**Introduction:**

1. **Greet your audience**: Start by saying hello to the people listening.

2. **Have an attention getter**: Use something interesting or surprising to make people want to
listen.
3. **Clearly state your message**: Explain what your speech is about right from the start.
4. **Clearly state speaker’s credibility and establish good will**: Show why you know about
this topic and that you’re excited to share it.
5. **Preview the speech**: Give a quick summary of what you’ll talk about.

**Body:**
1. **Clear main points**: Make sure the big ideas are easy to understand.
2. **Clear steps**: List steps in order so that they are simple to follow.
3. **Clear language**: Use words that are straightforward and easy to understand.
4. **Clear transitions**: Use words to smoothly connect each part of the speech.

**Conclusion:**

1. **Let the audience know that the speech is ending**: Give a hint or say you’re wrapping up.
2. **Restate the message**: Remind people of the main idea.
3. **Make it vivid**: End with something memorable or powerful to leave an impact.

**Delivery:**

1. **Clear voice**: Speak so everyone can hear and understand you.

2. **Clear visual aids**: Use pictures, slides, or items that help explain your points.
3. **Well explained visual aids**: Make sure to describe what your visuals show.
4. **Make "eye contact" and stay in frame/good body language**: Look at the camera or people
and use body language to show confidence.
5. **Speak extemporaneously**: Speak naturally without reading word-for-word, as if you’re
having a conversation.

Chapter 7: Supporting your ideas

7.2: Personal and Professional Knowledge
1. Personal Testimony
 Definition: Sharing your own experience related to the topic.
 Purpose: Builds credibility and helps make the speech more memorable.
 Tip: Practice to keep it brief and on point, avoiding too many details that can distract.
2. Lay Testimony
 Definition: Testimony from non-experts that provides insight based on opinion or
observation.
 Use: Good for sharing perspectives when you lack personal experience on the topic.
3. Expert Testimony
 Definition: Insight from a recognized authority with deep knowledge.
 Use: Ideal for making predictions or explaining complex issues.
 Interview Tips: Prepare questions, establish rapport, and ensure you ask for permission
to record if needed.
4. Library Research Resources (7.3)
 Books: Offer in-depth knowledge on a topic. Use contents and index to locate relevant
sections.
 Reference Section: Includes dictionaries, encyclopedias, and more for quick facts.
Reference materials typically can’t be checked out.
 Periodicals:
o General Interest: Magazines/newspapers like The New York Times for recent
news.
o Scholarly Journals: Peer-reviewed research, ideal for expert-backed content
(e.g., Journal of the American Medical Association).
5. Full-Text Databases
 Definition: Online platforms offering access to periodical articles.
 How to Use: Look up articles by topic, publication, or keyword.
  Example: EBSCO for general interest or scholarly articles.

7.4: Internet resources

Search Engines Basics
1. Purpose: Search engines (like Google, Bing, Yahoo!) help locate information online by
scanning an index of content and displaying results based on relevance.
2. Different Algorithms: Each search engine uses unique algorithms, so search results may
vary. Therefore, trying multiple search engines can yield a broader perspective.
3. Sponsored Websites: Many search engines display "sponsored" results (ads) at the top.
They’re often labeled as “Ads” and may not be the most relevant, so prioritize unbiased
results below these ads.
4. Google Specialized Tools:
o Google Scholar: For academic research, finding journal articles, books, and
scholarly sources.
o Google Books: Allows searching within books for specific terms.
o Google Images: Useful for locating visual aids (e.g., images, charts).

Defining and Refining Search Terms

1. Start Broadly: Begin by searching general topics and noting relevant terms to refine
searches.
2. Boolean Operators:
o OR: Expands search to include multiple terms (e.g., “colleges OR universities”).
o AND / +: Narrows search by combining terms (e.g., “climate change AND
policy”).
o NOT / -: Excludes unwanted terms (e.g., “hyena -lion”).
o Quotation Marks: Search for exact phrases (e.g., “global warming effects”).
3. Adjusting Terms: If results are off-topic, try synonyms or alter terms based on patterns
in initial results.

Evaluating Sources for Quality and Credibility

1. Quality Evaluation:
 o Comprehensive Coverage: Does the source cover multiple viewpoints and cite
reliable data?
o Supporting Data and Citations: Reliable sources provide evidence and cite
other credible sources.
2. Credibility Check:
o Qualifications: Is the author an expert in the relevant field?
o Source Bias: Check if the source has affiliations that could skew its viewpoint.
o Corroboration: Confirm the information with other credible sources.
3. Wikipedia Caution: Good for general knowledge but not reliable for formal citation, as
anyone can edit it.

Government Documents and Their Uses

 Government websites (like fedworld.gov and gpo.gov) provide access to government
documents, court records, scientific reports, and legislative proceedings.
 Useful for up-to-date statistics and detailed information on policies and regulations.

7.5: Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

Understanding Citation Styles
1. Choose the Right Style:
o MLA: Commonly used in humanities (literature, philosophy, etc.).
o APA: Commonly used in social sciences (psychology, sociology, etc.).
o Chicago Manual of Style (CMS): Used in both humanities and history.
2. Follow Guidelines: Make sure to refer to the specific guidelines for your chosen style to
correctly format citations both in your speech and bibliography.
Importance of Citing Sources
1. Avoiding Plagiarism: Always give credit to the original authors of the ideas or quotes
you use. Plagiarism, intentional or accidental, can have serious consequences in academic
settings.
2. Oral Attributions: Just as you would in a written document, provide verbal citations
during your speech to inform the audience of your sources.
Proper Oral Attribution Techniques
 1. Quoting:
o Example: “Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life.”
(Jobs, 2005)
o Oral: “In his 2005 commencement address at Stanford University, Steve Jobs
said, ‘Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life.’”
2. Paraphrasing:
o Example: Michael Pollan advises readers to focus on eating natural foods in his
book In Defense of Food.
o Oral: “Michael Pollan offers guidelines for healthy eating in his book, In Defense
of Food.”
3. Summarizing:
o Example: In a speech, Hillary Clinton discussed the violence in Syria and called
for international action.
o Oral: “In her February 24 speech, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton highlighted
the escalating violence in Syria and urged for international humanitarian
assistance.”
Strategies to Avoid Plagiarism
1. Paraphrase Effectively: Always rephrase ideas in your own words and provide a
citation.
2. Keep Track of Sources: Maintain a detailed list of all sources you reference in your
research.
3. Practice Your Speech: Familiarize yourself with your sources and how you will
incorporate them into your speech to make oral attributions smooth and confident.
Final Reminders
 Be Clear and Concise: Make sure your speech flows logically and that your attributions
do not disrupt the narrative.
 Practice Proper Delivery: Pay attention to your tone and pacing when delivering
citations; they should enhance your argument, not detract from it.
 Engage with Your Audience: Make eye contact and speak clearly when attributing
sources to maintain audience engagement.
Quote for Inspiration
“Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of
our passions, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence.” – John Adams
7.6: Conclusion
Importance of Supporting Evidence
1. Build Credibility: Use testimony from experts to enhance the authority of your ideas.
2. Diverse Sources: Combine various resources—books, academic journals, and credible
online materials—to strengthen your arguments.
Finding High-Quality Sources
1. Library Resources: Utilize library books, periodicals, and reference materials for well-
researched and reliable information.
2. Credible Internet Resources: Look for up-to-date and authoritative information from
reputable websites and online databases.
Evaluating Sources
1. Cross-Check Information: Compare multiple sources to ensure consistency and
reliability in the information you gather.
2. Identify Contradictions: Be aware of any conflicting evidence and address it
thoughtfully in your speech.
Tailoring Evidence to Your Speech
1. Relevance to Purpose: Always ask yourself, “Does this evidence support my specific
purpose statement?”
2. Audience Appropriateness: Consider whether the evidence is suitable for your
audience’s knowledge level and interests.
Integrating Evidence Effectively
1. Cite Sources Properly: Provide both written and oral attributions for every piece of
evidence to maintain credibility and avoid plagiarism.
2. Select Key Evidence: Since you may gather more evidence than you can use, choose the
most compelling and relevant examples to support your arguments.
Questions to Refine Your Speech
 Does this evidence support my specific purpose statement?
 Is this evidence appropriate for my audience?
 Am I presenting a balanced view with credible sources?

7.7: Activities and Glossary

Review questions
1. Compelling Evidence for Claims:
o Photo-retouching alters our perspective on beauty:
 Expert testimonies from psychologists or sociologists.
 Studies showing the impact of retouched images on self-esteem.
 Surveys reflecting public opinion on beauty standards.
o The Internet is an effective protest tool:
 Case studies of successful online movements (e.g., Arab Spring).
 Statistical data on social media engagement during protests.
 Expert analysis from political scientists.
o Body scanners in airports are detrimental to our health:
 Research studies on the effects of radiation exposure.
 Testimonies from medical professionals or health organizations.
 Comparative studies of safety measures in airports.
2. Research Tools for Texting While Driving Speech:
o Personal Narrative: Use interviews with individuals affected by texting while
driving.
o Academic Study: Search databases like JSTOR or Google Scholar for peer-
reviewed articles.
o Existing Legislation: Look at government websites or legal databases for current
laws.
o Visual Aid: Utilize Google Images or Canva to find compelling infographics.
3. Quality of Evidence:
o Credibility: Look for sources authored by recognized experts.
o Accuracy: Ensure information is fact-checked and backed by data.
o Relevance: Confirm that the evidence directly supports your argument.
4. Most Credible Source on Bed Bugs:
o The scientific study is the most credible source since it provides researched, peer-
reviewed data on bed bug conditions, while personal accounts or blogs are less
reliable.
 5. Paraphrase of Kennedy’s Ideas:
o Kennedy urges Americans to reflect on their conscience regarding civil rights
issues. He emphasizes that the nation was founded on equality and that the
infringement of one person's rights affects everyone.
Activities for Research and Speech Preparation
1. Library Familiarization:
o Schedule a meeting with the librarian.
o Ask about useful sources, effective search terms, and tips for library navigation.
2. Developing Search Terms:
o For topics like National Security, brainstorm synonyms (e.g., safety, protection)
and related concepts (e.g., terrorism, espionage) to use in searches.
3. Source Searches:
o For a chosen topic, identify a strong source from Google Images, Google Scholar,
and Google Books, and cite them using a consistent style guide (e.g., APA, MLA).
4. Wikipedia Update:
o After watching the Stephen Colbert segment, carefully edit a relevant Wikipedia
page with accurate information and citations.

Outline formate
Introduction:
I. Hook (question, quote)
II. Central/ message. I am going to inform….
III. Estabish credibility + good will
IV. Preview the body
Body: sources( from research news/interview/video…)
I. Background information support material
A. Accoding to….
B.
1.
2.
II.
A.
B.
Conclusion
I. Let the audience know you are ending
II. Restate the message
III. Make it a vivid ending

CITED
Last, first name