Forces, Motion, and Energy

#1. Developing Scientific Literacy and Inquiry Skills in Physics:

Grade 7-10 Learning Objectives

This document outlines examples of physics learning objectives for grades 7-10, emphasizing
the development of scientific literacy and inquiry skills within the framework of the K-12
Curriculum. These objectives are designed to foster students' ability to understand, interpret,
and apply scientific concepts and processes to real-world situations.

Grade 7

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the relationship between force, mass, and
acceleration using Newton's Laws of Motion, demonstrating their understanding through
hands-on experiments and written explanations.

- Objective: Students will be able to design and conduct an experiment to investigate the effects
of different forces on the motion of an object, using appropriate scientific tools and recording
their findings in a clear and organized manner.

- Objective: Students will be able to differentiate between potential and kinetic energy by
providing real-world examples and explaining how energy transformations occur in various
scenarios.

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the concept of work and its relationship to energy
through problem-solving activities and by applying their knowledge to everyday situations.

- Objective: Students will be able to analyze and interpret data from experiments involving heat
transfer, drawing conclusions about the relationship between temperature changes and the
transfer of thermal energy.

Grade 8

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the properties of waves (e.g., amplitude,
wavelength, frequency) and their relationship to sound and light, demonstrating their
understanding through diagrams and simulations.

- Objective: Students will be able to design and conduct an experiment to investigate the
reflection and refraction of light, using mirrors, lenses, and other materials, and presenting their
findings in a scientific report.
- Objective: Students will be able to explain the electromagnetic spectrum and the
characteristics of different types of electromagnetic radiation, using diagrams and real-world
applications.

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the relationship between electricity and magnetism,
using examples of electromagnets and electric motors, and creating their own simple electrical
circuits.

- Objective: Students will be able to analyze and interpret data from experiments involving static
electricity, explaining the concepts of charge, attraction, and repulsion.

Grade 9

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the concept of pressure and its relationship to
fluids, using examples of atmospheric pressure, buoyancy, and Archimedes' Principle.

- Objective: Students will be able to design and conduct an experiment to investigate the
relationship between pressure and depth in a liquid, using appropriate materials and recording
their findings in a scientific report.

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the concept of buoyancy and its application in
various scenarios, including the design of ships and submarines.

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the relationship between heat and temperature,
using examples of specific heat capacity and thermal expansion.

- Objective: Students will be able to analyze and interpret data from experiments involving heat
transfer, drawing conclusions about the different methods of heat transfer (conduction,
convection, radiation).

Grade 10

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the concept of momentum and its relationship to
collisions, using examples of impulse and conservation of momentum.

- Objective: Students will be able to design and conduct an experiment to investigate the
conservation of momentum in a collision, using appropriate materials and recording their
findings in a scientific report.

- Objective: Students will be able to explain the concept of work and energy and their
relationship to power, using examples of mechanical work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and
power output.
- Objective: Students will be able to explain the concept of simple machines and their role in
increasing mechanical advantage, using examples of levers, pulleys, inclined planes, and
wedges.

- Objective: Students will be able to analyze and interpret data from experiments involving
simple machines, drawing conclusions about the relationship between force, distance, and work

#2. Application
Grade 7:

Motion in one Dimension Objective:

Students will design and conduct experiments to investigate the motion of an object in one
dimension. They will measure and analyze the object's distance, displacement, speed, velocity,
and acceleration, differentiating quantities in terms of magnitude and direction.

Students will create and interpret visual representations of the motion of objects, such as tape
charts and motion graphs, to demonstrate their understanding of motion in one dimension.

Learning Competency:

1. describe the motion of an object in terms of distance or displacement, speed or velocity,

and acceleration;
2. differentiate quantities in terms of magnitude and direction;
3. create and interpret visual representation of the motion of objects such as tape charts
and motion graphs;

Waves Objectives:

Students will be able to design and conduct experiments to infer that waves carry energy

Students will be able to differentiate transverse from longitudinal waves, and mechanical from
electromagnetic waves, by creating models and simulations.

Students will be able to relate the characteristics of waves by analyzing and interpreting data
from experiments involving wave properties such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and
speed.

Learning Competency:

1. infer that waves carry energy;

2. differentiate transverse from longitudinal waves, and mechanical from electromagnetic
waves;
 3. relate the characteristics of waves;

Sound Objectives:

Students will be able to design and conduct experiments using tuning forks, speakers, and
sound sensors to investigate the characteristics of sound.

Students will be able to construct models of the human voice box using materials like rubber
bands and plastic tubes to demonstrate sound production.

Students will be able to conduct research and present case studies on how different organisms
produce, transmit, and receive sound at various frequencies.

Learning Competency:

1. describe the characteristics of sound using the concepts of wavelength, velocity, and
amplitude;
2. explain sound production in the human voice box, and how pitch, loudness, and quality
of sound vary from one person to another;
3. describe how organisms produce, transmit, and receive sound of various frequencies
(infrasonic, audible, and ultrasonic sound);

Light Objectives:

Students will be able to conduct experiments using prisms, diffraction gratings, and light sources
to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of light, such as color and intensity,
and its frequency and wavelength.

Students will be able to design and conduct experiments using lasers, mirrors, and light-blocking
obstacles to infer that light travels in a straight line.

Learning Competency:

1. relate characteristics of light such as color and intensity to frequency and wavelength;
2. infer that light travels in a straight line;

Heat Objective:

Students will be able to design and conduct experiments using materials such as metal rods,
thermometers, and heat sources to investigate the conditions necessary for heat transfer to
occur.

Learning Competency:

1. infer the conditions necessary for heat transfer to occur;

Electricity Objective:
Students will be able to conduct experiments using materials like balloons, wool, glass rods, and
silk to investigate the different types of charging processes (e.g., friction, conduction, induction).

Students will be able to design and conduct experiments to demonstrate the importance of
earthing or grounding in electrical systems.

Learning Competency:

1.describe the different types of charging processes; and

2. explain the importance of earthing or grounding.

Learning Outcome (Application-Based):

Students will analyze the motion of a sprinter in a 100m race using graphs and equations, then
compare it to their own running speed

Grade 8:

Forces and Motion

Objective: Students will investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and
the mass of an object to the amount of change in the object's motion.

Objective: Students will infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of
force is exerted back on it, demonstrating how a body responds to changes in motion.

Objective: Students will relate the laws of motion to bodies in uniform circular motion, inferring
that circular motion requires the application of a constant force directed toward the center of
the circle.

Learning Competency:

1. investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the
object to the amount of change in the object’s motion;
2. infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted
back on it;
3. demonstrate how a body responds to changes in motion;
4. relate the laws of motion to bodies in uniform circular motion;
5. infer that circular motion requires the application of constant force directed toward the
center of the circle;

Work, Power, and Energy

Objective: Students will identify situations in which work is done and in which no work is done.

Objective: Students will describe how work is related to power and energy.

Objective: Students will differentiate between potential and kinetic energy.

Objective: Students will relate the speed and position of an object to the amount of energy it
possesses

Learning Competency:

1. identify situations in which work is done and in which no work is done;

2. describe how work is related to power and energy;
3. differentiate potential and kinetic energy;
4. relate speed and position of object to the amount of energy possessed by a body;

Sound and Light

Objective: Students will infer how the movement of particles of an object affects the speed of
sound through it.

Objective: Students will investigate the effect of temperature on the speed of sound through
fair testing.

Objective: Students will demonstrate the existence of the color components of visible light
using a prism or diffraction grating.

Objective: Students will explain the hierarchy of colors in relation to energy.

Objective: Students will explain that red is the least bent and violet the most bent according to
their wavelengths or frequencies.

Learning Competency:

1. infer how the movement of particles of an object affects the speed of sound through it;
2. investigates the effect of temperature to speed of sound through fair testing;

3. demonstrate the existence of the color components of visible light using a prism or
diffraction grating;
4. explain the hierarchy of colors in relation to energy;
5. explain that red is the least bent and violet the most bent according to their wavelengths
or frequencies;

Heat, Temperature, and Electricity

 Objective: Students will differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular
level.

Objective: Students will infer the relationship between current and charge.

Objective: Students will explain the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel
connections in homes.

Objective: Students will differentiate between electrical power and electrical energy.

Objective: Students will explain the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double
insulation, and other safety devices in the home.

Learning Competency:

1. differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level;

2. infer the relationship between current and charge;
3. explain the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel connections in homes;
4. differentiate electrical power and electrical energy; and
5. explain the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double insulation, and other
safety devices in the home.

Grade 9

Motions in two dimension Objectives:

Students will investigate the horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile, measuring and
analyzing its trajectory to describe these motions.

Students will investigate how different angles of release affect the height and range of a
projectile, analyzing their data to understand this relationship.

Students will investigate the relationship between impulse and momentum during collisions,
applying their findings to real-world scenarios like vehicular collisions.

Students will investigate the conservation of momentum in collisions, comparing the total
momentum before and after collisions to infer its constancy.

Students will research and present case studies on collision-related damages and injuries,
analyzing the causes and effects based on principles of impulse and momentum.

Learning Competency:

1. describe the horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile;

2. investigate the relationship between the angle of release and the height and range
of the projectile;
 3. relate impulse and momentum to collision of objects (e.g., vehicular collision);
4. infer that the total momentum before and after collision is equal;
5. examine effects and predict causes of collision related damages/injuries;

Work Power and Energy Objective:

Students will investigate and explain the energy transformations occurring in various activities
or events such as waterfalls, archery, and amusement rides.

Students will design and conduct experiments to demonstrate the conservation of mechanical
energy using materials like ramps, pendulums, and springs.

Students will investigate and analyze various processes to infer that the total mechanical energy
remains the same.

Learning Competency:

1. explain energy transformation in various activities/events (e.g., waterfalls,

archery, amusement rides);
2. perform activities to demonstrate conservation of mechanical energy;
3. infer that the total mechanical energy remains the same during any process;

Heat, Work, and Efficiency Objectives:

Students will construct a model such as a simple steam engine to demonstrate that heat can do
work.

Students will conduct experiments to infer that heat transfer can be used to do work and that
work involves the release of heat.

Students will investigate and explain why machines are never 100-percent efficient by studying
real-world examples and conducting experiments with different types of machines.

Students will research and create models or diagrams to explain how heat transfer and energy
transformation make heat engines, such as geothermal plants, work.

Learning Competency:

6. construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work;

7. infer that heat transfer can be used to do work, and that work involves the release of
heat;
8. explain why machines are never 100-percent efficient;
9. explain how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines like
geothermal plants work; and
Electricity and Magnetism Objective:

Students will research and create models or diagrams to explain the process of generating,
transmitting, and distributing electrical energy

Learning Competency:

10. explain how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed.

Grade 10

Electromagnetic Spectrum Objectives:

Students will conduct research and create visual representations, such as charts or diagrams, to
compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves.

Students will research and present examples of practical applications of the different regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.

Students will investigate and explain the effects of electromagnetic radiation on living things
and the environment.

Learning Competency:

1. compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves;

2. cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves,
such as the use of radio waves in telecommunications;
3. explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment;

Light Objectives:

Students will investigate and predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and
magnification) of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses through hands-on
experiments.

Students will apply ray diagramming techniques to describe the characteristics and positions of
images formed by lenses.

Students will research and present case studies on the use of mirrors and lenses in optical
instruments such as cameras and binoculars.

Learning Competency:

1. predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of images

formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses;
 2. apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics and positions of
images formed by lenses;
3. identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in optical
instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars);

Electricity and Magnetism Objective:

Students will design and conduct experiments to demonstrate the generation of electricity by
moving a magnet through a coil.

Students will investigate and explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator.

Learning Competency:

1. demonstrate the generation of electricity by movement of a magnet through a coil; and

2. explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator.

#3. Continuation (Spiral progression)

Assigned Goals:

1. Develop Scientific Literacy: Equip students with the knowledge and skills to understand and
apply scientific concepts in everyday life.

2. Promote Critical Thinking: Encourage analytical thinking and problem-solving abilities through
scientific inquiry and experimentation.

3. Foster Curiosity and Innovation: Cultivate a sense of curiosity and innovation in students,
inspiring them to explore and discover new scientific ideas.

4. Prepare for Higher Education: Lay a strong foundation in scientific principles to prepare
students for advanced studies and careers in science-related fields.

Grade Level Objectives:

Grade 7 Objective: Introduce basic concepts of force, motion, and energy.

Specified Objectives:

• Understand different types of forces and their effects on motion.

• Identify various forms of energy and their sources.

• Conduct simple experiments to observe force and energy in action.

Example:

 Students learn about different types of forces (e.g., gravity, friction) and their effects on
motion. They are introduced to basic forms of energy (e.g., kinetic, potential) and their
sources.

Grade 8:

Objective: Deepen understanding of force, motion, and energy through Newton's laws and
energy transformation.

Specified Objectives:

• Apply Newton's laws of motion to real-life scenarios.

• Investigate energy transfer and transformation processes.

• Perform experiments to demonstrate concepts of work, power, and energy.

Example:

Building on their Grade 7 knowledge, students study Newton's laws of motion and how they
apply to real-life scenarios. They investigate how energy is transferred and transformed,
reinforcing and expanding their understanding of force and motion.

Grade 9:

Objective: Explore the conservation of energy and the mechanics of simple machines.

Specified Objectives:

• Understand the principle of conservation of energy.

• Analyze the mechanical advantage and efficiency of simple machines.

• Experiment with various simple machines to understand their functions.

Example:

Students delve deeper into the principle of conservation of energy, understanding how energy
remains constant in a closed system. They analyze the mechanical advantage and efficiency of
simple machines, applying their knowledge of force and motion to practical examples.
Grade 10:

Objective: Study complex forces and energy systems, focusing on sustainability and advanced
applications.

Specified Objectives:

• Examine electromagnetic forces and their technological applications.

• Explore energy conservation in different systems and sustainability practices.

• Conduct advanced experiments to understand energy efficiency and environmental impact.

Example:

Students explore electromagnetic forces and their technological applications, such as electric
motors and generators. They examine energy conservation in various systems and study
sustainability practices, integrating their understanding of force, motion, and energy in
advanced contexts.

# 4. Mastery of the Skills

Grade 7: - Content: Electricity (1) Charges (2) Charging Processes

- Content Standards: The learners demonstrate the understanding of charges and the charging
processes

Objective: Students will be able to:

1. Identify and describe different types of electric charges.

2. Explain the processes of charging by friction, conduction, and induction.

3. Demonstrate understanding by applying the concepts of charges and charging processes

through experiments and practical applications.

Grade 7 : Third Quarter -Learning Competencies: Explain the importance or earthing and
grounding (S7LT-IIIj14)

Grade 8: - Content: Electricity

- Content Standards: The learners demonstrate the understanding of current-voltage resistance

relationship, electric power, electric energy and home circuitry

Objective: Students will be able to:

 1. Explain the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance using Ohm's Law.

2. Calculate electric power and electric energy in various electrical circuits.

3. Design and analyze simple home circuit diagrams.

4. Apply concepts of current, voltage, resistance, electric power, and electric energy to
solve real-world problems and conduct practical experiments.

- Grade 8- First Quarter -Learning Competencies: Explain the functions of circuit breakers, fuses,
earthing, double insulation, and other safety devices at home (S8FE-Ii-33)

Grade 9: - Content: Electricity and Magnetism

- Content Standards: The learners demonstrate the understanding of generation transmission,

and distribution of electrical energy from power plants (hydroelectric, geothermal, wind,
nuclear) at home

Objective: Students will be able to:

1. Describe the generation of electrical energy from various power plants, including
hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, and nuclear, as outlined in the K to 12 curriculum.

2. Explain the processes involved in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy
from power plants to homes, following the K to 12 curriculum guidelines.

3. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different types of power plants in terms of
efficiency, environmental impact, and sustainability, in line with the K to 12 curriculum.

4. Apply the concepts of electrical energy generation, transmission, and distribution to

real-world scenarios and practical applications, adhering to the K to 12 curriculum
standards

- Grade 9: Fourth Quarter -Learning Competencies:

>Explain how electrical energy is generated, transmuted, and distributed (S9FE-IVhj-46)

- Grade 10: - Content: Electricity and Magnetism

- Content Standards: The learners demonstrate the understanding of the relationship between
electricity and magnetism in electric motors and generators

- Grade 10: Second Quarter -Learning Competencies

>Explain the operation of simple electric motor and generator (S10FE-IIj-54)

The learning competencies outlined for Grades 7-10 are indeed supportive of the education
objective, which is the mastery of skills in understanding electricity and magnetism.

Here's how each grade level's learning competencies align with the objective:

# Grade 7

- Explaining the importance of earthing and grounding demonstrates an understanding of

electrical safety.

# Grade 8

- Explaining the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, and other safety devices shows mastery of
electrical safety concepts.

# Grade 9

- Explaining how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed demonstrates an

understanding of the electrical energy supply chain.

# Grade 10

- Explaining the operation of simple electric motors and generators shows mastery of the
relationship between electricity and magnetism.

These learning competencies progressively build upon each other, allowing students to develop
a deeper understanding of electricity and magnetism concepts and master the relevant skills.

#5. Here are some learning outcomes for Technological and Environmental
Awareness in a K-12 Physics curriculum from grades 7-10, focusing on the intersection of
physics, technology, and the environment:

Purpose (Goal): Technological and environmental awareness

Grade 7:

Learning Outcome:

Understanding Basic Technologies:

Learning Objective:
Students should be able to identify and explain the basic principles of common technologies like
communication technologies (radio waves, cell phones).

 Explain how radio waves are generated and transmitted.

 Describe how cell phones convert voice and data into radio signals.
 Analyze how different communication technologies are used in daily life.

Learning Competency:

1. Infer that waves carry energy. S7LT-IIIc-4

2. Differentiate transverse from longitudinal waves and mechanical from electromagnetic

waves. S7LT-IIIc-5

3. Relate the characteristics of waves. S7LT-IIId-6

Learning Outcome:

Sustainable Practices:

Learning Objective:

Students should be able to identify and explain simple sustainable practices related to energy
conservation, waste reduction, and responsible resource use.

Learning Competency:

1. Describe ways of using Earth’s resources sustainability. S7ES-IVc-4

Grade 8:

Learning Outcome:

Energy and the Environment:

Learning Objective:

Students should understand the different forms of energy (kinetic, potential, thermal, etc.),
energy transformations, and the role of energy in environmental systems.

Learning Competency:

1. Differentiate potential and kinetic energy. S8FE-Id-22

Grade 9:

Learning Outcome:

Physics of Climate Change:

Learning Objective:

Students should understand the basic physics behind climate change, including the greenhouse
effect, global warming, and the role of human activities.

Learning Outcome:

Technological Solutions for Climate Change:

Learning Objective:

Students should be able to discuss and evaluate various technological solutions for mitigating
climate change, such as renewable energy technologies, carbon capture and storage, and
energy efficiency improvements.

Learning Competency:

1. Explain how different factors affect the climate of an area. S9ES-IIIe-30

2. Describe certain climate phenomena that occur on a global level. S9ES-IIIf-31

Grade 10:

Learning Outcome:

Ethical Considerations in Technology and the Environment:

Learning Objective:

Students should engage in discussions about the ethical implications of technological

advancements on the environment and society, considering issues like resource allocation,
environmental justice, and the potential for unintended consequences.

Learning Competency:

1. Suggest ways to minimize human impact on the environment. S10LT-IIIi-42