Directorate of Distance Educa on

Swami Vivekanand Subhar University

II Year
Course Code : MAE – 403
Course Title : Computer Educa on
Assignment No. : MAE-403/ 2023

Q3. Explain the structure, memory area and microprocessor of CPU.

Ans. A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries
out the instruc ons of a computer program by performing the basic arithme c, logical, control
and input/output (I/O) opera ons specified by the instruc ons.
CPU [Central Processing Unit]. It is the brain of the computer. It is the part that does most of
the work in a computer system. Just like how our brain controls our body and processes
informa on, the CPU carries out instruc ons from programs and performs calcula ons. It’s
made up of smaller components that work together to execute tasks, making it the heart of
any compu ng device.
All types of data processing opera ons from simple arithme c to complex tasks and all the
important func ons of a computer are performed by the CPU. It helps input and output
devices to communicate with each other and perform their respec ve opera ons. It also
stores data which is input, intermediate results in between processing, and instruc ons. The
CPU’s job is to make sure everything runs smoothly and efficiently. In this ar cle, we are going
to discuss CPU in detail.
CPU: A Central Processing Unit is the most important component of a computer system. A
CPU is hardware that performs data input/output, processing, and storage func ons for a
computer system. A CPU can be installed into a CPU socket. These sockets are generally
located on the motherboard. CPU can perform various data processing opera ons. CPU can
store data, instruc ons, programs, and intermediate results.
Different Parts of CPU
Now, the CPU consists of 3 major units, which are:
 Memory or Storage Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithme c Logic Unit)

Here, in this diagram, the three major components are also shown. So, let us discuss these
major components in detail.
Memory or Storage Unit
As the name suggests this unit can store instruc ons, data, and intermediate results. The
memory unit is responsible for transferring informa on to other units of the computer when
needed. It is also known as an internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage
or Random Access Memory (RAM) as all these are storage devices.
Its size affects speed, power, and performance. There are two types of memory in the
computer, which are primary memory and secondary memory. Some main func ons of
memory units are listed below:
  Data and instruc ons are stored in memory units which are required for processing.
 It also stores the intermediate results of any calcula on or task when they are in
process.
 The final results of processing are stored in the memory units before these results are
released to an output device for giving the output to the user.
 All sorts of inputs and outputs are transmi ed through the memory unit.
Control Unit
As the name suggests, a control unit controls the opera ons of all parts of the computer but
it does not carry out any data processing opera ons. Execu ng already stored instruc ons, It
instructs the computer by using the electrical signals to instruct the computer system. It takes
instruc ons from the memory unit and then decodes the instruc ons a er that it executes
those instruc ons. So, it controls the func oning of the computer. Its main task is to maintain
the flow of informa on across the processor. Some main func ons of the control unit are listed
below:
 Controlling of data and transfer of data and instruc ons is done by the control unit
among other parts of the computer.
 The control unit is responsible for managing all the units of the computer.
 The main task of the control unit is to obtain the instruc ons or data that is input from
the memory unit, interpret them, and then direct the opera on of the computer
according to that.
 The control unit is responsible for communica on with Input and output devices for
the transfer of data or results from memory.
 The control unit is not responsible for the processing of data or storing data.
ALU (Arithme c Logic Unit)
ALU (Arithme c Logic Unit) is responsible for performing arithme c and logical func ons or
opera ons. It consists of two subsec ons, which are:
 Arithme c Sec on: By arithme c opera ons, we mean opera ons like addi on,
subtrac on, mul plica on, and division, and all these opera ons and func ons are
performed by ALU. Also, all the complex opera ons are done by making repe ve use
of the men oned opera ons by ALU.
 Logic Sec on: By Logical opera ons, we mean opera ons or func ons like selec ng,
comparing, matching, and merging the data, and all these are performed by ALU.
Note: The CPU may contain more than one ALU and it can be used for maintaining mers that
help run the computer system.
What Does a CPU Do?
The main func on of a computer processor is to execute instruc ons and produce an output.
CPU work Fetch, Decode, and Execute are the fundamental func ons of the computer.
 Fetch: the first CPU gets the instruc on. That means binary numbers that are passed
from RAM to CPU.
 Decode: When the instruc on is entered into the CPU, it needs to decode the
instruc ons. with the help of ALU(Arithme c Logic Unit), the process of decoding
begins.
 Execute: A er the decode step the instruc ons are ready to execute.
 Store: A er the execute step the instruc ons are ready to store in the memory.
Types of CPU
We have three different types of CPU:
  Single Core CPU: The oldest type of computer CPU is a single-core CPU. These CPUs
were used in the 1970s. these CPUs only have a single core that performs different
opera ons. This means that the single-core CPU can only process one opera on at a
single me. single-core CPU CPU is not suitable for mul tasking.
 Dual-Core CPU: Dual-Core CPUs contain a single Integrated Circuit with two cores. Each
core has its cache and controller. These controllers and cache work as a single
unit. dual-core CPUs can work faster than single-core processors.
 Quad-Core CPU: Quad-Core CPUs contain two dual-core processors present within a
single integrated circuit (IC) or chip. A quad-core processor contains a chip with four
independent cores. These cores read and execute various instruc ons provided by the
CPU. Quad Core CPU increases the overall speed of programs. Without even boos ng
the overall clock speed it results in higher performance.

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Q4. Explain the classifica on of computer.

Ans. #1. Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the most powerful type, capable of processing trillions of calcula ons per
second. They are designed for tasks that require vast computa onal power, such as climate
modeling, scien fic simula ons, and complex data analysis. Supercomputers are typically
used by government agencies, research ins tu ons, and large corpora ons. Examples of
supercomputers include IBM’s Summit and China’s Sunway TaihuLight.
#2. Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers boast high reliability, security, and extensive processing capabili es,
making them ideal for bulk data processing tasks. They are commonly used by large
organiza ons for cri cal applica ons such as financial transac on processing, census data
analysis, and enterprise resource planning. IBM zSeries is a well-known example of a
mainframe computer.
#3. Minicomputers (Midrange Computers)
Minicomputers, or midrange computers, fill the gap between mainframes and
microcomputers in terms of processing power. They are suitable for small to medium-sized
businesses and departmental use within larger enterprises. Minicomputers handle tasks like
database management, industrial control, and networking. The DEC PDP series is a historical
example of minicomputers.
#4. Microcomputers
Microcomputers, also known as personal computers (PCs), are the most common type of
computer used in homes, schools, and offices. They are versa le, affordable, and easy to use.
Microcomputers come in various forms, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones. Apple MacBook and Dell Inspiron are popular examples of microcomputers.
#5. Worksta ons
Worksta ons are high-performance single-user computers designed for technical or scien fic
applica ons. They offer greater processing power and graphics capability compared to
standard personal computers. Worksta ons are used by engineers, architects, and graphic
designers for tasks that demand robust computa onal resources. Examples include the HP Z8
G4 and Lenovo ThinkSta on P520.
#6. Embedded Systems
Embedded systems are specialized compu ng systems that perform dedicated func ons
within a more extensive mechanical or electronic system. These computers are embedded
into devices and serve applica ons like automo ve control, medical devices, home appliances,
and industrial machines. Examples of embedded systems include the control systems in
modern cars and the firmware in consumer electronics.
Conclusion
Computers come in many shapes and sizes, each tailored to specific func ons and users. From
the powerful supercomputers driving scien fic discovery to the ubiquitous microcomputers
powering personal and professional ac vi es, understanding the classifica on of computers
highlights their profound impact on various aspects of life. As technology con nues to
advance, these classifica ons will evolve, bringing even more specialized and efficient
compu ng solu ons to the forefront of our digital landscape.
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Q5. What is the decimal number system?
Ans. In the number system, each number is represented by its base. If the base is 2 it is a
binary number, if the base is 8 it is an octal number, if the base is 10, then it is called decimal
number system and if the base is 16, it is part of the hexadecimal number system. The
conversion of decimal numbers to any other number system is an easy method. But to convert
other base number systems into decimal numbers requires prac ce. In this ar cle, let us learn
more on the decimal number system and the conversion from a decimal number system to
other systems here in detail.
In the decimal number system, the numbers are represented with base 10. The way of
deno ng the decimal numbers with base 10 is also termed as decimal nota on. This number
system is widely used in computer applica ons. It is also called the base-10 number system
which consists of 10 digits, such as, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Each digit in the decimal system has a
posi on and every digit is ten mes more significant than the previous digit. Suppose, 25 is a
decimal number, then 2 is ten mes more than 5. Some examples of decimal numbers are:-
(12)10, (345)10, (119)10, (200)10, (313.9)10
A number system which uses digits from 0 to 9 to represent a number with base 10 is the
decimal system number. The number is expressed in base-10 where each value is denoted by
0 or first nine posi ve integers. Each value in this number system has the place value of power
10. It means the digit at the tens place is ten mes greater than the digit at the unit place. Let
us see some more examples:
(92)10 = 9×101+2×100
(200)10 = 2×102+0x101+0x100
The decimal numbers which have digits present on the right side of the decimal (.) denote
each digit with decreasing power of 10. Some examples are:
(30.2)10= 30×101+0x100+2×10-1
(212.367)10 = 2×102+1×101+2×100+3×10-1+6×10-2+7×10-3
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Q6. What do you understand by binary number system?
Ans. Binary Number System uses two digits, 0 and 1, and is the founda on for all modern
compu ng. The word binary is derived from the word “bi” which means two. But what
makes it so essen al, and how does it work? In this ar cle, we will dive deep into binary
numbers, binary decimal number conversion and vice versa, 1’s and 2’s complement, and
how they are used in computer systems.
There are generally various types of number systems and among them the four major ones
are,
 Binary Number System (Number system with Base 2)
 Octal Number System (Number system with Base 8)
 Decimal Number System (Number system with Base 10)
 Hexadecimal Number System (Number system with Base 16)
Binary Number System
Binary Number System is the number system in which we use two digits “0” and “1” to
perform all the necessary opera ons. In the Binary Number System, we have a base of 2. The
base of the Binary Number System is also called the radix of the number system.
In a binary number system, we represent the number as,
 (11001)2
In the above example, a binary number is given in which the base is 2. In a binary number
system, each digit is called the “bit”. In the above example, there are 5 digits.
Binary Number Table
Decimal Number Binary Number Decimal Number Binary Number

1 001 11 1011

2 010 12 1100

3 011 13 1101

4 100 14 1110

5 101 15 1111

6 110 16 10000

7 111 17 10001

8 1000 18 10010
Decimal Number Binary Number Decimal Number Binary Number

9 1001 19 10011

10 1010 20 10100

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Q8. What is opera ng system?
Ans. Opera ng System a type of system so ware. It basically manages all the resources of the
computer. An opera ng system acts as an interface between the so ware and different parts
of the computer or the computer hardware. The opera ng system is designed in such a way
that it can manage the overall resources and opera ons of the computer.
Opera ng System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the
opera ons of the computer. It controls and monitors the execu on of all other programs that
reside in the computer, which also includes applica on programs and other system so ware
of the computer. Examples of Opera ng Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.
An Opera ng System (OS) is a collec on of so ware that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for computer programs. In this ar cle we will see
basic of opera ng system in detail.
Func ons of the Opera ng System
 Resource Management: The opera ng system manages and allocates memory, CPU
me, and other hardware resources among the various programs and processes
running on the computer.
 Process Management: The opera ng system is responsible for star ng, stopping, and
managing processes and programs. It also controls the scheduling of processes and
allocates resources to them.
 Memory Management: The opera ng system manages the computer’s primary
memory and provides mechanisms for op mizing memory usage.
 Security: The opera ng system provides a secure environment for the user,
applica ons, and data by implemen ng security policies and mechanisms such as
access controls and encryp on.
 Job Accoun ng: It keeps track of me and resources used by various jobs or users.
  File Management: The opera ng system is responsible for organizing and managing
the file system, including the crea on, dele on, and manipula on of files and
directories.
 Device Management: The opera ng system manages input/output devices such as
printers, keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides the necessary drivers and interfaces
to enable communica on between the devices and the computer.
 Networking: The opera ng system provides networking capabili es such as
establishing and managing network connec ons, handling network protocols, and
sharing resources such as printers and files over a network.
 User Interface: The opera ng system provides a user interface that enables users to
interact with the computer system. This can be a Graphical User Interface (GUI), a
Command-Line Interface (CLI), or a combina on of both.
 Backup and Recovery: The opera ng system provides mechanisms for backing up data
and recovering it in case of system failures, errors, or disasters.
 Virtualiza on: The opera ng system provides virtualiza on capabili es that allow
mul ple opera ng systems or applica ons to run on a single physical machine. This
can enable efficient use of resources and flexibility in managing workloads.
 Performance Monitoring: The opera ng system provides tools for monitoring and
op mizing system performance, including iden fying bo lenecks, op mizing resource
usage, and analyzing system logs and metrics.
 Time-Sharing: The opera ng system enables mul ple users to share a computer
system and its resources simultaneously by providing me-sharing mechanisms that
allocate resources fairly and efficiently.
 System Calls: The opera ng system provides a set of system calls that enable
applica ons to interact with the opera ng system and access its resources. System
calls provide a standardized interface between applica ons and the opera ng system,
enabling portability and compa bility across different hardware and so ware
pla orms.
 Error-detec ng Aids: These contain methods that include the error messages, and
other debugging and error-detec ng methods.
For more, refer to Func ons of Opera ng System.
Objec ves of Opera ng Systems
Let us now see some of the objec ves of the opera ng system, which are men oned below.
 Convenient to use: One of the objec ves is to make the computer system more
convenient to use in an efficient manner.
 User Friendly: To make the computer system more interac ve with a more convenient
interface for the users.
  Easy Access: To provide easy access to users for using resources by ac ng as an
intermediary between the hardware and its users.
 Management of Resources: For managing the resources of a computer in a be er and
faster way.
 Controls and Monitoring: By keeping track of who is using which resource, gran ng
resource requests, and media ng conflic ng requests from different programs and
users.
 Fair Sharing of Resources: Providing efficient and fair sharing of resources between the
users and programs.

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Rupinder kaur