User Defined Classes

Continued
 Chapter Objectives
 Learn about assignment operators, deep and shallow
copy, copy constructors and how to perform
comparison on objects
 Learn the significance of the keywords “this”, and
“static”
 Learn about UML Class Diagrams
Objects and Assignment Operator
Clock myClock = new Clock(10,28,45);
Clock yourClock = new Clock(7,27,36);
Objects and Assignment Operator
myClock = yourClock; //shallow copy

• Copies the value of the reference variable yourClock into

the reference variable myClock
• After this statement executes, both yourClock and
myClock refer to the same object
 Objects and Assignment Operator
• Shallow copying: two or more reference variables of
the same type point to the same object

• Deep copying: each reference variable refers to its

own object
 Deep Copy
//In public class Clock
//deep copy
public void makeCopy(Clock otherClock)
{
hr = otherClock.hr;
min = otherClock.min;
sec = otherClock.sec;
}

//to use it
clock2.makeCopy(clock1);
//this will copy clock1 to clock2
 The Copy Constructor
 Executes when an object is instantiated
 Initialized using an existing object
//In public class Clock
public Clock(Clock otherClock)
{
hr = otherClock.hr;
min = otherClock.min;
sec = otherClock.sec;
}
//to use it
Clock clock3 = new Clock(clock2);
//this will create a new clock (clock3)
//and initialize it with clock2
 In Class Exercise – 1
Shallow and Deep Copy
https://onlinegdb.com/VsEo0p6Im
public class TestClock2 { public class TestClock3 {
public static void main(String[] args) public static void main(String[] args)
{ {
1. Clock clock1 = new Clock(); 1. Clock clock1 = new Clock();
2. Clock clock2 = new Clock(11, 12, 15);
3. Clock1 = clock2; 2. Clock clock2 = new Clock(11, 12, 15);
3. Clock1 = new Clock(clock2);
4. //what are the hr,min,sec of clock1?
5. System.out.println(clock1); 4. //what are the hr,min,sec of clock1?
5. System.out.println(clock1);
6. //see the side effect
7. clock1.setHr(5);
6. //see the side effect
8. //what are the values of clock1? 7. clock1.setHr(5);
9. System.out.println(clock1); 8. //what are the values of clock1?
9. System.out.println(clock1);
10. //what are the values of clock2?
10. //what are the values of clock2?
11. System.out.println(clock2);
} 11. System.out.println(clock2);
} }
}

• Why are the outputs different?

• What would be the output if we used
• clock1.makecopy(clock2);
• Instead of clock1 = new Clock(clock2)
 Relational Operators and Arrays
• if (listA == listB)...
• The expression listA == listB determines if the
values of referneces in listA and listB are the same
• To determine whether listA and listB contain the
same elements, you need to compare them
component by component
Class MyArrays{
public static boolean isEqualArrays(int[] arr1, int[] arr2){
1. if (arr1 == arr2 ) return true;
2. if (arr1.length != arr2Array.length) return false;
3. for (int i = 0; i < arr1.length; i++){
4. if (arr1[i] != arr2[i])return false;
5. }
6. return true;
7. }//end of method
}//end of class
9
 Comparing Objects
 Shallow and Deep Comparison

String str1 = new String("Hello");

String str2 = new String("World");

How do you test if str1 and str2 are the

same or not?
What is the difference between using
equals() ? compareTo() ? and == ?
 Exercise - 2
 Write the copy constructor
public Clock(Clock other){

 Write the equals method in the class Clock

public boolean equals(Clock other){

 Write the compareTo() method in the class Clock

public int compareTo(Clock other){

https://onlinegdb.com/nx31Nc9QB
//main
Clock ckTest = new Clock(10, 30, 20);
Sys.. (ckTest.getHr() ) ;
The “this” Keyword
 A class can use “this” to access its own members
(variables/methods)
//Class Clock
public int getHr(){ return this.hr;}
public int getMin(){ return this.min;}
public int getSec() { return this.sec;}

 Why?
 Sometimes just to avoid confusion
 this Keyword
public class Foo{
//variables
private int x;
public Foo(int v) // What happens if you remove
{ // the word this
this.set(v); //OP //Will it work?
}
//methods public void set(int x)
public void set(int v) {
{ this.x = x;
this.x = v; //OP }

}
}
 This(..) Keyword
 this() refers to the constructor
public class MC{
What is the output of the following code?
//variables
public int x;
public class Test{
//methods
public static void main(String[] args){
public MC(){
1. MC mc = new MC(10);
this(5);
2. MC mc2 = new MC();
}
3. System.out.println(mc2.x+”,”+mc.x);
public MC(int v){
4. mc = mc2.inc();
this.x = v;
5. System.out.println(mc2.x+”,”+mc.x);
}
}
public MC inc(){
}
this.x++;
return this;
} Output (1) : Output (2) :
} A) 0, 10 A) 1, 10
B) 5, 10 B) 6, 10
C) 10, 5 C) 5, 11
D) 5, 5 D) 6, 6
 Review Questions

1. public class Clock{

2. //variables
3. public int hr=1, min, sec;
4.
5. //methods
What will be the value of hr after these
6. public Clock(){this(5);}
statement?
7. public Clock(int hr){
8. this.hr = hr ;
Clock c1 = new Clock();
9. }
Clock c2 = new Clock(10);
10.}
a. c1.hr = 10, c2.hr = 10
b. c1.hr = 5, c2.hr = 10
c. c1.hr = 1, c2.hr = 10
 The “this” Keyword
 this (followed by dot) ➔ refers to member var. or method
 this (with circular brackets ) ➔ refers to one of the constructors
 this (alone) ➔ refers to an object
 The Modifier static
 In the method heading, it specifies that the method
can be invoked by using the name of the class
 If used to declare data member, data member invoked
by using the class name
 Static data members of class exist even when no object
of class type instantiated
 Static variables are initialized to their default values
 Static methods cannot access non-static variables and non-
static methods but non-static methods can access static
variables and methods
 The Modifier static
static method:
 can access only static members (Variables and Methods).
 cannot access non-static members (Variables and
Methods).
 can be invoked by class name.
 can be invoked by object name.

non-static method:
 can access static members (Variables and Methods).
 can access non-static members (Variables and Methods).
 cannot be invoked by class name.
 can be invoked by object name.
 The Modifier static
static members:
 can be invoked by class name.
 can be invoked by object name.
 can be called even without having any objects
 Static Methods:
 can access only static members (Variables and Methods).
 cannot access non-static members (Variables and Methods).

non-static members :
 cannot be invoked by class name.
 can be invoked by object name.
 cannot be called without creating objects
 Non-Static Methods:
 can access static members (Variables and Methods).
 can access non-static members (Variables and Methods).
 The Modifier static

numOfClocks

Class Clock

ck1 ck2 ck3

hr min sec hr min sec hr min sec
 Static Members of a Class
1. public class StatEx{ 11. void setX(int a){
2. private int x; 12. x = a;
3. private static int y; 13. }
4. public static int count; 14. public String toString(){
15. return "x = " + x +
5. public StatEx(){ 16. ",y = "+ y +
6. x = 0; 17. ", count = " + count;
7. } 18. }
19. public static void incY(){
8. public StatEx(int a){ 20. y++;
9. x = a; 21. }
10. } 22. }//end class StatEx

Class Tester{
public static void main(String[] a){
StatEx sObj = new StatEx();
sObj.incY();
sObj.count++;
}}
 Static Members of a Class (continued)
1. public class StatEx{
2. private int x;
StatEx sObj1 = new StatEx(3); 3. private static int y;
4. public static int count;
StatEx sObj2 = new StatEx(5);
5. public StatEx(int a){x = a;}
…

sObj1 sObj2

sObj1 and sObj2

 Static Members of a Class (continued)
1. StatEx sObj1 = new StatEx(3);
2. StatEx sObj2 = new StatEx(5);
3. sObj2.incY(); 1. public class StatEx{
4. StatEx.count++; 2. private int x;
3. private static int y;
4. public static int count;
5. public StatEx(int a){x = a;}
11. public static void incY(){y++;}

sObj1 sObj2
 Question
1. public class Student{
2. private String name;
3. private double gpa;
4. public static int count;
5.
6. public Student(String n){
7. name = n; gpa = 0;
8. count++;
9. }
10. public Student(Student s){
11. this(s.name);
12. }
13. } What is the output?
Student s1 = new Student(“Sami”);
Student s2 = new Student(“Sara”);
Student s3 = new Student(s2);
Student s4 = s1;
System.out.println (“Count =“+ Student.count); //3
System.out.println (“Count =“+ s4.count); //3
 Question
What is the output?
Ahmed
Sami
Ahmed
=======================
Kamal
Sami
Kamal
=======================
Kamal
Sami
Sami
=======================
Jamal
Sami
Sami
=======================
Jamal
Jamal
Sami
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Class Diagrams

26
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Class Diagrams

27
 Exercise - 3
Redesign exercise 2 by:
 Implementing ‘this’ keyword
 Adding static variable (numOfClocks) to count the
number of clocks created
 Test your implementation

https://onlinegdb.com/cIO5aZM8L
 In Class Exercise - 4
Implement a Car Class to simulate driving:
• When constructing a Car, you supply the fuel efficiency
(Kilometer per Litre) to indicate consumption of fuel, and
the Tank Capacity to indicate the maximum fuel possible.
• Driving causes petrol level to go down and odometer to
increase.
• The class has methods for:
• add/check petrol level
• check/set the odometer (i.e., total KM driven)
• driving for a number of KM.
• Estimate driving by petrol level.
• When the car runs out of petrol, it stops.
 In Class Exercise - 4
 First draw a UML diagram for the car class
 Then implement the class with the variables and
methods
 Finally implement the test class (next slide)

 Answer: https://onlinegdb.com/KhHwA-DOk
/**
In Class Exercise - 4
Test the car class
*/
public class Main{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Car myCar = new Car(10, 70);
// 10 KM per litre , 70 litres capacity

myCar.addPetrol(20); //add 20 litres

myCar.drive(10); // drive 10 km
myCar.drive(10); // drive 10 km
myCar.addPetrol(20); //add 20 litres

System.out.print("Petrol left (in litres): ");

System.out.println(myCar.getPetrolLevel());

System.out.print("Expected Drive Remain: ");

System.out.println(myCar.estimateDrive());

System.out.print("KM driven: ");

System.out.println(myCar.getOdometer());
}
}
 In Class Exercise - 5
 Trace the following program

 Code: https://onlinegdb.com/u_Z_ihLh-
 In Class Exercise - 6
 Trace the following program

 Code: https://onlinegdb.com/VLzd5Mp1X