Module on Phase Modulation (AM) (1)
Uploaded by
Mike Lowin SulianoModule on Phase Modulation (AM) (1)
Uploaded by
Mike Lowin SulianoModule on Phase Modulation (PM)
1. Introduction to Phase Modulation (PM)
Phase Modulation (PM) is a modulation technique where the phase of the carrier signal is
varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. Unlike Amplitude
Modulation (AM), which varies the carrier's amplitude, PM changes the carrier's phase based
on the message signal.
In phase modulation, the frequency of the modulated signal changes as a result of the phase
shifts, but the carrier's amplitude remains constant.
2. Basic Concept
In PM, the phase of a carrier signal is varied according to the message signal m(t)m(t)m(t). The
carrier signal is a sine wave, and its phase ϕ(t)\phi(t)ϕ(t) is modified based on the input
message signal.
The general formula for a phase-modulated signal is:
s(t)=Accos(2πfct+kpm(t))s(t) = A_c \cos \left( 2 \pi f_c t + k_p m(t) \right)s(t)=Accos(2πfct+kp
m(t))
Where:
AcA_cAc= amplitude of the carrier signal
fcf_cfc= frequency of the carrier
m(t)m(t)m(t) = message signal (input signal)
kpk_pkp= phase modulation constant (determines the sensitivity of phase shift to the
message signal)
s(t)s(t)s(t) = resulting PM signal
3. Characteristics of Phase Modulation
1. Carrier Signal: The carrier's frequency remains constant, but the phase changes
according to the message signal.
2. Phase Shift: The phase of the carrier is shifted in proportion to the amplitude of the
message signal.
3. Frequency Spectrum: The frequency spectrum of a PM signal contains a carrier and
sidebands similar to AM, but the sidebands are created due to the phase shifts instead of
amplitude variations.
4. Bandwidth: The bandwidth required for phase modulation is generally larger than that
for AM, especially as the modulation index increases.
4. Mathematical Expression
The phase-modulated signal can be written as:
s(t)=Accos(2πfct+kpm(t))s(t) = A_c \cos \left( 2 \pi f_c t + k_p m(t) \right)s(t)=Accos(2πfct+kp
m(t))
Where kpk_pkpdetermines the extent of phase modulation. The message signal m(t)m(t)m(t)
will influence the carrier's phase, leading to varying frequency components around the
carrier frequency fcf_cfc.
If the message signal m(t)m(t)m(t) is sinusoidal, for example:
m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt)m(t) = A_m \cos(2 \pi f_m t)m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt)
The resulting PM signal becomes:
s(t)=Accos(2πfct+kpAmcos(2πfmt))s(t) = A_c \cos \left( 2 \pi f_c t + k_p A_m \cos(2 \pi f_m t)
\right)s(t)=Accos(2πfct+kpAmcos(2πfmt))
This shows that the carrier is modulated by both the amplitude and frequency of the
message signal.
5. Modulation Index
The modulation index in phase modulation is defined as the maximum phase deviation of the
carrier, which is related to the amplitude of the message signal and the modulation index
β\betaβ.
β=kpAm2π\beta = \frac{k_p A_m}{2 \pi}β=2πkpAm
Where:
kpk_pkp= phase modulation constant
AmA_mAm= maximum amplitude of the message signal
β\betaβ = modulation index
The modulation index controls how much the phase of the carrier is deviated due to the
message signal. A higher modulation index leads to greater frequency deviations.
6. Power and Bandwidth in PM
Power: In phase modulation, the total power of the signal remains constant and is equal
to the power of the unmodulated carrier. This is different from AM, where the power is
split between the carrier and sidebands.
Ptotal=Pc=Ac22RP_{total} = P_c = \frac{A_c^2}{2R}Ptotal=Pc=2RAc2
Bandwidth: The bandwidth of a phase-modulated signal depends on the modulation
index. As the modulation index β\betaβ increases, the bandwidth also increases, similar
to Frequency Modulation (FM). The required bandwidth for PM is generally larger than
AM.
7. Applications of Phase Modulation
1. Communication Systems: PM is often used in digital communication systems,
particularly for Phase Shift Keying (PSK), a form of digital modulation where the phase of
the carrier is shifted to represent data.
2. Satellite Communication: PM is used in satellite communication for its efficiency and
robustness to noise.
3. FM Radio: PM is mathematically related to Frequency Modulation (FM), which is used in
FM radio broadcasting.
4. Radar Systems: PM is used in radar systems for accurate signal processing and target
detection.
8. Advantages of PM
Noise Immunity: PM signals are more immune to noise compared to AM signals,
particularly noise that affects the amplitude.
Constant Power: Unlike AM, the power in PM remains constant, making it more power-
efficient in certain applications.
Efficient for Digital Communication: PM is highly efficient in digital communication, as it
forms the basis for many phase-shift keying techniques.
9. Disadvantages of PM
Complexity: PM systems are generally more complex than AM systems, requiring more
sophisticated modulation and demodulation techniques.
Bandwidth Requirement: PM requires more bandwidth than AM for a given message
signal, especially when the modulation index is large.
Phase Distortion: Phase modulation can suffer from distortion due to phase shifts, which
may degrade signal quality in certain systems.
10. Conclusion
Phase Modulation (PM) is an important modulation technique where the carrier signal's phase
is altered based on the message signal's amplitude. Unlike AM, which varies the carrier's
amplitude, PM affects the frequency of the signal. This makes PM highly useful in applications
like digital communication (such as PSK), satellite systems, and radar. However, PM requires
more bandwidth and is more complex compared to AM.
This module covers the key concepts of Phase Modulation (PM), and you can dive deeper into
each section for further study or exploration. Let me know if you'd like to delve further into
any specific aspect!
