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Lecture-12-Adhesive Joining

Adhesive joining is a process that uses adhesives to bond materials, requiring surface preparation, adhesive application, and curing. It offers advantages over traditional methods like welding, including improved fatigue performance and the ability to join dissimilar materials. Proper surface treatment and preparation are crucial for achieving strong adhesive bonds.

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31 views20 pages

Lecture-12-Adhesive Joining

Adhesive joining is a process that uses adhesives to bond materials, requiring surface preparation, adhesive application, and curing. It offers advantages over traditional methods like welding, including improved fatigue performance and the ability to join dissimilar materials. Proper surface treatment and preparation are crucial for achieving strong adhesive bonds.

Uploaded by

masterbalsters123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Adhesive Joining

Lecture-12
Adhesive fundamentals

Adhesive joining is a process of joining


materials in which an adhesive (liquid or a
semi solid state material) is placed between
the surfaces of the work piece / parts
(adherents) to be joined. Either heat or
pressure or both are applied to get bonding.
Adhesive fundamentals

Three essential steps are required to make an


adhesive joint includs
(a) preparation of the surfaces,
(b) application of the adhesive on to the mating
surfaces, and
(c) assembly of work pieces / parts and curing the
joint.
Adhesive fundamentals

Adhesive bonding is an important complement


to conventional joining techniques.
Adhesive bonding is used more with
aluminum than with any other metal.
Examples include adhesive bonded joints in
aircraft, which have been used since the 1940s,
and brake linings for cars bonded to aluminum
brake shoes.
Adhesive fundamentals

• The basic function of adhesive is to join


parts.
– Adhesives offer alternatives to
conventional joining methods such as
soldering, welding & bolting.
– Some materials need adhesively
bonded joins for optimum or adequate
performance.
– Adhesives offer a convenient or cost-
effective way to join parts.
5
Adhesive fundamentals
The use of structural adhesives in engineering
applications can offer substantial benefits in
comparison to more traditional joining techniques
such as mechanical fastening and welding. These
include:
(a) Potential for significantly improved fatigue
performance.
(b) Ability to join dissimilar materials.
(c) Ability to join thin gauge materials and
honeycomb constructions.
(d) Simpler and cheaper component construction.
(e) High strength to weight ratio.
Adhesive fundamentals

• Polymer adhesives are the most commonly used


bonding agents.
– Epoxies (contain the epoxide functional
group)
– Acrylics (contain the aryl functional group)
– Urethanes (contain the urethane functional
group)
– Silicones (contain the siloxane functional
group)
7
Classes of Adhesives Used for Bonding
Natural Fibers/Materials
• Polyvinyl Acetates
• Formaldehyde based
– Ureaformaldehyde, phenolics, resorcinol
• Melamine
• Tannin based
• Isocyanate based
– Urethanes, ureas
• Others
– Epoxies, acrylics, hot-melt, starch
Adhesive fundamentals
The procedural steps of adhesive bonding are divided
into the following:
Cleaning and pre-treatment of substrates surfaces
Application of adhesive, solvent or other intermediate
layers
Contacting substrates
Hardening intermediate layer
The hardening conditions depend on the used materials.
at room temperature
through heating cycles
using UV light
by applying pressure
Adhesive Bonding

• Adhesives properties to be considered


– Strength
– Toughness
– Resistance to various fluids
– Ability to wet the surface to be bonded
Types of adhesives

Surface must be clean for joining parts

• Should avoid joints that might be subjected to peeling forces


• Design for adhesive bonding
Joint Design in Adhesive Bonding

Fig:Various joint design in adhesive bonding.


Advantages
The adherents are not affected by heat
 Uniform stress distribution
 Possibility to join large surfaces
Possibility to join different materials
Possibility to join very thin adherents
Gas-proof and liquid-tight
No crevice corrosion
 No contact corrosion
No precise fits of the adherent surfaces are
necessary
 Good damping properties
Disadvantages
Limited stability to heat
Long-term use may alter the properties of the bond
Cleaning and surface preparation of the adherents
are necessary in many cases
 Specific production requirements to be met
Specific clamping devices are often required to fix
the joint
 Nondestructive quality testing is only possible to a
certain extent
Surface treatment prior to adhesive bonding

Pre-treatment can improve the overall strength


and life of a bonded joint.
One or more of the following processes can be
used for pre-treatment before bonding:
• Cleaning and degreasing (acidic, alkaline or
solvent based)
• Abrading-Grinding or blasting with subsequent
cleaning
• Chemical etching, conversion coating, anodizing
• Primer
Surface Preparation
Degrease
Proper degrease provides good wetting of the
substrate with the adhesive material. Clean substrate
surfaces enhance formation of intermolecular and
chemical bonding between the substrate and
adhesive molecules.

At this stage the following contaminants are


removed from the substrate surface: mineral oils
(Rust protection oils, Cutting fluids (coolants),
greases, etc.), miscellaneous organic soils (paints,
animal lubricants and vegetable lubricants,
fingerprints).
Surface Preparation
The most popular degrease technologies are:
Solvent cleaning - removal of organic soils (mineral
oils, fingerprints etc.) by dissolving them in a
solvent.
Alkaline cleaning – removal of organic soils (mineral
oils, fingerprints, wax etc.) and some solid particles
by hot alkaline solutions.
Spray cleaning – cleaning by aqueous solutions
(alkaline or mild acids) delivered to the part surface
through spray nozzles at high pressure.
Surface Preparation
Abrading
Roughened (abraded) substrate surfaces provide
better bonding strength due to interlocking the
adhesive material in the surface micro-voids.
Abrading also removes oxides, scale, , rust, paints
and other solid contaminants from the surface.
Abrading techniques:
Sand blasting;
Wire brushing;
Shot peening;
Sanding by glass paper (80-150 grade for steels, 300-
600 grade for non-ferrous alloys).
Surface Preparation

Chemical pretreatment
Etching by acids (acid activation) and priming are
used for additional cleaning, activation and chemical
modification of substrate surfaces.
END

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