Current Electricity

07
 Today’s Goal
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

Electric Energy & Electric

Power
 Q)
VA – VB

a) 30V
b) - 30V
c) 33V
d) -33V
Electric Energy &
Electric Power
1. Battery is Discharging

2. Battery is charging
3. Resistor:- Energy is dissipated
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Current Electricity
08
 Today’s Goal
Electric Energy & Electric
Power - I

Power Rating
Energy Dissipated in Resistor
Q) Find Energy dissipated in the resistor in 2 seconds.

i.

ii.
Joule’s Law Of Heating
Fuse Wire
Fuse Wire is a protective device
Based on Heating Effect of current
Fuse wire is made up of material of
1) High Resistance
2) Low Melting Point

An ideal material for fuse wire is an alloy of Lead and Tin

Copper can never be used as a fuse wire

Max current and wire radius

Power Rating of an Appliance
Q)An electric bulb is marked at 100 W, 220 V. If the supply voltage drops to 110 V.
What is the new power dissipated in bulb ?

a) 100 W
b) 200 W
c) 50 W
d) 25 W
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Current Electricity
09
 Today’s Goal
Power Rating – PartII

Meter Bridge

Potentiometer
FAST APPROACH
Q ) The Power Rating of 3 bulbs A,B and C are 25 W , 220 V ; 50 W, 220 V and 100
W, 220 V. If these 3 bulbs are connected in series to a D.C. supply. Which bulb will
grow brightest.

a) A
b) B
c) D
d) All glow with equal brightness
Q) The Power Rating of 3 bulbs A,B and C are 25 W , 220 V ; 50 W, 220 V and 100
W, 220 V. If these 3 bulbs are connected in parallel to a D.C. supply. Which bulb
will grow brightest.

a) A
b) B
c) D
d) All glow with equal brightness
Meter Bridge or Slide Wire Bridge
Q ) In the given circuit, a meter bridge is shown in a balanced state.
The bridge wire has a resistance of 0.1 Ωcm-1 . Find the value of the
unknown resistance X and the current drawn from the battery of
negligible internal resistance.

a) 6 Ω, 1 A
b) 6 Ω, 2 A
c) 4 Ω, 1 A
d) 4 Ω, 2 A
Q) In a meter bridge experiment, null point is found at length 20 cm.
In same experiment when the known resistance R is shunted by 10 Ω
resistance, null point is found to be shifted by 10 cm. Find the
unknown resistance X.

a) 15 Ω
b) 30 Ω
c) 40 Ω
d) 50 Ω
B. Remain unchanged
POTENTIOMETER
 POTENTIOMETER:
1. Potentiometer is a device which measures potential difference more
accurate than Voltmeter.

2. It works on “NULL Point Method” and do not withdraw any current from
original circuit, hence it is more accurate than Voltmeter. But, Voltmeter
is used more often due to its small size and convenience.

3. Potentiometer is used to
i. Determine EMF of a Cell
ii. Compare EMF of two Cells
iii. Determine internal resistance of a Cell
Principle of Potentiometer
➢ It is based on the principle that “if constant current is passed
through a wire of uniform cross-section, the potential difference
across any segment of the wire is proportional to it’s length”

➢
Construction
A potentiometer consists of wire AB of uniform cross
section, generally 4-10 m long, fixed on a wooden
board.
Potential Gradient and Working
3. In practice to save space , the long wire is given 3-4 turns
as shown.
i. Determining EMF of a Cell
NOTE:
1. Battery’s EMF (Eo) should be greater than cell’s EMF (E)
Driving cell

1. The Cell’s Positive terminal should be linked to Battery’s

Positive terminal
OR
Cell’s Negative terminal should be linked to Battery’s Negative
terminal
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Current Electricity
10
 Today’s Goal
Potentiometer – Part II

Conversion of Galvanometer to
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Q) A Potentiometer wire is 10 m long and a potential
difference of 6 V is maintained between its ends. Find the
emf of a cell which balances against a length of 180 cm of the
potentiometer wire.

a) 1.02 V
b) 1.80 V
c) 1.08 V
d) 1 V
(ii) Comparing EMF of two Cells
iii. Determining internal resistance of a Cell.
Q ) In a potentiometer, it is found that no current passes through the
galvanometer when the terminals of the cell are connected across 52
cm of the potentiometer wire. If the cell is shunted by a resistance of 5
Ω, a balance is found when the cell is connected across 40 cm of the
wire. Find the internal resistance of the cell.

a) 1Ω
b) 2Ω
c) 1.5 Ω
d) 2.5 Ω
Sensitivity of Potentiometer
A potentiometer is sensitive if :-
i. It can measure small potential difference.
ii. It shows significant change in balancing length for small change
in potential difference.
Sensitivity of a Potentiometer can be increased by :-

i. By increasing length of the wire

ii. By decreasing current in circuit with the help of the Rheostat.
 Conversion of
Galvanometer to
Ammeter & Voltmeter
 In detail in Ch-04 Moving
GALVANOMETER: Charges & Magnetism

1. A Galvanometer is a device which measures

small current (in mA or μA) and direction of
current.

2. It is actually used to ‘detect’ if there is any

current in circuit or not.

3. On passing a small current through

Galvanometer , it shows some deflection.
4. The maximum current that can be passed through
Galvanometer for which it gives Full Scale Deflection
is written as ‘ig’ .

5. If we pass more current through it the deflection

won’t increase and the device may gets damaged at
more high current.
 AMMETER
1. A Galvanometer cannot be used directly to measure large
currents.

2. To measure large current, we modify Galvanometer. The device

that we get after modification is known as Ammeter.

3.
Q) A galvanometer has a resistance of 50 Ω and its full-scale deflection
current is 50 μA. What shunt resistance should be added so that the
ammeter can have a range of 0-5 mA ?

a) 0.25 Ω
b) 0.50 Ω
c) 0.10 Ω
d) 1.0 Ω
Resistance of an Ideal Ammeter should be ZERO.

Practically however small the shunt is, the Resistance of Ammeter is

not exactly zero and Hence the current measured by Ammeter is lesser
than the actual current.
 VOLTMETER
1. A Voltmeter is a device which measures potential difference across
any two points in a circuit.

2. A Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to measure Potential

difference.
Conversion of Galvanometer to Voltmeter
Resistance of an Ideal Voltmeter should be infinite.
Q) A Galvanometer has a resistance of 50 Ω and it’s full scale deflection current is
10 mA. What resistance should be connected in series with Galvanometer so that
it can form a Voltmeter of range 0-10 V.

a) 975 Ω
b) 950 Ω
c) 925 Ω
d) 900 Ω
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Current Electricity

Lect-11
 Today’s Goal

RC Circuit in DC

LR Circuit in DC
RC Circuit in DC
Initially at t = 0
After a long time 𝒕 → ∞
Note:
1. Initially t=0 Current flows through Branch containing
Capacitor.

2. Steady State t→ ∞ , NO Current Flows through Branch

containing Capacitor
Q) Find the current flowing through two resistors
(a) initially t=0 (b) Steady State 𝒕 → ∞
Q) Calculate charge on capacitor in steady state

a) 50 μC
b) 30 μC
c) 45 μC
d) 60 μC
 GROWTH & DECAY OF
CHARGE IN CAPACITOR
CHARGING
Consider an uncharged capacitor ‘C’
connected to a resistance R , through a
battery of EMF ‘V’
DISCHARGING
LR Circuit in DC
Initially at t = 0
After a long time 𝒕 → ∞
Q) Find the current in R1 and R2
a) Just after switch is closed
b)steady state
❖Growth of Current
❖Decay of Current