COMPUTER BASICS

Fundamentals of computer
DEFINATION OF COMPUTER:
A computer is an electronic device which takes input from the user,
processes it and gives the output as per user’s requirement. So the main
tasks of performed by the computer are:
 Input
 Process
 Output
 COMPUTER BASICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1. Speed: A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy
compared to humans while performing mathematical calculations.
2. Accuracy: Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy.
3. Diligence :A computer can
perform millions of tasks or
calculations with the same
Consistency and accuracy.
 COMPUTER BASICS

[Link]:Computers can do different types of work simultaneously. They

can perform multiple tasks at a same time.

[Link] :A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar

set of data.

[Link]: Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it

performs tasks without manual intervention.

[Link]: A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where

it stores data. Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen
drives, etc., which are also used to store data.
 COMPUTER BASICS
Functions of Computer
1. INPUT: Information and data that is
entered into a computer.
2. PROCESSING: It is sequence of
actions taken on data to convert it and
information which is meaningful to the
user.
3. OUTPUT: It makes processed data
available to the user.
4. STORAGE: It stores data and
programs permanently.
 COMPUTER BASICS

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

•Input Unit − Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and
instructions to the computer are called input unit.
•Output Unit − Devices like printer and visual display unit that are used to
provide information to the user in desired format are called output unit.
•Control Unit − As the name suggests, this unit controls all the functions of the
computer. All devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit.
•Memory Unit - The data & instruction have to store inside the computer before
the actual processing start.
COMPUTER BASICS
 COMPUTER BASICS
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) :
✔ An arithmetic operation contains basic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division.
✔ Logical operations contains comparison such as less than, greater than,
less than equal to, greater than equal to, equal to, not equal to.

• CPU: The Unit where all the processing is done is called as Central
Processing Unit.
 COMPUTER BASICS
Generation of Computer

1. First Generation Computers (1940-1956)

2. Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
3. Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
5. Fifth Generation Computers (Present and
Beyond).
 COMPUTER BASICS
First Generation of Computer:
• The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as the primary electronic
component.
• Memory storage devices: Magnetic drums
• These machines were large, expensive, and consumed a significant amount of
electricity.
• Used for scientific purpose, Examples include the ENIAC and UNIVAC I.
COMPUTER BASICS

MAGNETIC DRUM
 COMPUTER BASICS

The Second Generation of Computers:

[Link] main electronic component used in the computers of the 1950s to

1960s era were transistors made up of semiconductors.
2. The main memory storing units were magnetic tape or disk and magnetic
core.
[Link] sizes were smaller as compared to those of the first generation and
they used to consume low power and generate less heat.
4. There was an improvement in speed.
[Link] for Commerical product, Examples are IBM 1401, PDP-8 etc.
 COMPUTER BASICS
The Third Generation of Computers:

1. The main electronic components used in the computers were integrated circuits
ICs made up of Silicon.
2. The memory storing units were the magnetic disk or take and a large magnetic
core.
[Link] was an improvement in reliability and speed as compared to the second
generation of computers.
4. Consumed Less power
[Link], Examples are NCR-395, B6500 and so on.
 COMPUTER BASICS
The Fourth Generation of Computers- (1971s-present):

[Link] main electronic components used in the fourth generation of computers are
microprocessors and very large scale integration (VLSI).
[Link] thousands of transistors are attached to a single microchip, it is known as
VLSI.
[Link] reliable, better communication, sizes are smaller and speed improved.
[Link] System, Examples are Intel 4004 chip.
 COMPUTER BASICS
The Fifth Generation of Computers- (present and the future):

[Link] main electronic components that are used in the present generation of
computers is Artificial Intelligence which uses the parallel processing
method and the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI).
[Link] fifth generation of computers understands the natural human language.
[Link] speeds are really fast and the sizes are also small.
[Link], Examples are Robotics.
 COMPUTER BASICS
First Generation 1940s – 1956s Vacuum Tube Based
Second Generation 1956s – 1963s Transistor Based
Third Generation 1964s – 1971s Integrated Circuit Based
Fourth Generation 1971s – Present Microprocessor Based
Fifth Generation Present – Future Artificial Intelligence based
 COMPUTER
In which BASICS
generation microprocessor was
introduced-
st
a) 1 generation
b) 2nd generation
c) 3rd generation
d) 4th generation

Which of these parts would interpret a program’s

instructions to initiate the control operations?
a. Logic unit
b. Control unit
c. Storage unit
d. Input
 COMPUTER BASICS
A computer system includes
(a) Hardware
(b) Software
(c) Peripheral devices
(d) All of these
The word Computer stands for
(a) Commonly Oriented Machines Purposely Used in Technical and
Educational Research
(b) Commonly Operated Machines Pattern Used in Technical and
Educational Research
(c) Commonly Occupied Machines Parts Used in Technical and
Environmental Research
(d) Commonly Operating Machines Purposely Used in Technical and
Educational Research
 COMPUTER BASICS
Which of the following is known as the father of computers?
(a) Dennis Ritchie
(b) Napier
(c) Charles Babbage
(d) Alan Turing
Integrated chips (IC) were started to be used from which
generation of computers?
(a) First generation
(b) Second generation
(c) Third generation
(d) Fourth generation
 COMPUTER BASICS
IC chips used in computers are made with
(a) Gold
(b) Silicon
(c) Copper
(d) Silver
_____smallest unit of data in a computer?
a)Gigabyte
b)Bit
C)Byte
d) Terabyte
COMPUTER BASICS

THANK YOU
TYPES OF COMPUTER
work
On the basis of working principle
a) Analog Computer:
• These computers carry out arithmetic and logical operations by manipulating and
processing of data.
• Analog computer numerical data are represented by measuring physical variable,
such as electrical voltage, pressure, temperature etc.
• For e.g. Speedometers, Thermometers etc.
2) Digital Computer
• A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with
quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.
• For e.g., Desktop (PC).
(c) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)

• These computer are the combination of digital and analog

computer.
• E.g., they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific
application.
On the basis of Size
(a) Microcomputer (Personal Computer):
• This type of computer is the least powerful than other
computer, which is based on size, yet the most widely used and
also called portable computer.
• Users can use Micro Computer directly in Home, Office or
public Places.
• Follows:
 Desktop computer
 Laptop
 Palmtop
(b) Mini Computer
• Minicomputer are powerful computer as compare to
microcomputer. It has a higher memory, provide faster operating
speeds and larger storage capacities than microcomputer and used
as server.
• Also known as small mainframe computer system.
• E.g., IBM-17,HP-9000, etc.
(c) Mainframe Computer
• This computer is different from mini and micro.
• It has very high memory and processing speed and used as
server.
• It has high-performance computer used for large-scale
computing purposes.
• E.g., UNIVAC-1110.
(d) Super Computer
• These are the fastest and most expensive computers.
• These are most powerful, large in size and memory,
compared to others.
• E.g., weather forecasting, scientific research etc.
On the basis of Purpose
a) General Purpose computer
• GPC are those computers, which are used to solve
variety of problems by changing the program or
instructions.
• For e.g., To make small database, calculation etc.
b) Special purpose computer
• SPC are those computers which is used to solve a single
and dedicated type of problem.
• For e.g., multimedia computer
1. __________ is also known as a Microcomputer.
(A) Supercomputer
(B) Minicomputer
(C) Workstation
(D) Personal computer

2. Which type of computer has two or more processors and

supports 4 to 200 users at one time?
(A) Minicomputer
(B) Personal computer
(C) Analogue computer
(D) All of the above
3. Which computer can deal with analog data?
(A) Analogue Computer
(B) Digital Computer
(C) both a and b
(D) None of the above

4. Which of the following is not a type of computer on the basis

of operation?
a) Remote
b) Hybrid
c) Analog
d) Digital
5. ______________ are used for solving complex application such as
Global Weather Forecasting.
a) Super computers
b) Public computers
c) Mobile computers
d) Hybrid computers

6. PDA stands for?

a) Personal digital applications
b) Private digital applications
c) Personal digital assistants
d) Private digital assistants
7. PDAs are also called?
A. PCs
B. Laptops
C. Tablets
D. Handheld

8. Desktops, Laptops & Palmtops are the example of _____

computers?
a. Super computers
b. Mainframe computers
c. Mini computers
d. Micro computers
Thank you
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Abbreviations
Computer Abbreviations
A: AI Artificial Intelligence

ALGOL Algorithic Language

ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit

Advanced Research Project Agency

ARPANET
Network

American Standard Code for

ASCII
Information Interchange
 B:
Beginners All-purpose Symbolic
BASIC
Instruction Code
BCD Binary Coded Decimal
BIOS Basic Input Output System

BIPS Billions of Instructions Per Second

BPI Bytes Per Inch
 C:
CAD Computer Aided Design
CD Compact Disk
CD-R CD-Recordable
CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory
CD-RW CD Read/Write
COBOL Common Business Oriented
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
 D
DBMS Data Base Management System
DDL Data Definition Language
DRAM Dynamic RAM
DVD Digital Video/Versatile Disk
 E:

EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

 F:

FAT File Allocation Table

FM Frequency Modulation
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation
FTP File Transfer Protocol
 G:
GB Giga Bytes
GHz Giga Hertz
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GUI Graphical User Interface
 H , I,J &K:
HTML HyperText Markup Language
HTTP HyperText Transport Protocol
IC Integrated Circuit
IP Internet Protocol
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
KB Kilo Bytes
 L,M & N:

LAN Local Area Network

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

MAR Memory Address Register

MB Mega Bytes
MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second

MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group

MS-DOS MicroSoft Disk Operating System

NIC Network Interface Card

 O:

OMR Optical Mark Reader

OS Operating System

OSI Open System Interconnection

 P

PAN Personal Area Network

PC Personal Computer

PDF Portable Document Format

PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory

 R, S & T :
RAM Random Access Memory

ROM Read Only Memory

SQL Structured Query Language

SRAM Static RAM

TB Tera Bytes

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

 U & V:

UDP User Datagram Protocol

ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration
URL Uniform Resource Locator
USB Universal Serial Bus
VCR Video Cassette Recorder
 W&X:

WAN Wide Area Network

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WORM Write Once Read Many

WWW World Wide Web

XHTML eXtensible HyperText Markup Language

XML eXtensible Markup Language

1. The full form of FTP?

a) File Transfer Program

b)Form Type Program
c) File Transfer Protocol
d)Fixed Type Protocol

2. Full Form of HTTP?

a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

b) Hyper Type Type Program
c) Hyper Text Type Protocol
d) Hyper Text Transfer Program
What does RAM stand for ?
a) Read Access Memory
b) Read Anywhere Memory
c) Random Anything Memory
d) Random Access Module

ALGOL means –
a) Advance logarithmic language
b) Algorithmic language
c) Algorithmic output language
d) Algorithmic operation language
ASCII stands for
a) American Special Computer for Information Interaction
b) American Standard Computer for Information Interchange
c) American Special Code for Information Interchange
d) American Special Computer for Information Interchange
e) American Standard Code for Information Interchange

What is the full form of KB related to computers?

a) Key Block
b) Kernel Boot
c) Kilo Byte
d) Kit Bit
CD-ROM stands for _________.
a) central processing unit
b) CD-remote open mouse
c) CD-resize or minimize
d) CD-read only memory

‘WWW’ stands for _________.

a) World Word Web
b) World Wide Web
c) World White Web
d) World Work Web
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