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An IoT Based Smart Waste Management System for the Municipality or City
Corporations

Conference Paper · October 2024

DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2411.09710

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 An IoT Based Smart Waste Management System
for the Municipality or City Corporations
Laboni Paul1 , Rahul Deb Mohalder2 , Kazi Masudul Alam3
1
VISIE Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
ICT Cell, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
3
Computer Science and Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
Email- [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
arXiv:submit/5967642 [cs.OH] 31 Oct 2024

Abstract—The population of the urban areas is increasing

daily, and this migration is causing serious environmental pollu-
tion. A larger population is creating pressure on the municipal-
ity’s waste management and the city corporations of developing
countries such as Bangladesh, further threatening human health.
New generation technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT)-
based waste management systems, can help improve this serious
issue. IoT-enabled smart dustbins and mobile applications-based
interactive management can effectively solve this problem. In this
article, we combine these two technologies to offer an acceptable
solution to this problem. The proposed waste management model
enables smart dustbins to communicate with waste collectors or
waste control centers whenever it is necessary. Additionally, city
dwellers can use mobile applications to report their observations
in their neighborhoods. As a result, both sensors and humans are
involved directly in the development loop. We have conducted a
detailed survey to study the acceptance of such a system in the
community and received some encouraging results.
Index Terms—Ubiquitous Computing, Internet of Things,
Smart Waste Management, IoT Application. Fig. 1: Smart waste management system

I. I NTRODUCTION
The waste that the tumid population produces is primarily amount of money for the waste management system. But most
to blame for the environmental pollution of the urban en- of them are used for buying vehicles or paying the waste
vironment. Food waste is one of them. It is increasing the collector. So our waste management department manages some
environmental and health risk of urban people [1], [2]. We open space garbage locations. It is very unhygienic as most
have to spend a huge amount of money on removing this of the waste of our country is rotting garbage. As most of the
urban waste every year. It has become difficult to remove garbage bins are open so easily it pollutes the air. So a large
this excessive waste from people’s unconsciousness. For this, number of people are suffering from air pollution diseases. So
experts are looking for a smart solution to remove waste. we need a proper and efficient waste management system.
From the World Bank’s report every year 1.3 billion tons Now we are living in the era of IoT. A great revelation
of household waste is generated. And it will be 2.2 billion has occurred in the industrial and residential sectors through
tons in 2025 [3]. Our era is technology-based and at present, IoT service. People are moving to IoT devices [4]. IoT-based
the internet is very common in Bangladesh. The price of the engineering and scientific application is also involved [5].
internet is decreasing day by day and the use of the internet Smart city-based applications are one of them. There is no
is much easier than before. So, an interconnected system alternate smart city-based IoT application for giving services
will be a good solution for a waste management system. and monitoring an upgrowing population [6].
Interconnected systems may decrease cost and time. This will Governments of every country are trying to make everything
make waste management more efficient and convenient. digitized and smart through IoT services. Because IoT is a
For an increasing number of people, extra waste is being trendy technology in recent times [7]. IoT-based monitoring
produced. But waste management system capability has not systems have become popular all over the world. Not only
increased for this growing population. As compared to the for home or office management systems but it is also used
population, our waste management system manpower is very broadly in development for environmental monitoring systems
low and there is a shortage of garbage bins and vehicles. [8], [9]. But our South Asian countries are still backward. In
As a developing country, Bangladesh can provide a minimum every country, the Internet is available in any place and cheaper
 and it is uploaded through a Wi-Fi network. By smartphone,
anyone can access data from a web page [11].
In [12], here presented a smart bin system to identify the
fullness of litter bins. This system collects data from the
litter bin and delivers the data to the cleaner using a wireless
network (mesh network). It also reduces employee’s workload
and stops extra time-consuming tasks. When data is sent from
smart bins it is received by the data receiving module and this
module stores the data in the database. By using the proxy
module of the bin sub-system information can be accessed
from the workstation.
This SMS-based solid waste management system. To design
this system here used a combination of Zigbee and GSM
technologies. An ARM 7 controller is used in every bin. When
the garbage reaches the sensor level the ARM 7 controllers get
a signal. Then the controller sends an SMS to the garbage or
waste-collecting person of the garbage collector vehicles to
collect the garbage as soon as possible. This SMS indicates
that the bins are almost filled with garbage. To send SMS, the
ARM 7 controller uses GSM technology [13].
Smart bin application based on information self-contained
in tags associated with each waste item. When any waste is
thrown into the smart bin then the smart bin can track the
waste by using RFID RFID-based system, and for this, it needs
no support from any external information system. There are
two important features of this system. Firstly, the application
will be very helpful to the user for properly sorting waste.
Secondly, every smart bin knows what it contains and can
report to the authority for recycling [14]. In [15], IoT and
cloud-based frameworks were used for waste management.
There was a small smart bin and associated application in
their system.
Fig. 2: Working flow chart of a smart dustbin. We have designed and developed an IoT-based waste man-
agement system to properly manage civic waste and moti-
vate citizens to fulfill their civic responsibilities by raising
than before. And today most of people are using the internet awareness among city dwellers. Our system is more convenient
[10]. So, we made a smart system for waste management using and user-friendly than others. Through our system, municipal
IoT, which can be easily implemented. Our system may be a or corporation workers can manage their day-to-day work
bit costly but it is very sustainable and efficient. And it can properly, city dwellers can report their problems, and dustbin
lead any country’s next vision SMART CITY one step ahead overflows can be stopped.
(Figure 1).
In this paper, we present a smart waste management model III. P ROPOSED S YSTEM A RCHITECTURE
for the municipality and the city corporations where IoT- This system consists of two parts. One part is the hard-
enabled sensors collect garbage status from the dustbins, and ware base and another is the mobile application base. In
city dwellers can also participate in improving their neigh- the hardware part “Smart Dustbin” has been made using a
borhood status. The rest of the paper is organized as related microcontroller, internet-enabled system, and sensors (Figure
works in section II, proposed system architecture in section III, 2). We have categorized dustbins into two sectors. One is
system implementation and experimental analysis in section a waste station in a municipal area where big dustbins are
IV, and the conclusion in the final section. used for storing collected residence area waste, and another is
small smart dustbins that are placed on the roadside, in front
II. R ELATED W ORKS of residences, offices, schools/colleges, shops, markets, and
Smart garbage and waste collection systems are designed another place.
with a smart bin and a web page Wi-Fi enabled. Using a micro- In the waste station, we set two solar light posts including a
controller-based system smart bin is designed which includes camera in the left and right direction of the station (Figure 3).
an IR wireless system and it is connected with the central We set the camera in the light post for monitoring dustbins.
system. All updated status is shown to the web page by it Every 10 or 15 minutes the captured image from the camera

2
is sent to the central data center of the city corporation waste
management system using a Wi-Fi network. After processing
the imaging system like Sarc et al. [16], the system decides
whether the dustbin is full, overflow, or empty. If it’s full
or overflowing then the system sends a notification or SMS
including the location of the waste station to the waste
management team for an attempt as soon as possible. Using
a smartphone workers can find the waste station Google Map
location from the notification. But if he has not, he can get the
exact location address of the waste station. For maintaining the
camera we used solar light system power and solar light for
capturing images at night. Because the camera’s night vision
image is not sufficient for making decisions after processing
that image.
In small dustbins, ultrasonic sensors have been used like
Zahur et al. [15]. Using ultrasonic sensors, waste height is
measured inside the dustbin. Ultrasonic Sensors work based
on ultrasound waves. It sends ultrasonic sounds in specific
directions. When it gets a barrier, its ultrasound waves return to
Fig. 3: Larger dustbins (waste station).
the sensor. They used a Temperature Sensor to sense the Smart
Dustbin’s inner temperature. Dustbin’s inner temperature can
give us information about the wastage type. Three types of
and they take action to solve that complaint. All complaints
LED light (Green, Yellow, and Red) have been added so
are solved within the next two or three hours. After solving
that anyone can understand whether the dustbin is full or
that, our waste management team gives solved feedback from
empty. Green light indicates the dustbin is empty, Yellow
their mobile application, and the citizens who complain get a
light indicates the dustbin is full above 50% of its height
notification that “Your complaint has been solved. Thanks for
and Red light turns on when the dustbin is full. By Fog
your activity”. We use the NID card number for the registration
Computing dustbin full signal has been collected every 10 or
process because no one can post fake complaints and if any
15 minutes from the surrounding dustbins of a network zone
we can identify that person easily (Figure 5).
and sent to the central data center of the city corporation’s
fecal waste management system. For sending data to the data IV. S YSTEM I MPLEMENTATION AND E XPERIMENTAL
center and surrounding area Wi-Fi facilities are used. Public A NALYSIS
Wi-Fi network zones (set by the City Corporation authority) Our system has two parts, one is the hardware part and
and personal (office, residence, shop) Wi-Fi network zones are another is the software part. The hardware part consists of
available in our city. hardware tools, circuits, and the software part consists of
But for the remote areas where Wi-Fi network facilities are mobile applications.
not available, we used the GSM/GPRS module for sending
data. When the system gets the dustbin full signal then it com- A. Hardware Part
municates with the waste management term via smartphone For implementing our system hardware part we used these
notification or mobile SMS. For the power supply, we added tools Arduino Uno R3, SIM 900A (GSM with GPRS module),
a Solar panel to our system. So that it can run without any DYP-ME007 V2 Ultrasonic Sensor, NEO 6M GPS module, 9
external or grid power. Amp, 12V Battery, 10W Solar Panel, Camera, Router, Internet
Citizens in the municipal area can use our Mobile Applica- Connection.
tion system and complain about keeping our city clean (Figure
4). Using their National Identification (NID) card number and B. Software Part
other information they registered in the system. When any cit- The software part consists of two parts. One is the web
izen notices that waste is kept on the roadside, school/college, application and another part is the mobile application. In the
residence area, office, or any place but no one cleans it and the web application part, there is an admin panel and a web server.
waste pollutes the air then he/she can complain to the waste We developed the admin site using laravel framework and used
management system using the application. mySQL for the server. We have developed Android and iOS
By using this application he/she takes an image of the place mobile applications using Android Studio and Xcode.
and submits the complaint. In complaint submitting time, the
location of the place is tracked automatically by the applica- C. Performance Analysis
tion. If the location address is not correct then the complainant Our waste management systems mobile application (android
can edit the location. After getting the complaint our system and iOS) works smoothly on any updated and lower version
sends a notification or SMS to the waste management team OS and we tested in different lower and updated version

3
 Fig. 4: Mobile application city dweller interaction model

smartphones. We used MySQL server for the online database

and used SQLite for the app’s internal database. Our mobile
apps Google map responds so fast and accurately to shows
or tracks the current or desired locations. We set firebase
cloud messaging (FCM) service in our apps and web ser-
vice to communicate with users and admin. FCM service
is faster than any other service. It delivers any message or
notification as soon as possible. Our web portal is suitable for
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and edge browsers. It works
smoothly without any interruption. Our smart dustbin system
response and monitoring system are so fast and accurate. It
sends a Lisbon monitoring report so fast when it becomes full
and empty.

D. Usability Analysis
We used some questionnaires to analyze our system usabil-
ity and completed a short survey with 150 people. Those ques-
tions were whether our system is efficient, reliable, speedy”,
reduces extra workload and manages time, perfectly manages
time and overall. We also categorized user feedback into Likert
scales [17]. Those are unnecessary service, not satisfactory,
neutral, satisfactory, and very satisfactory. Figure 6 shows the
Fig. 5: Screen of the developed mobile application user feedback of our survey report. From our survey data,

4
 Unnecessary Service Not Satisfactory Neutral Satisfactory Very Satisfactory
User Feedback
80

70 70
70
65

60 60
60
55

50 50 50
50
Feedback Count

45 45

40
40

30

20
15

10 10 10
10 8 7 8 7 6 6
5 5 5 4 4
3 3 2
0
dy

k
t

ll
n

s
bl

ra
ie

Ta
ee

Ti
lia

ve
fic

Sp

e
Re

O
e
Ef

ag
ag

an
an

M
M

ly
d
an

ct
rfe
d
oa

Pe
kl
or
W
tra
Ex
ce
du
Re

Fig. 6: Usability analysis based on user feedback using Likert scale

we got 82% positive feedback, 10% no comment, can, and dwellers aware. We have developed a combination of Internet
8% negative feedback. From our survey report, we can say and mobile application-based systems because most people
that our system can be a useful and better replacement for now rely on the Internet and smartphones, making our waste
traditional waste management systems. management system simple to use for any city dweller. The
main limitations of our system are the speed of the Internet
V. C ONCLUSION
and electricity availability. In the future, we want to improve
Smart waste management is an extremely challenging task. our system it can run with low electrical power and internet
Because most people are not aware of their surroundings. Our speed.
IoT-based smart management system will help improve the
city’s waste management system and make the unaware city

5
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