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Conjunctions

The document provides an overview of conjunctions, including coordinating, conjunctive adverbs, subordinate conjunctions, and relative pronouns, along with their meanings and usage rules. It explains how to correctly punctuate sentences with independent and dependent clauses and highlights the difference between essential and non-essential clauses. Additionally, it lists various transitional expressions categorized by their function in writing.

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2 views

Conjunctions

The document provides an overview of conjunctions, including coordinating, conjunctive adverbs, subordinate conjunctions, and relative pronouns, along with their meanings and usage rules. It explains how to correctly punctuate sentences with independent and dependent clauses and highlights the difference between essential and non-essential clauses. Additionally, it lists various transitional expressions categorized by their function in writing.

Uploaded by

au.hassan91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunction Meaning
and addition
but, yet contrast
or, nor options
so, for cause and effect

Sentences with two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction: comma before conjunction.
Sentences with an independent clause followed by a dependent clause: no commas necessary.

1. I went online, and I ordered a book.


2. I went online and ordered a book.

Conjunctive Adverbs – These adverbs connect ideas and can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence;
they may also join two sentences when used with a semicolon.

Shows Additions Contrast Result


also, additionally, in addition however, otherwise consequently
furthermore nonetheless hence, then
moreover still, nevertheless therefore, thus,

1. He submitted his graduation application; however, he will not be able to graduate on time
2. We don’t have enough evidence to support the claim; therefore, the claim is invalid.

For Emphasis Opposite Time


indeed instead meanwhile, then

1. Dr. McQuill decided to include only 25 test questions instead of 50.


2. First, she will write for 50 minutes; then, she will take a break.

Subordinate Conjunctions/Adverbial Clauses

Shows Time Shows Reason Shows Place Shows Contrast Shows or Places Condition
after, as, before because where, wherever although if
often, since, while since though unless
until, when so, that even though

Sentence beginning with a dependent clause and followed by an independent clause: separate with a comma.
Sentence beginning with an independent clause and followed by a dependent clause: no comma necessary.

1. When I get my paycheck, I will treat my boyfriend to dinner.


2. I will treat my boyfriend to dinner when I get my paycheck.

Relative Pronouns/Adjective Clauses

Persons Things Things or Persons Possessives


who, whom, whoever which that whose

An essential clause (one that is important to the meaning of a sentence) has no commas. A non-essential clause (one
that adds extra information to a sentence) is set off with commas.

1. Essential clause: The student who is enrolled in my course has missed three classes.
2. Non-essential clause: Hannah, who is enrolled in my course, has missed three classes.
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

SHOW ADDITION OR INCREASE


too first, second. . . also
in addition more, moreover next
and finally furthermore
besides again
SHOW EMPHASIS
actually in fact indeed
SHOW COMPARISON
similar/similarly in the same manner equally
SHOW CONTRAST
yet other/otherwise but
though/although still however
nevertheless on the contrary in spite of
rather whereas in contrast
EXPLAIN
for instance to begin with in short
specifically in other words
for example certainly
SHOW TIME
once then now
today often at length
soon while at last
at this time at times frequently
at the same time sometimes usually
SHOW PLACE
over/under above/below across
farther/nearer here/there around
to/from between/among through
SHOW PURPOSE OR RESULT
so that therefore thus
accordingly consequently hence
as a result to conclude to sum up
so as a consequence
SHOW CONDITION
provided that if unless
SHOW MANNER SHOW ALTERNATIVE
as though either/or on the other hand
fortunately neither/nor instead of

Sources:
“Grammar Handbook: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses.” University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, 2013,
www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/restrictiveclauses/. Accessed 16 Aug. 2017.

“Using Conjunctive Adverbs.” California State University – Long Beach, 2016, www.cla.csulb.edu/departments/english/wrl/handouts/conjunctive-
adverbs/. Accessed 15 Aug. 2017.

Updated by UTRGV Writing Center


8/2017

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