FORMULAE & CONSTANTS

PHYSICS
FORCES & MOTION
Velocity (average) = change in displacement / change in time = Δd/Δt
Acceleration (average) = change in velocity / change in time = Δv/Δt
Acceleration (centripetal) = v2/r
1 1
v2 = u2 + 2as s = ut + at2 a = (2s)/t2 s = at2
2 2
u.cosΘxu.sinΘ
In projectile motion: s= where u = initial velocity
0.5xg
2.v.sinΘ (v2 ).sin2 Θ (v2 ).2.sin Θ
Time of flight t = Max Height H = Hor. Range R =
g 2.g g
(v2 )−(u2 )
Max Height H =
2.g
Displacement in Y direction at time = Yt = Y0 + v.sinΘ.t + ½ a.t2
Momentum p = m.v
F = m.a F = q.E (charge x elec field)
G.m1.m1 q1.q2 ma
Fg = Electric Force = q=
r^2 r^2 e
Circular motion: F = (mv2)/r Circular motion: a = v2/r
Tension = μ x m x g
Work = force x displacement
3 1
ΔU = .R.T U = m.g.h KE = mv2
2 2
Spring Motion: F = -kx W= kx2/2

FLUIDS
FB = massdisp x g FB = pfluid x vdisp x g P = m/v
Specific gravity = psubstance/pwater
Bernouilli’s: constant = P + 0.5pv2 + pgh ΔP = pgΔh
Continuity: pvA = constant a1v1 = a2v2
Pressure of boiling water = 1.01 x 105Pa

THERMODYNAMICS
ΔQ
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS Q = mcΔt C= (C = ht cap; Q = ht amount)
Δ𝑇
Enthalpy (ΔH) = Internal E (ΔU) + ΔP.V
T2 ΔH
Entropy ΔS = q/T ΔS = C.ln. ΔSfusion =
𝑇1 𝑇
ΔH.Tb
Trouton’s Rule entropy for hydrocarbons: 85 JK-1mol-1 =
𝑇𝑏

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WAVES
(𝑉±𝑣𝑜)
fO = fs x fs = source frequency; vo = observer velocity; vs = source velocity;
(𝑉±𝑣𝑠)
distance decrease, use +vo and –vs; distance is increase, use –vo and +vs
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛩1 𝑉1 𝑛1 𝜆1 𝑐
= = = n1sinΘ1 = n1sinΘ2 n=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛩2 𝑉2 𝑛2 𝜆2 𝑣

1 1 1 2
= = = for i & o +ve, image is real; -ve, image is virtual
𝑖 0 𝑓 𝑟
for r & f +ve, lens is converging; -ve, lense is diverging
for M, a +ve value means erect; -ve is inverted
Magnification equation = - image distance/object distance = -i/o
Mirror/Lens equation = 1/focal length = 1/object distance + 1/image distance = 1/u + 1/v

In SHM: v = λf Energy (photon of) = hf T = 2π√𝜀/g f = 1/T

ELECTRICITY
Work
Power (W)= = Force x velocity
Time
1 2
V = IR P = IV P = I2R P= =
𝑓 r

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
GAS PROPERTIES
𝐹
PV = nRT Pressure = P1V1 = P2V2
𝐴
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑉1 𝑛1
= =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑛2
Particle Momentum: Δp = 2mvx
2𝐿
Including length of container: Δt =
𝑉𝑥
Δp
Force exerted by this molecule: F =
Δt
Nm
There are N molecules in a container: F = v2.
3L
Vf
ΔS = n.R.ln. Gas constant R = 8.315 1 bar = 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa
Vi
1 Torr = 1 mmHg = 133 Pa

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MATHS/TRIGONOMETRY
SHAPE VOLUMES
Perimeter of a Circle = 2.pi.r
Area of Circle = pi.r2
Volume of a Sphere = (4/3).pi.r3
Area of Triangle = ½ x base x height

VALUES
Cos30 = 0.87 Sin60 = 0.87 √2 = 1.4
Cos45 = 0.70 Sin45 = 0.70 √3 = 1.7
Cos60 = 0.50 Sin30 = 0.50
Cos90 = 0.00 Sin90 = 1.00

SQUARES & SQUARE ROOTS

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EXPONENTIAL NOTATION
Multiplication of Exponents Division of Exponents
(A x 10a)(B x 10b) = (AB) x 10m+n (A x 10a)/(B x 10b) = (A/B) x 10m-n

Exponent to a Power Root of a Power

(A x 10b)c = Ac x 10b x c √𝐴 x √10b = (A x 10b)1/2 = √𝐴 x 10b/2

LOGARITHMS
Log (A x B) = Log A + Log B Log (A / B) = Log A - Log B Log An = n.log.A
Log.xXk = k X.Logxk = k Log(x) = y and x = 10y

Log1 = 0 Ln1 = 0
Log2 = 0.301 Ln2 = 0.7
Log3 = 0.5 Ln3 = 1.1
Log4 = Log2 + Log2 Ln4 = Ln2 + Ln2
Log5 = 0.7 Ln5 = 1.6
Log10 = Log2 + Log5 Ln10 = Ln2 + Ln5
Log20 = Log2 + Log10 Ln20 = Ln2 + Ln10
Log30 = Log3 + Log10 Ln30 = Ln3 + Ln10

Log2 = 0.301 2 = 100.301

Log4 = Log22 = 2.log.2 = 2 x 0.3 = 0.6
Log8 = Log23 = 3.log.2 = 3 x 0.3 = 0.9
Log3 = (Log2 + Log4)/2 = 0.9/2 = 0.45
Log30 = Log3 + Log10 = 0.45 + 1 = 1.45
x Log(x) Ln(x) x = 10Log(x) x Log(x) Ln(x) x = 10Log(x)
0 N/A N/A N/A 4 0.60 1.40 2 x 0.3
0.0001 -4.00 -9.20 10-4 5 0.70 1.60
0.001 -3.00 -6.90 10-3 6 0.80 1.80
0.005 -2.30 -5.30 10-2.3 8 0.90 2.10 4 x 0.3
0.01 -2.00 -4.61 10-2 10 1.00 2.30
0.05 -1.30 -3.00 10-1.3 50 1.70 3.90
0.1 -1.00 -2.30 10-1 100 2.00 4.60
0.5 -0.30 -0.70 10-0.3 500 2.70 6.20
1 0.00 0.00 100.0 1000 3.00 6.90
2 0.30 0.69 100.3 10000 4.00 9.20

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GRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS
Zero Order Reaction: [A] vs time is a straight line with k = negative slope of the line

First Order Reaction: plot of logarithm of [A] vs time is a straight line with k = - slope of line

Second Order Reaction: 1/[A] vs time is a straight line with k = slope of the line

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UNITS & MEASURES
Volume (m3) Forces
1000 cm3 = 1 L = 10-3m3 Force = m.a
106 cm3 = 1 m3 Force (buoyancy) = Vpg = mg
1000 mL = 1 L Force (centripetal) = m.acentr and = mv2/r
1 mL = 1 cm3 Force (electrical) = charge x elect field = q.E
Force (electrostatic) = k (q1.q2/r2)
Temperature (K) Force (friction) = coefficient of frict x normal
0K = -273.15oC force = N
K = oC + 273.15 Force (gravitational) = k (m1.m2/r2)
Force (spring) = -spring const x displ = -k.x
Energy/Heat/Work (Joule) Work (spring) = ½ (spring constant) x
Joule (J) = 1 kg.m2/s2 displacement2 = ½ k.x2
1 joule = 0.23901 calories Force (torque) = force x distance = F.d
1 calorie = 4.184 joules Force (weight) = m.g

Pressure (Pa) Energy

1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/ms2 Energy (conservat of) = Etotal = Ekinet + Epotent
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr Energy (kinetic) = ½ m.v2
Energy (potential, grav) = m.g.h
Physics Energy (Gibbs Free Energy) = ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
Velocity (ms-1); Acceleration (ms-2)
Force (N or kg.m.s-2); Mass (kg) Electricity
Power (W) = 1 J/s = (Volts x Ampere) Ohm’s Law = V = IR
Current, I (Amp) = Coulombs x Sec P = IV
Resistance (Ohm) = 1 volt/ampere Kirchoff’s Law 1 = Sumcurrent = 0 at junction
Magnetic Field (tesla) = T = 1 Kirchoff’s Law 2 = Sumvolt = 0 around circuit
Newston/ampere metre = 1 NA-1m-1 Current = I = flow of charge/time = Q/t
Resist in Series = Rtotal = R1 + R2 … + Rn
Chemistry Resist in Parallel = 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +
Molarity, M (moles/L) = n/L 1/R3 … + 1/Rn
Moles, N (mass/MM) = m/MM Capacit in Series = 1/Ctotal = 1/C1 + 1/C2 +
Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT 1/C3 … + 1/Cn
Capacit in Parallel = Ctotal = C1 + C2 … + Cn

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