TABLE OF CONTENT

S. NO. DESCRIPTION
1 MISSION AND VISION
2 SCHEME
3 SYLLABUS/ LIST OF PRACTICALS
4 CO
5 PO
6 LAB MANUALS
 Department of Civil Engineering

Vision

To emphasize deep understanding of fundamental principles, development of creative ability to handle

the challenges of Civil Engineering, and the analytical ability to solve problems which are
interdisciplinary in nature.

Mission

1. To offer an exceptional curriculum including in-depth coverage in three technical sub-disciplines of

civil engineering: structural engineering, Construction Management and Environmental engineering, as well
as broad coverage in Computer Aided Design.

2. To engage students in creating innovative design solutions of civil engineering problems that include
realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, sustainability, social, ethical, health and safety.

3. To provide research experiences, allowing students to work closely with members of the faculty

4. To employ highly dedicated faculty members who are effective teacher scholars committed to
maintaining a learner-centered environment with emphasis on student mentoring.
Subject Hours per Week Total Total
Subject Name
Code L T P Hrs. Credi
ts
Basic Civil Engineering &
EN3ES30 3 0 2 5 4
Mechanics

INDEX

Sr. No. Title of Experiment

1 To determine particle size distribution & fineness modulus of
coarse and fine aggregates.
2 To determine standard consistency, Initial & Final Setting time of
cement paste using Vicat’s Apparatus.
3 To determine the workability of fresh concrete of given
proportion by slump cone test.
4 To determine the Crushing Strength of Brick by using CTM.
5 To determine the Compressive Strength of Concrete Sample by CTM.

6 To determine the area of land by chain surveying.

7 To perform traverse surveying with prismatic compass check for local
attraction and determine corrected bearing and to balance the
traversing by Included Angle Method.
8 To perform levelling by height of Instrument & Rise and Fall
method.
9 To find the support reactions of a given truss and verify
analytically.
10 To perform Plane Table Surveying work by radiation method.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To determination of particle size distribution of coarse 4 of 31
- 01 aggregates by sieving or screening.

FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE & FINE AGGREGATES

Aim: To determination of particle size distribution of coarse aggregates by sieving or

screening.

Goal and Purpose: Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for
aggregate. Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because grading and
size affect the amount of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, work
ability, pump ability, and durability of concrete. In general, if the water-cement ratio is
chosen correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength.
When gap-graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from
the size continuum. Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed
aggregate concrete. Close control of mix proportions is necessary to avoid segregation.

Apparatus: Test Sieves Sets conforming to IS: 460-1962. Weighing Balance, Gauging
Trowel, Stop Watch.

Procedure:

1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. The air-
dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting with
the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use.

2. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward and forward, left to right,
circular clockwise and anti-clockwise and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept
moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.

3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material, if
present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
4. Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and 75-
micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and blinding of apertures.
5. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.

Observations:
For Coarse Aggregates
I. S. Sieve Weight % Weight Total (Cumulative) %
Size Retained Retained Weight Retained
80mm
40mm
20mm
10mm
4.75mm
2.36mm
1.18mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Total

For Fine Aggregates

I. S. Sieve Weight % Weight Total (Cumulative) %
Size Retained Retained Weight Retained
4.75mm
2.36mm
1.18mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Total

Calculation:

Fineness Modulus, FM = (Sum of Cumulative % weight retained/100) + 5

Result:

Fineness modulus of a given sample of coarse & fine aggregate is…….........................

Precautions:

1. Sample should be selected carefully.

2. Weighing Machine should be calibrated.
3. Sieve Sets must be properly cleaned. No residue should be left.
4. Mechanical or Manual shaking must be done carefully so that no loss of material will be
there.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To determine (a) Normal Consistency, (b) Initial Setting 7 of 31
- 02 Time & (c) Final Setting Time of given cement sample.

STANDARD CONSISTENCY, INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Aim: To determine (a) Normal Consistency, (b) Initial Setting Time & (c) Final Setting Time
of given cement sample.

Goal and Purpose:

Cement when mixed with water forms paste which gradually becomes less plastic and finally
a hard plastic is obtained. Cement Concrete should be placed in position of its use before it
starts setting. In the process of setting a stage is reached when the cement paste is sufficiently
rigid to withstand a definite amount of pressure. The time to reach this state is termed as
setting time. Setting time is divided into two parts Initial setting time and Final setting time. It
is essential to keep suitable initial setting time for cement. Similarly when concrete placed in
position it should get hardened as early as possible, So that the structure is put to use earliest.

The time at which cement loses its plasticity or the process of hardening after which any
crack developed in concrete will not reunite is termed as initial setting time and the time
taken to reach the stage when the paste becomes a hard mass when concrete acquires
sufficient strength is known as final setting time. For Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Initial
setting time should not be less than 30 minutes and final setting time should not be more than
10 hours.

The Standard Consistency, Initial setting time and Final setting time is determined with the
help of Vicat’s Apparatus. It consists of a frame to which a movable rod is attached. An
indicator is attached to the movable rod weighing 300 grams to measure the penetration.
Vicat’s Apparatus consists of three attachments – square needle, plunger and square needle
with annular collar used to determine initial setting time, standard consistency and final
setting time of cement respectively.

Apparatus: Vicat’s Apparatus, Measuring Jar, trowel, weighing balance, cement sample,
stop watch.
Procedure:

a. Consistency Test

The test is carried out to determine the percentage of water required for preparing paste of
standard consistency. For performing setting test, compressive and tensile strength test and
soundness test it is necessary to fix the amount of water to be mixed in cement in each case. It
is defined as the percentage of water required to be mixed in cement so that the penetration
made by the plunger is 5-7 mm from bottom of mould. Take 300 gm of cement sample and
mix it with 30% of water by weight of cement. The mixing of cement and water is done on
non-porous pan. Fill the Vicat’s mould with the paste and level the surface with the help of
trowel blade. Plunger is attached to the movable rod and mould is placed on the Vicat’s
apparatus on non-porous plate. Lift the movable rod and release it with the help of hydraulic
ram to penetrate by itself under the weight of rod only. Penetration of the plunger is noted.
Repeat step 1-4 increasing the percentage of water. The percentage of water is increased until
the penetration of the plunger obtains a value of 5-7 mm from the bottom of the mould.

b. Initial Setting Test

It is defined as the time interval from the moment of mixing water to cement to the
moment when needle obtains a penetration value of 5mm from bottom of the mould. For
determining the initial setting time is the same as that of normal consistency with the
major difference that % of water used for mixing is 85% of normal consistency and needle
is used in place of plunger. Readings are taken at regular interval of 5 minutes and interval
is reduced when penetration reaches to value of 5mm from bottom. In the beginning the
needle will penetrate full up to the bottom and as time passes the penetration of the needle
will go on decreasing.

c. Final Setting Time

It is defined as the time interval from the moment of mixing water to cement to the moment
when needle makes impression but collar fails to make impression. Procedure for
determining the final setting time is the same as that of initial setting time with the major
difference that
Annular collar is used in place of needle. Reading is taken up to the time when needle makes
an impression but plunger fails.

Observations and Calculations:

S. Weight of Quantity of Time Interval Penetration from Remarks

No. Cement (gm.) Water (ml.) (min.) Bottom (mm.)
1 300
2 300
3 300
4 300
5 300

Result and Remarks:

1. Standard Consistency of given cement sample is.....................

2. Initial setting time of given cement sample is ………….

3. Final setting time of given cement sample is ……………..

Precautions:

2. Sample should be selected carefully.

3. Weighing Machine should be calibrated.
4. Sieve Sets must be properly cleaned. No residue should be left.
5. Mechanical or Manual shaking must be done carefully so that no loss of material will be
there.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To determine the workability of fresh concrete of 10 of 31
- 03 given proportion by slump cone test.

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY SLUMP CONE

Aim: To determine the workability of fresh concrete of given proportion by slump cone test.

Goal and Purpose:

Workability is defined as the property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar determining the
ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. The
slump test result is a measure of the behaviour of a compacted inverted cone of concrete
under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete. This test is
performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very
closely related to workability. It is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. A
slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or
stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete
mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product quality.

Apparatus: Slump cone, Scale for measurement, Temping rod (steel), Trowel, Pan etc.

Procedure:

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform
manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping should
penetrate into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of
height point of the specimen being tested.

When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump that
can be observed
True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The
measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after the
cone has been removed as shown in figure.

Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which results
in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road construction.
Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high, i.e.
concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not
appropriate.
Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and concrete to
be retested.
Observations and Calculations:

WATER-CEMENT RATIO SLUMP HEIGHT(mm)

Result and Remarks:

Slump for the given sample is.......................................mm.

Precautions:

1. Use hand gloves & shoes while testing.

2. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
3. The apparatus should remain free from vibrations during the test.
4. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the mould.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To determine the crushing strength of bricks. 13 of 31
- 04

CRUSHING STRENGTH OF BRICK

Aim: To determine the crushing strength of bricks.

Goal and Purpose:

Bricks are mostly subjected to compression and tension. The usual crushing strength of
common hand moulded well burnt bricks is about 5 to 10 N/mm2 (50 to 100/kg/cm2)
varying according to the nature of preparation of the clay. Pressed and machine moulded
bricks made of thoroughly pugged clay are stronger than common hand moulded bricks
from carelessly prepared clay.

Apparatus: Compressive strength testing machine, Bricks, Water, Sand, Cement, Trowel.

Procedure:

1. Eight bricks are taken for the compressive strength testing.

2. The bricks are then immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours.
3. Then these are taken out of water and surplus water on the surfaces is wiped off with a
moist cloth.
4. The frog of the bricks is flushed level with cement mortar (1:3)
5. The bricks are stored under damp jute bags for 24 hours followed by its immersion in
water at room temperature for three days.
6. The bricks are placed in the compression testing machine with flat faces horizontal and
mortar filled face being upwards. 7. Load is applied at a uniform rate of 14 N/ m2 per minute
till failure.
Observations and Calculations:

S. No. Load at Average area of back Crushing Strength. Remarks

Failure (N) faces (mm2) (N/mm2)
1
2
3
4

Result:

Average crushing strength of brick is............................

Precautions:

1. Make sure that brick must be free from impurity.

2. Sand should be filled in frog uniformly.
3. Rate of loading must be maintained.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To determine the cube strength of the concrete of given 15 of
- 05 properties. 31

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Aim: To determine the cube strength of the concrete of given properties.

Goal and Purpose:

One of the important properties of concrete is its strength in compression. The strength in
compression has a definite relationship with all other properties of concrete i.e. these
properties improved with the improvement in compressive strength. Thus, with this single
test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. In India cubical
moulds of size 15 cm × 15cm × 15 cm are commonly used. The concrete is prepared with
definite proportion is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for
curing. The top surface of this specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by
putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen. These
specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 3, 7 or 28 days curing. Load
should be applied gradually at the rate of 14 N/mm 2 per minute till the Specimens fails.
Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of
concrete. At least three specimens are tested at each selected age. The failure of the
specimen is called as ‘hour glass’ type failure. This happens due to lateral restraint
provided by the plates to the cubes. Practically, the compression testing system develops a
complex system of stresses due to end restraints provided by steel plates of compression
testing machine (CTM). Under compression loading, due to “poisons effect”, the cube
specimen also undergo lateral expansion. However, the steel plates don’t undergo lateral
expansion to the same extent that of concrete. Thus, there exist a differential tendency of
lateral expansion between steel plates and concrete cube faces. As a result of this,
tangential forces are induced between the end surfaces of the concrete specimen and the
adjacent steel plates of CTM. Therefore, in addition to the applied compressive stress;
lateral shearing stresses are also effective in these specimens. Effect of this shear
decreases to words the center of the cube. Thus, the cube has near vertical crack at cubes
center and sometimes, the cube may completely disintegrate leaving a relatively
undamaged central core. Figure 8 shows, typical failure patterns of the concrete cube.

Apparatus: Moulds for the test cubes, tamping rod, metallic sheet, Compressive testing
machine, Cement, sand, aggregate and water, grease.
Procedure:

1. Calculate the material required for preparing the concrete of given proportions
2. Mix them thoroughly in mechanical mixer until uniform colour of concrete is obtained
3. Pour concrete in the lightly greased cube moulds.
4. Fill concrete in two layers each of approximately 75 mm and ramming each layer with 35
blows evenly distributed over the surface of layer.
5. Struck off concrete flush with the top of the moulds.
6. Level the concrete at the top of the mould by means of trowel and give proper
identification mark of the specimen.
7. Immediately after being made, they should be covered with wet mats.
8. Specimens are removed from the moulds after 24hrs and cured in water. Keep it for curing
up to 28 days.

Testing of concrete cubes:

9. Take the cube out of water at the end of three days with dry cloth. Measure the dimensions
of the surface in which the load is to be applied. Let be ‘L’ and ‘B’ respectively.
10. Place the cube in compressive testing machine and apply the load uniformly at the rate of
35N/mm2.
11. Note the load at which the cube fails. Let it be ‘P’. Also note the type of failure and
appearance cracks
12. Calculate the compressive strength of the cube by using formula P/A. Where A is the area
of loaded surface (i.e. L×B).
13. Repeat the same procedure (steps 9 to 12) for other two cubes.
14. Repeat the whole procedure (Step 9 to 13) to find the compressive strength of the cube at
the end of 7 days and 28 days.
Observations and Calculations:

(a) For 3 Days Strength

S. Length Width (mm) Load (N) Compressive Remark

No. (mm) Strength. (N/mm2)
1
2
3
Average =................................

(a) For 7 Days Strength

S. Length Width (mm) Load (N) Compressive Remark

No. (mm) Strength. (N/mm2)
1
2
3
Average =................................

(a) For 28 Days Strength

S. Length Width (mm) Load (N) Compressive Remark

No. (mm) Strength. (N/mm2)
1
2
3
Average =................................

Result:
The type and grade of concrete:
The compressive strength of cement ate the end of
i) 3 days: N/mm2.
ii) 7 days: N/mm2.
iii) 28 days: N/mm2.

Precautions:

1. Greasing of moulds must be done properly.

2. Sample of concrete must be prepared properly.
3. Curing must be ensured during the setting period.
4. Machine must be calibrated.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: Determination of area of given irregular polygon by 18 of
- 06 Chain Survey. 31

CHAIN SURVEY

Aim: Determination of area of given irregular polygon by Chain Survey.

Goal and Purpose:

The object of chain survey is to locate the boundaries of field or plot and to find out its
area. In this method a base line within the given area is selected. Chaining along this line
is done and the offsets of the points lying on the boundaries of the plot are taken at
different chainages. By using a cross staff and tape, offsets on the either side of base line
are measured and recorded in the field book. The offsets length are written on the left hand
side or right hand side of the line as per position until whole area is surveyed.
Apparatus: Metric Chain (30m), Arrows, Ranging rods, Cross staff, Tape.

Procedure:

1. Run a base line approximately through the middle/centre of the given field to be surveyed.
2. Along the base line set perpendicular offsets by using cross staff to different points on the
either side of the field.
3. Note the chainages at which the offsets are erected and measure the length of offsets by
using a tape.
4. Now the area is divided into a number of triangles, rectangles and trapeziums.

Observations and Calculations:

S. FIGURE CHAINAGE (m) BASE OFFSET (m) MEAN AREA (m2)

NO. (m) (MEAN*OFFSET)

Calculations:

Calculate the area of triangles, rectangles and trapeziums. Area of triangle = ½ * base *

height Area of trapezium = (a+b)/2*h

Where a, b = Parallel sides of the trapezium h = the perpendicular distance between them. Sum of
all the areas will give the total area of the given field.

Result:

The area of the given field is …………………………..

Precautions:

1. The ranging rod should be established correctly state at all points.

2. The judgment of line should be taking correctly during established ranging rod at a point.
3. Distance between surveyor’s eye and reference station (e g. A, B and C) should be
minimum one meter.
4. The cross staff should be states during sight both station and observations take accurately.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To perform Traverse surveying with prismatic compass 20 of
- 07 check for local attraction and determine corrected 31
bearing.

COMPASS SURVEY

Aim: To perform Traverse surveying with prismatic compass check for local attraction and
determine corrected bearing.

Goal and Purpose:

Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are
determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured
with a tape or chain or laser range finder. The compass is generally used to run a traverse
line.

The general principle on which the compasses work is same for all types of compass. If a
long and narrow magnetized iron or steel strip suspended on a pivot at its centre is allowed
to oscillate freely about its vertical axis passing through the pivot, it will always tend to
assume a direction of the magnetic meridian at the place.

Traversing
Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines from the
frame work and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help
of an angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively.
There are two types of traverse surveying.
Closed traverse
When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting point, it is known as closed traverse.
Open traverse
When the lines form a circuit ends elsewhere except starting point, it is said to be an open
traverse.

Apparatus: Prismatic Compass, Tripod, Tape, Chain, Arrows, and Ranging Rods.

Procedure:

1. Fix the closed traverse ABCDE.

2. Set up the compass at the station ‘A’.

3. Perform the temporary adjustments.

4. Sight the object at ‘B’ and note down the FB of line AB and measure the distance.

5. Sight the object at E and note down the BB of EA.

6. Sight the instrument to station ‘B’ performs all the temporary adjustments.

7. Sight the object at ‘A’ and take the ‘BB’ of ‘AB’.

8. Take ‘FB’ of ‘BC’ and measure the length of ‘BC’.

9. Check whether the difference of ‘FB’ and ‘BB’ is 180º or not, at all stations.

10. Continue the same process all at other stations.

Observations and Calculations:

S. LINE DISTANCE FB BB DIFFERENCE REMARK

NO.

Calculations:

Included Angle = FB (Forward Line) – FB (Previous Line)

Result:

The stations with local attraction are........................

Precautions:

2. The centering is done properly.

3. Reading is taken along the line of sight and not from any side.
4. The observation should not carry any magnetic substances.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To perform levelling by (a) Height of Instrument 23 of
- 08 Method & (b) Rise & Fall Method. 31

LEVELLING SURVEY

Aim: To perform levelling by (a) Height of Instrument Method & (b) Rise & Fall Method.

Goal and Purpose:

Levelling is a branch of surveying which is

a. To find the elevations of given point w.r.t. Given or assumed datum.

b. To establish point at a given elevations or at different elevations w.r.t a given or

assumed datum.

Apparatus: Auto level, chain /tape, tripod stand, levelling staff, arrows, ranging rods.

Procedure:

(a) The Plane of Collimation System (HI method)

1. In this system, the RL of plane of collimation (HI) is found out for every set-up of the
level and then the reduced levels of the points are worked out with the respective plane of
collimation as described below.
2. Determine the RL of plane of collimation for the first set up of the level by adding B. S. to
the RL of BM i.e. (RL of plane of collimation= RL of BM + BS)
3. Obtain the R. L. of the intermediate points and first change point by subtracting the
staff readings (IS and FS from the RL of plane of collimation (HI).
(RL of a point = RL of plane of collimation HI - IS or FS)
4. When the instrument is shifted and set up at new position a new plane of collimation is
determined by addition of B. to the RL of change point. Thus the levels from two set-ups
of the instruments can be correlated by means of BS and FS taken on CP
5. Find out the RLs of the successive points and the second CP by subtracting their staff
readings from this plane of collimation RL
6. Repeat the procedure until all the RLs are worked out.

(b) The Rise and fall system

1. In this system, there is no need to determine RL of plane of collimation .The difference of

level between consecutive points are obtained as described below.
2. Determine the difference in staff readings between the consecutive points comparing
each point after the first with that immediately preceding it.
3. Obtained the rise or fall from the difference of their staff reading accordingly to the
staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that of proceeding point.
4. Find out the reduced level of each point by adding the rise to or subtracting fall from
the RL of a proceeding point.

Observations and Calculations:

(a) HI Method

S. No. Station B. S. I. S. F. S. H. I. R. L. REMARK

1
2
 (b) Rise & Fall Method

S. No. Station B. S. I. S. F. S. RISE FALL R. L. REMARK

1
2

Calculations:

Sum of BS - Sum of FS = RL of Last Station - RL of First Station = Sum of Rise – Sum of

Fall

Result:

The elevation difference between first and last station is ……………………

Precautions:

2. B. M. should is chosen properly.

3. The temporary adjustment is done at all the instrument station
4. After shifting the instrument, the B. S. Reading in C. P. is always taken.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To determine the support reactions of a given truss and 26 of
- 09 verify it analytically. 31

SUPPORT REACTIONS OF A TRUSS

Aim: To determine the support reactions of a given truss and verify it analytically.

Goal and Purpose:

The truss is one of the major types of engineering structures. It provides both a practical and
Economical solution to many engineering situations, especially in Learning content the
design of bridges and buildings. A truss consists of straight members connected at joints. The
truss is designed to carry those loads which acts in its plane and thus treated as a two-
dimensional structure. The applied loads are at the joints. The load shared by the members of
the truss is along their axes. These members are either in tension tend to elongate or in
compression tends to shorten. Force analysis in the members of the truss helps in deciding
their size. The first step in the procedure of analysis is to determine the reaction on the
support.

The aim of the experiment is to find support reaction of a given truss (in the present case it is
warren type) and verify analytically considering it simply supported. The truss is loaded at
three joints and supported on a frame through spring balances at two joints. The readings on
the spring balance show the amount of force on the support.

Apparatus:

A warren- truss apparatus, A set of slotted masses of known values weights (1 kg, 2 kg,.......),
A measuring tape, Spirit level etc.
Procedure:

1. Ensure that the truss remains in a vertical plane during the observation
2. Note the initial reading on the scale of spring balance.
3. Place the known masses at specified joints (here they are three)
4. Note the changed readings on the scale of spring balances
5. Change the loads at these joints and record the corresponding readings of spring balance
scale
6. Take at least FIVE or more sets of observations and tabulate them
7. Measure the distance of loads from the left end of support of spring balance (L1, L2, L3 for
W1, W2, W3 respectively). Measure the distance L between the spring balance support.
Considering the equilibrium of forces:
ΣV = 0

i.e., RA +RB =W1 +W2 +W3

and
ΣMA=
o
RB= (W1L1 + W2L2 +W3L3)/L
Then RA =(W1 +W2 +W3)-RB
 Observations and Calculations:

S. Applied Loads Final Experimental Analytical % error in RA Experimental Analyt % error in

No Reading Reaction Reaction RA –R’A x100 Reaction i cal RB –R’B
of RA Reacti x1
R’A =S”A –SA RA R’B =S”B –SB on RB
spring
balance RB
W1 W2 W3 S”A S”B

1.

2.

3.

Result:

For sets of observations, the observed percentage error in RA is

For sets of observations, the observed percentage error in RB is

Precautions:

1. Ensure the loads and the truss are in a vertical plane throughout the observation

2. Do not put excessive load.

3. Remove the load as the observations are over.

4. Loads should be placed gently.
EN3ES30 (P) Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics Page
Experiment No: To find the area of a plot using Plane Table Survey by 29 of
- 10 Radiation method. 31

PLANE TABLE SURVEY

Aim: To find the area of a plot using Plane Table Survey by Radiation method.

Goal and Purpose:

Plane table survey is a graphical method of survey in which the field observation and
plotting proceeds simultaneously. The principle of plane table survey is that the rays
drawn from Stations to object on the paper is parallel to the lines from the stations to the
object on the Ground.

Following are the four methods of plane table surveying:

1. Radiation
2. Intersection
3. Traversing

4. Resection

Apparatus: Tripod, Plane table, Alidade, Spirit level, Drawing sheet, Ranging rods, Trough
compass, Tape, U-Plumbing Fork, Drawing pins, Peg

Procedure:

1. Select a point ‘T’ on the ground so that all points to be located are visible from it.
2. Set up the table at ‘T’, level it, and do centring.
3. Transfer the point ‘T’ on to the drawing sheet by means of U-Plumbing fork so that it is
exactly over station ‘T’ on the ground and name it as ‘t’.
4. Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian on the drawing sheet by means of trough
compass.
5. Centring the alidade on ‘t’, bisect the points A, B, C, D, E and F one after the other and
draw the rays along the fiducial edge.
6. Measure the distances TA, TB, TC, TD, TE and TF on the ground and plot their
distances to some scale along the corresponding rays and thus get the position of points a,
b, c, d, e, and f on the drawing sheet. (Upper case letters are used to represent stations on
ground and lower case letters are used to represent stations on drawing sheet).
7. Join a, b, c, d, e and f on the drawing sheet.

Observations and Calculations:

S. No. Line Length as on ground Length as per on sheet

1
2
3
4

Result:

Area of given polygon is ………………..

Precautions:
1. Before starting the work, equipment’s for survey should be verified. Defective
accessories should be replaced by perfect equipment’s.
2. The centering should be perfect.
3. The levelling should be proper.
4. The oriented should be accurate.
5. Proper scale should be selected.
6. The distances of the objects or lines should be written temporarily along the respective
rays until the plotting is complete.