of an expression.
Theuse orparticular aboutthe
the correct meaning and We
shouldbe usage.
English Language. The English = The English nation (people).
1. English= The
2. French=TThe
French Language The French = The French nation (people).
9 He has read feuw books = He has read no books.
He has read a few books = He has read some books. (= a small nümber)
AAt eighteen, I went to sea = I became a sailor at the age of eighteen.
At eighteen, Iwent tothe sea = Iwent on a voyage at the age of eighteen.
B. She has got headache = She has got chronic headache.
She has got a headache = She has got an attack of headache.
2 To set the sail =to spread
start
6. Toset
sail= to
is
Newtonhimself the sail.
Newton = He
7. He is He is a scientist as great as
Heis a
Newton =
t0 sleep.
Newton.
going to bed =I am going
8. Iam =l amgoing to the placa where the bed is, but not
Iam goingtothe bed
sleep. school= He receives schooling.
9. He goes to
He goestothe
10. She never goes
sch00l =
to play =
She never goes toa
money
ie goes
She
to
never
the particular
takes part in
school.
games.
(It may
(the) play = She never goes to the theatre
ma
with me =II have no money with me. to
be
any nec sary,
see a play.purpose)
11, I have little
with me = Ihave some money with me
Ihavea little money but not much.
at light.
12. To see light = to look publio
Tosee the light = to be born; to appear before the
possesSion of the General. = The
13. The enemyis in enemy has the
General in
tody.
The enemy is in the possession of the
General. =
The General has the their CUs,
custody.
14. She has gone tomarket= She has gone to make purchases enemy in his
She has gone to the market = She has gone to a place where
necessarily tomake purchases.
the market is
held, but nw
15. He is a member of society = He has not cut f all connection with the
the
He is a member of a (the) society = He is a member of a particular world.
association.
society, club
 OTHER DETERMINERS
of determiners.
Hereis a list
1 Articles: a, an,
the
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
2.
2.
Possessives: my, ou, your, his, her, its, their
3.
OdofAnite Pronouns: Some, any, much, many, few, a few, the few. etc
Some examples are given below:
1. Articles
A dog is a faithful animal. An aeroplane flew over just now.
Therich should help the poor. Honesty is the best policy.
The lion is a wild animal.
Demonstratives
2.
This book contains beautiful stories. These trees vwere planted by him.
That house is Mr Gupta's. Those buildings are the new police lines.
This and that take singular nouns and singular verbs after them.
These and those take plural nouns and plural verbs after them.
3. Possessives
This is my stick. Its colour is black.
Let me see your notebook. She forgot her purse on the table.
yesterday. Our house is at the far end of the road.
He had his scooter repaired
Thestudents gave a list of their demands.
 These words in italics are possessive forms of pronouns.
Note.
can be used before both singular and plural nouns.
They nouns also.
uncountable
They can be used before
my book, my books, my milk, my courage, my honour, your pen, your pens,
your honey, your honesty. etc.
4. Indefinite Pronouns
(a) Some and Any
Some is generally used in affirmative sentences.
Any is rarely used in affirmative sentences.
Any is generally used only in negative and interrogative sentences; as
Ihave invited somefriends to the party.
Some books are missing from the library.
Have you any books on Western music?
Sorry, we haven't any books on music.
Is there any milk in the jug?
There isn't any milk or sugar in the house.
Ihave bread, but I haven't any biscuits.
Note. When some is used with acountable noun in theplural, it means an unknoun
or indefinite number; as
Some boys were hurt in the bus accident.
Some persons always spealk ill of others.
When some is used with an uncountable noun, it means an indefinite quantity:
as

Ibought a note-book and some paper.

He wants a pen and some ink.
(6) Much and Many
Many shows number and is used
(a) in interrogative and negative sentences:
Did you see many persons at the dinner?
She has not solved many sums.
(6) as the subject or part of the subject
Many have been respected and worshipped.
Many of us went to see the famous actor.
(c) in the expressions-a good many, a great
many, so many, too many, how many
as many, many a.
In all other cases, replace many by 'a lot of", 'a great
Have you read many books?
number of, plenty of; as
Yes, Ihave read a lot of books.
No, Ihave not read many books.
 hoss
Muchsh quantity and follows the same rules as many. Much' can be
lot of", 'a great
deal of and 'plenty
of; as replaced b
millk?
Does your cow give much
Yes, shegives a lot of milk.
No, she doesn't give a lot of millk.