Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

LETS KNOW TH
E
THEORY & CON
CEPT
BEHIND IT

Design & Developed by :

STEAM Educational Research Cell (SERC)
Math Coders Pvt. Ltd.
Head Office: Pilani Rajasthan
Research & Innovation Hub : Dhanbad, Jharkhand
www.mathcoders.org
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

LDR SENSOR

WHAT IS LDR SENSOR

An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor is a

type of resistor that changes its resistance
based on the amount of light falling on it. It's
commonly used in light-sensing applications.
When light levels are high, the resistance
decreases, allowing more current to flow; when
it's dark, the resistance increases, reducing the
current.
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

LDR sensor working

principle
1. Photoconductivity:
An LDR is made from semiconductor materials
like cadmium sulfide (CdS). When light photons
hit the material, they excite electrons, allowing
them to move more freely.
2. Resistance Changes:
Bright Light: When exposed to light, the
resistance of the LDR decreases significantly
(often to a few hundred ohms). This allows more
current to flow through the circuit.
Low Light/Darkness: In the absence of light, the
resistance increases dramatically (to several
megaohms), limiting the current flow.
3. Voltage Divider Circuit:
LDRs are typically used in a voltage divider
configuration with a fixed resistor. This setup
produces a variable output voltage based on the
light intensity:
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

WHAT IS ULTRASONIC
SENSOR

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device

that uses high-frequency sound waves
(ultrasound) to measure the distance to an
object. It works by emitting a burst of ultrasonic
sound and then measuring the time it takes for
the sound to bounce off the object and return
to the sensor.
Ultrasonic sensor
working principle
Working principle:
1. The transmitter emits a burst of ultrasonic sound
waves.
2. The sound waves travel through the air and hit
the object.
3. The sound waves are reflected back towards the
sensor.
4. The receiver detects the reflected sound waves.
5. The timer measures the time interval between the
emitted and received sound waves.
6. The sensor calculates the distance to the object
based on the time interval and the speed of
sound.
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

WHAT IS SOIL MOISTURE

SENSOR

A soil moisture sensor is a device used to

measure the amount of water present in the
soil. These sensors help monitor soil moisture
levels, which is crucial for agriculture,
gardening, and environmental studies, as it
helps determine when irrigation is needed and
whether the soil is too dry or too saturated.
Soil Moisture sensor
working principle
1. Sends a signal: The sensor has two metal probes
that go into the soil.
2. Checks resistance: When the soil is wet, it allows
electricity to pass through easily. When it’s dry, it
resists the flow of electricity.
3. Reads moisture level: The sensor measures how
easily the electricity flows and uses that
information to figure out how wet or dry the soil is.

If the soil is wet, the sensor says it’s moist. If the soil
is dry, the sensor tells you it needs watering. This
helps you know when plants need water, preventing
both overwatering and underwatering.
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

SOUND SENSOR

WHAT IS SOUND SENSOR

A sound sensor is a device that detects sound

waves or vibrations in the air and converts
them into an electrical signal. It is commonly
used to sense noise, measure sound levels, or
trigger actions in response to sound.
 Sound sensor
working principle

1. Detection of Sound Waves: When sound (a

vibration in the air) hits the sensor, it causes a
small diaphragm or microphone inside the sensor
to vibrate.
2. Conversion to Electrical Signal: These vibrations
are then converted into an electrical signal,
typically using a microphone or piezoelectric
material.
3. Signal Processing: The electrical signal is
processed by the sensor's circuitry, which can
measure the sound’s amplitude (loudness) or
frequency (pitch).
4. Output: The sensor then provides an output
based on the sound detected, which can be used
to trigger other devices (like an alarm, light, or
automated system) or simply be monitored for
sound levels.
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

IR SENSOR

WHAT IS IR SENSOR

An IR sensor (Infrared sensor) is a device that

detects infrared radiation (heat) emitted by
objects or people. It works by detecting the
infrared light that is invisible to the human eye
but can be felt as heat. IR sensors are widely
used in various applications, including motion
detection, temperature sensing, and remote
control systems.
IR sensor working
principle

1. Detection of Infrared Light: IR sensors have a

special detector (like a photodiode or thermopile)
that can detect infrared radiation (heat) emitted
by objects.
2. Sensing Heat or Motion: When an object emits
infrared radiation, the sensor detects the change
in energy. For motion detection, when a person or
object moves in front of the sensor, the infrared
radiation reflected from them changes, triggering
the sensor.
3. Conversion to Signal: The sensor converts this
detected infrared energy into an electrical signal,
which can then be processed to take an action
(like turning on a light, triggering an alarm, or
adjusting temperature settings).
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

JOYSTICK CONTROL CAR

DIAGRAM

JOY
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

S T E A M CONCEPT
Various types of
Sensors & Diagram

LEARNING OUTCOME

After
comp
lesson leting
stude this
under nts wi
stand ll
conce the
pt of
Variou
s type
Senso s of
rs & D
iagram
 Learn | Build | Innovate | Lead

About Math Coders School Programs :

Last few years Math Coders conduct school programs from
LKG to Class 9th to teach 21st century skills-based courses
such as Robotics, Coding, Artificial Intelligence (AI), 3D
Design & Printing, Game & Animation (using Scratch), App
Development (using MIT App Inventor), Astronomy & Space
Technology, Drone making and so on.In this program, expert
trainers of Math Coders are teaching the above subjects to
the school students in the school time. New Education Policy
(NEP) 2020 already introduced STEAM Activities, Robotics,
AI, 3D Design, Astronomy & Space Science in the School
Syllabus (CBSE/ICSE) to develop 21st century skills of our
kids.