MESLEKİ MATEMATİK İNGİLİZCESİ

Mustafa Özdemir

Akdeniz Üniversitesi

2020

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Integer (intiecıı) : Tamsayı

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Read the Following Mathematical Expressions

245 : minus two hundred and forty-five

175 :
2351 :
22731 : twenty-two thousand seven hundred and thirty-one
1000000 : one million

Write in English
Birinci :
İkinci :
Üçüncü :
Dördüncü :
Beşinci :
Onuncu :

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Matematiksel Sembollerin Okunuşları

+ [ ] square bracket
 ! arrow
 6=
÷ 2/
< ) implies
>  congruent to
= 
= equivalent to
 smaller than or equal to  similar to
 ? perpendicular
2 8 for all
( ) bracket, paranthesis 9 there exists
{ } curly bracket ∆ empty set

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Vocabularies
Integer :
Whole Number :
Positive integer :
Negative integer :
Natural Number :
Rational Number :
Fraction :
Irrational Number :
Odd Number :
Even Number :
Prime Number :
Consecutive numbers
Pair :
Pairwise : ikili
Exponential number :
Radical number :

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Reading Inequalities
x >y x is greater than y
x y x is greater (than) or equal to y
x <y x is smaller than y
x y x is smaller (than) or equal to y x is positive
x 0 x is positive or zero; x is non-negative
x <0 x is negative
x 0 x is negative or zero

Translate to Turkish
Place 17, 5, 9 and 8 in descending order.

Translate to Turkish
Write the numbers 5, 17, 23 in ascending order.

Translate to (Akdeniz
Mustafa Özdemir Turkish Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 6 / 200
Write in English
Aşağıdaki sayıları azalan sırada yazınız.

Write in English
3,4,5 sayılarından en büyüğü 5’tir.

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Read the following expressions

· : times + : plus  : minus ÷ : divided by

3+52 = 6

3 · 5 + 4 = 19

2x + 3  5

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 2x + 3 > 5

12 ÷ 3 = 4

(x + 3) ÷ 5 < 5

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Basamak = Digit
Vocabularies
Three-digits number : 3 basamaklı sayı

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What is the smallest 4-digit number with di§erent digits?

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What is the greatest 4-digit number having di§erent digits?

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Write in English
İki basamaklı en küçük sayı kaçtır?

Write in English
Basamakları birbirinden farklı üç basamaklı en küçük sayı kaçtır?

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Basic arithmetic operations (Addition)
Türkçe karşılığı
operation
Addition :
Plus
Sum
to Add
combine

If we add the numbers 3 and 5, we get 8

The operation 3 + 5 = 8 reads "three plus five equals eight"
The sum of 3 and 5 is 8.
Translate to Turkish
What is the sum of di§erent smallest two digits numbers?

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Write in English
5 ve 10’un toplamı 15’tir.

Write in English
5 ile 4’ü toplarsak, 9 elde ederiz.

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Addends and sum

In an addition operation addends are 3, 5 and 3, then what is sum?

commutative property :
a+b = b+a
associative property :
a + (b + c ) = (a + b ) + c

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Basic arithmetic operations (Subtraction)

Türkçe karşılığı
Subtraction :
Di§erence
to subtract a from b

If we subtract 5 from 11, we get 6.

The operation 11  5 = 6 reads "eleven minus five equals six"
The di§erence of 11 and 5 is 6.
Translate to Turkish
What is the di§erence between the smallest and largest 2 digit numbers?

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Minuend - Subtrahend - Di§erence

Vocabularies
minuend :
subtrahend :
di§erence :
increase :
decrease :

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Basic arithmetic operations (Multiplication)
Türkçe karşılığı
multiplication
to multiply by
times
factor
product
multiple

If we multiply 5 by 11, we get 55.

The operation 11 · 5 = 55 reads "eleven times five equals fiftyfive"
The product of 11 and 5 is 55
triple : üç kat, double : iki kat
Translate to Turkish
What is the product of smallest and largest 2 digit numbers?

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Vocabularies
factor :
multiple :
product :

Translate to Turkish
What is the factors of 55?

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Factor the polynomial x 2  2x  3

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Write multiples of 3 smaller than 15.

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Translate to Turkish
24 sayısının asal çarpanlarını bulunuz.

Write in English
5 ve 10’un çarpımı 50’dir.

Write in English
7’nin 20’den küçük tüm katlarını yazınız.

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Basic arithmetic operations (Division)
Türkçe karşılığı
division
to divided by
divisor
remainder
quotient
dividend
If we divide 15 by 3, we get 5.
15 divided by 3 is five
The operation 15 : 3 = 5 reads "fi§teen divided by three equals five"
The quotient of 15 and 5 is 3.
Translate to Turkish
What is the quotient of 45 and 9?

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 When dividing by a certain number gives a whole number answer, we call it divisible.
Example: 15 is divisible by 3, because 15 ÷ 3 = 5 exactly.
But 9 is not divisible by 2 because 9 ÷ 2 is 4 with 1 left over.
A prime number is a whole number greater than 1 that is exactly divisible by itself and 1
but no other number.

Translate to Turkish
What is the number of positive divisors of 20?

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Translate to Turkish
What is the sum of positive divisors of 20?

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What is the greatest prime divisor of 1001?

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What is the remainder when 32 is divided by 7?

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Translate to Turkish
What is the quotient when 32 is divided by 7?

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In a division operation, divisor, quotient and remainder ar 3,12 and 2, respectively. Then, what
is the dividend?

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Explain divisibility rules for 2, 5 and 3?

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Write in English
24’ün positif bölenlerinin toplamı kaçtır?

What s the sum of the pos t ve d v sors of 24?

Write in English
24’ün en büyük asal çarpanı kaçtır?

What s the largest pr me factor of 24?

Write in English
24’ü 5’e bölersek kalan nedir?

If we d v de 24 by 5, what s the rest?

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Divisibility (Bölünebilme)

A number is divisible by 2, if the last digit is an even number.

A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of all digits is a multiple of 3.
A number is divisible by 4, if the last two digits is a multiple of 4.
A number is divisible by 5, if the last digit is zero or five.
A number is divisible by 6, if the number is divisible by 2 and 3.
A number is divisible by 8, if the last three digits is a multiple of 4.
A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of all digits is a multiple of 9.
A number is divisible by 10, if the last digit is zero.
A number is divisible by 11 if the sum of the odd digits - the sum of the even digits = 0
or is a multiple of 11
The multiples of a positive integer a are the numbers a, 2a, 3a, 4a, . . .. If b is a multiple
of a, we also say that a divides b, or that a is a divisor of b (notation : a | b).

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Translate to Turkish
Explain divisibility rule for 72.

Example
The temperature went from 55 to 45 . What did the temperature do?
a. It divided
b. It subtracted
c. It increased
d. It decreased

Example
When you combine 3, 5, and 6. Which operation do you perform?
a. Multiplication
b. Division
c. Addition
d. Subtraction
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Translate to Turkish
What is the remainder when 117 is divided by 5?

Translate to Turkish
What is the quotient when 4x 2  36 is divided by x + 3?

Example
When you divide 12 by 5, what is 2?
a.The quotient b.The remainder c.The product d.The average

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Example
How can you double a number?
a.add two b.divide by 2 c.subtract 2 d.multiply by 2

Example
If a number cannot be divided exactly, what is the amount left over?
a. the quotient
b. the product
c. the sum
d. the remainder

Example
Alper makes 12TL per hour, and Berk makes 24TL per hour. How much does Berk?
a. about as much as Alper?
b. 3 times as much as Alper
c. half as much as Alper
d. 2 times as much as Alper
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Example
Which of these are integers?
a. -1 , -2, -3 b. 1,5; 2,3; 4,6 c. 1 , 2, 3 d. 1,2, 2/3, 3/4

Translate to Turkish
What is the product of 12 and 4?

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What is the sum of 12 and 4?

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What is the di§erence between 12 and 5?

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Translate to Turkish
What is result when 11 subtracted from 100?

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The sum of two numbers is 0. If the smaller number is subtracted from the larger number, the
result is 100. How do you find the two numbers?

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The quotient of y and 5 ise 4. What is y?

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Translate to Turkish
The ratio of u to v ise x? What is the product of v and x?

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If the sum of 3 consecutive integers is 36, then what is the smallest one?

Translate to Turkish
The sum of three consecutive even integers is 36. Find the smallest number?

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Rasyonel Sayıların Okunması Fractions [= Rational Numbers]

1 1 2
: one half : one third : two third
2 3 3
1 11 a
: one eighths : eleven ninths : a over b, (a divided by b)
7 9 b
2 5 5
: 2 over 3 3 : 3 and 5 over 6  : minus 5 over 2
3 6 2

Vocabularies
simple fraction :
compound fraction :
continued fraction :
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Decimal Numbers
Vocabularies
Decimal Numbers :
Repeating Decimal Numbers : A repeating decimal is a decimal number that eventually
takes on a repeating pattern of digits after its decimal point that will continue forever. In the
number 3, 253, we see that the repeating pattern of digits is 53.

0.067 : minus nought point zero six seven

81.59 : eighty-one point five nine
Translate to Turkish
Read the following expression
 
5 5 1 509
3, 1 +  = .
7 4 2 140

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Ondalık Sayıların Okunuşları
decimal represantation : ondalık gösterim

Description
There is a di§erence between tenth and tens digit. For example in the number 71,234, tenth
digit = 2, units digit = 1 and tens digit = 7.

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Üslü ve Köklü Sayıların Okunuşları
Description
ab : a to the b = a to the power of b

to the power of : (to the ): üzeri, üssü exponent : üs

35 : 3 to the power of 5, 3 to the 5
is equal to, equals : eşittir
p
35 3 to the (power of) 5 3 square root fof three
p
47 four to the (power of) seven 3
2 cube root of two
p
52 5 squared 5
3 the fifth rooot of three

53 5 cubed 52/3 five to the minus 2 over 3

p
51 5 to the minus one 2/34 in radical 2 over 2 to the 4

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Reading Algebraic Expressions (Cebirsel İfadelerin Okunuşu)
A = a2 capital a equals small a squared
a = x +y a equals x plus y
b = x y b equals x minus y
c=x· y· z c equals x times y times z
c = xyz c equals x y z
(x + y )z + xy x plus y in brackets times z plus x y
2
x +y +z3 5 x squared plus y cubed plus z to the (power of) five
n n
x +y = z n x to the n plus y to the n equals z to the n
(x  y )3m x minus y in brackets to the (power of) three m, x minus y, all to the
(power of) three m
2x 3y two to the x times three to the y
ax 2 + bx + c a x squared plus b x plus c
p p
x+ 3y the square root of x plus the cube root of y
pn
c +y the n-th root of x plus y
a+b
a plus b over c minus d
c d
(mn ) (the binomial coe¢cient) n over m
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Kümelerle İlgili Terimler (Some Terms Related to Sets)

x2A x is an element of A; x lies in A; x belongs to A; x is in A

x2/A x is not an element of A; x does not lie in A; x does not belong to A; x is not
in A
x, y 2 A (both) x and y are elements of A, ... lie in A; ... belong to A; ... are in A
/A
x, y 2 (neither) x nor y is an element of A; ... lies in A; ... belongs to A; ... is in A
∆ the empty set (= set with no elements)
A=∆ A is an empty set
A 6= ∆ A is non-empty
A[B the union of (the sets) A and B; A union B
A\B the intersection of (the sets) A and B; A intersection B
AB the product of (the sets) A and B; A times B
A\B = ∆ A is disjoint from B; the intersection of A and B is empty
{x |...} the set of all x such that ...

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 C the set of all complex numbers
Q the set of all rational numbers
R the set of all real numbers

Translate to Turkish
A [ B contains those elements that belong to A or to B (or to both).
A \ B contains those elements that belong to both A and B.
A  B contains the ordered pairs (a, b ), where a (resp., b) belongs to A (resp., to B).
An = A  · · ·  A contains all ordered n-tuples of elements of A.

Vocabularies
ordered pair : ordered n-tuples :
couple : triple :
relation : equivalence relation
finite set infinite set
intersection : universal set :
union : di§erence :

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Vocabularies
empty set :
disjoint set : Tartışılan tüm kümeler, bel rl b r evrensel küme
subset : U'nun alt kümeler olarak kabul ed l r. Bu g b
number of subset : durumlarda, U\A, A'nın tamamlayıcısı olarak
power set : adlandırılır ve A0 veya Ac le göster l r.
complement of a set : all sets under discussion are considered to be subsets of a given
universal set U. In such cases, U \A is called the complement of A, and is denoted by A0 or Ac
The cardinality of a set A, denoted |A| or s (A), is the number of members of A.
The inclusion—exclusion principle is a counting technique that can be used to count the
number of elements in a union of two sets if the size of each set and the size of their
intersection are known. It can be expressed symbolically as

s (A [ B ) = s (A) + s (B )  s (A \ B ) .

De Morgan’s laws : (A [ B )0 = A0 \ B 0 and (A \ B )0 = A0 [ B 0 .

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Logic

S _T S or T
S ^T S and T
S )T S implies T ; if S then T
S ,T S is equivalent to T ; S i§ T
S not S
8x 2 A for each [= for every] x in A . . .
9x 2 A there exists [= there is] an x in A (such that) . . .
9!x 2 there exists [= there is] a unique x in A (such that) . . .
x > 0 ^ y > 0 ) x + y > 0 if both x and y are positive, so is x + y
8x 2 R, 9 y 2 Q |x  y | < 2/3 for every real number x there exists a rational number y
such that the absolute value of x minus y

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Read out the following statements

Example
Read out the following statements
x 2 A \ B , (x 2 A ^ x 2 B ) :

x 2 A [ B , (x 2 A _ x 2 B ) :

8x 2 R x2  0 :

9x 2 R x2 < 0 :

8y 2 C , 9z 2 C y = z2 :

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Temel Matematik Sözlüğü (Basic Math Vocabulary)
Vocabularies
about : yaklaşık : not an exact answer
Examples: 4.9 is about 5, $3.02 is about $3.00.
a little over : biraz üstünde : a larger number
Example: 102 is a little over 100.
a little under : biraz altında :a smaller number
Example: 98 is a little under 100.
all together : tamamı : the total of all the numbers
Example: 2, 3 and 4 all together total 9.
almost : hemen hemen : a little less than
Example: $4.98 is almost $5.00.
average : the total of a set of numbers divided by the number in the set :
Example: The average of the set (4, 5, 6) is 5, because the total of 15 divided by 3 is 5.
cheaper : daha ucuz, less than another price,
Example: The $10 book is cheaper than the $12 book.

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Vocabularies
cheapest : en ucuz : the lowest price compared to others
Example: If book A is $9.00 and book B is $12.00 and book C is $6.00, then book C is the
cheapest.
closest to : en yakın : the best answer from a group of numbers when there is no exact
answer
Example: If the temperature is 2 and your answer choices are 0 , 10 , and 20 then the
temperature is closest to 0 .
combined (birleştirilmiş,toplanmış) added together,
Example: If 2 and 3 and 7 are combined the total is 12.
cost : fiyat, how much money is needed,
Example: If you buy a $10 book and there is 6% tax then the cost is $10.60
count by 2s : 2şer saymak, count from 2 skipping one number between
Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.
count by 3s, count from 3 skipping two numbers in between
Example: 3, 6, 9, 12 etc.

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Vocabularies
decrease to become smaller,
Example: The temperature decreased by 10 , from 70 to 60 .
di§erence : the result of subtracting a number from another number
Example: The di§erence between 7 and 4 is 3. 7  4 = 3.
distance (uzaklık) the space between 2 points or how far you can travel in a given time.
Examples: The distance between Minneapolis and Chicago is 422 miles. If you drive 60 mile
per hour for 4 hours you will travel 240 miles.
divide (bölmek) cut in equal sized parts
Example: He divided the candy between the 2 children. He gave half to one and half to the
other.
double (iki katını almak) multiply by 2.
Example: When you double 5 you get 10.
estimate (tahmin etmek)
an approximate answer, an answer that is not exact.
Example: 487 + 505 is about 1000.
fewer (daha az) less than, a smaller amount
Example: 27 is fewer than 30.

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Vocabularies
highest, greatest (en yüksek) the largest number,
Example: In the set 3, 7, 10, and 13 the highest number is 13.
increase (artmak) to become bigger,
Example: After working for a year his pay increased from $8.50 to $9.50 per hour. He got a
$1.00 increase in his pay.
left over : geriye kalan
the remainder from division or subtraction
Examples: If you subtract 9 from 11, 2 is left over. If you divide 14 by 4, you get 3 with 2 left
over.
less than (-den az) a smaller number,
Example: 98 is less than 100.
lowest (en küçk) the smallest number,
Example: In the set 3, 7, 10, and 13 the lowest number is 3.
math sign (matematik işareti) symbol that indicates a math operation
more expensive (daha pahalı) : a bigger price,
Example: A $20,000 car is more expensive than a $16,000 car.

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Vocabularies
most expensive (en pahalı) the biggest price,
Example: If book A is $9.00 and book B is $12.00 and book C is $6.00, then Book B is the
most expensive.
multiply (çarpmak) : adding a number to itself a number of times,
Example: Multiplying 2x 3 is the same as adding 2+2+2.
number sentence (sayı ifadesi) : a symbolic expression of a basic math problem
Example: If N is the number of students in class, and M is the number of men and W is the
number of women, then N = M + W.
operation (işlem) : the four basic math processes: addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division
Example: Adding 2 + 2 is one operation, multiplying 2 x 2 is a di§erent operation.
product (çarpım) the result of multiplying numbers,
Example: When you multiply 3 by 4 the product is 12.
quotient (bölüm) the result of dividing two numbers,
Example: When you divide 6 by 2 the quotient is 3.
remainder (kalan) the amount left over after division,
Example: If you divide 14 by 4 you get 3 with a remainder of 2.

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Vocabularies
s with numbers (10s, 30s, 40s) (onlar, ...) the numbers in that set of ten, Example: The
temperature is in the 60s. It’s 60 to 69 degrees. She’s in her twenties. She’s 20 to 29 years old.
s with a number word (tens, hundreds, thousands) (onlarca, yüzlerce, binlerce), an
unspecified large number
Examples: Hundreds of people attended the meeting.
split to divide or cut into pieces,
Example: He split the money into two parts and gave half to his son and half to his daughter.
sum : the total when numbers are added
Example: If you add 3 plus 5, the sum is 8.
times as much as ,
Example: John make $8 per hour, but Mary make $16. Mary makes 2 times as much as John
does.
total amount (toplam miktar) all the numbers added together
Example: I bought a book for $12, a pen for $5 and the sales tax was $1.19. The total
amount I spent was $18.19.
twice : two times, triple : three times,
Example: My grandson is 20 years old and I’m 60 years old. I’m triple his age.

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Vocabularies
argument
assume
assumption
axiom
case
special case
claim v.
concept
notion
deduce
conclude
conclusion
condition
a necessary and su¢cient condition
conjecture
consequence

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Vocabularies
contradiction
define
well-defined
definition
example
exercise
explain
explanation
false
main
on one hand
on the other hand
i§ [= if and only if ]
lemma
proof
property
satisfy property

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Vocabularies
proposition
reasoning mantık
reduce to küçültmek, azaltmak
remark açıklama
required
necessary
result
consequence
outcome
s.t. = such that
statement
t.f.a.e. = the following are equivalent
theorem
true and truth
wlog = without loss of generality
in other words
namely
that is
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Vocabularies
call : (name, entitle)

Translate to Turkish
These angles are sometimes called Euler angles.
This formula is usually called the Heron formula.
Each object or number in a set is called a member or element of the set.
If A is a subset of B, but not equal to B, then A is called a proper subset of B.
The symbol "!" is called factorial notation. The factorial of a positive integer is simply the
product of all natural numbers less than or equal to it. In mathematics, the factorial of a
non-negative integer n is denoted by n!.
There is a unique set with no members, called the empty set (or the null set), which is
denoted by the symbol ∆ or {}.
The derivative of y (t ) is defined to be the vector, called the tangent vector, whose
coordinates are the derivatives of the coordinate functions.

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Vocabularies
denote by, represent : indicate : show :

Translate to Turkish
If B is a set and x is one of the objects of B, this is denoted as x 2 B, and is read as "x is an
element of B", as "x belongs to B", or "x is in B".
Let us call the largest prime factor of n as the good factor of n and denote it with G (n).
If A and B are two sets, and every element of set A is also an element of set B, then A is
called a subset of B and we write it as A  B or B  A. (and it is denoted by A  B or
B  A)
U \A is called the complement of A, and is denoted by A0 or Ac .
df
The first derivative of f with respect to x is denoted by .
dx
If we denote this operator by D, then D (f ) is the function f 0 .

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Vocabularies
represents (indicate, show)

Translate to Turkish
We shall use the symbol
R \ to represent intersection. R
The integral sign represents integration. In the expression f (x ) dx, the symbol dx,
called the di§erential of the variable x, indicates that the variable of integration is x. The
function f (x ) to be integrated is called the integrand.
Draw a graph of the signed area represented by the integral and compute it using geometry.
The Jacobian matrix is the matrix that represents this linear transformation.
Higher derivatives are represented using multiple primes, as in y 00 , y 000 . The n-th derivative is
also called the derivative of order n, denoted f (n ) .
If x (t ) represents the position of an object at time t, then the higher-order derivatives of x
have specific interpretations in physics.

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OBEB = GCD (Greatest Common Divisor)

Definition
The greatest common divisor (gcd) of two or more integers, which are not all zero, is the
largest positive integer that divides each of the integers. For two integers x, y , the greatest
common divisor of x and y is denoted gcd (x, y ). For example, the gcd of 8 and 12 is 4, that
is gcd (8, 12) = 4.

Translate to Turkish
What is the greatest common divisor of 124 and 80?

Example
Two numbers are called relatively prime, or coprime, if their greatest common divisor equals
1. For example, 8 and 25 are relatively prime.

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OKEK = LCM (Lowest Common Multiple)
Definition
The least common multiple, lowest common multiple, or smallest common multiple of two
integers a and b, usually denoted by lcm(a, b ), is the smallest positive integer that is divisible
by both a and b. For example, the lcm of 8 and 12 is 24, that is lcm (8, 12) = 24.

Translate to Turkish
What is the least common multiple of 10 and 8?

Multiples of 10 are: {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, ...} and multiples of 8 are: {8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, ...}
Common multiples of 10 and 8 are the numbers that are in both lists: {40, 80, ...}
Among this list, the smallest number is 40, hence the least common multiple is 40.
Teorem
gcd(a, b ) is closely related to the least common multiple lcm (a, b ): we have
gcd(a, b ) · lcm(a, b ) = |a · b |.
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 Translate the following expressions
Let’s find the least common multiple of the numbers in the denominator to equalize the
denominators.

Paydaları eş tlemek ç n paydadak sayıların en küçük ortak katını

bulalım

When adding, subtracting, or comparing simple fractions, the least common multiple of
the denominators (often called the lowest common denominator) is used, because each of
the fractions can be expressed as a fraction with this denominator. For example,
3 1 9 2 11
+ = + = .
8 12 24 24 24

Bas t kes rler eklerken, çıkarırken veya karşılaştırırken,

paydaların en küçük ortak katı (genell kle en düşük ortak payda
olarak adlandırılır) kullanılır, çünkü kes rler n her b r bu payda le
b r kes r olarak fade ed leb l r.

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Polynomials
Definition
Polynomials in one variable are algebraic expressions that consist of terms in the form ax n
where n is a non-negative (i.e. positive or zero) integer and a is a real number and is called
the coe¢cient of the term.

Vocabularies
terms : coe¢cient : constant : degree :

Translate to Turkish
The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the largest exponent in the polynomial.

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 A polynomial containing only one term, such as 5x 6 , is called a monomial.
A polynomial containing two terms, such as 2x 2  5, is called a binomial.
A polynomial containing three terms, such as x 2  2x + 3, is called a trinomial.

Example
 
Find the product (x  3) x 2  2x

Use the distributive property, and multiply. Combine like terms and simplify.

Example
Expand the following
 2eexpressions.
2
2
a) (x  3) b) x  3x + 1

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Factorization of Polynomials
Factor each of the following polynomials.
a) x 2  x b) x 2  4
Factor by grouping each of the following.
a) x 2  x + x  1 b) ax + ay + bx + by
Write the factorisation formula of di§erence of squares

Write the factorisation formula of di§erence of cubes.

Write the factorisation formula of sum of cubes.

How can we factor of the trinomial x 2  5x + 6

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Write in English
Aşağıda ifadeleri çarpanlara ayırınız.

Write in English
x 2  2x ifadesini çarpanlara ayırınız.

Write in English
(x  3)2 ifadesini açınız.

Write in English
(x  1) (x  3) çarpımını sadeleştiriniz.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 60 / 200
Rational Expressions
A rational expression is nothing more than a fraction in which the numerator and/or the
denominator are polynomials. For example,
2 x 1
, 2
x 1 x 1
A rational expression has been reduced to lowest terms if all common factors from the
numerator and denominator have been canceled.
x 1 x 1 1
2
= = ( reduced to lowest terms
x 1 (x  1) (x + 1) x +1

Translate to Turkish
x2  9
Reduce the rational expression to lowest terms.
x 2  3x

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Equations (Denklemler)
A linear equation in one variable can be written in the form ax + b = 0 where a and b are real
numbers.
A rational equation contains at least one rational expression where the variable appears in at
least one of the denominators.
Translate to Turkish
1 1 3
Solve the rational equation + = 2 .
x x 1 x x
Find the roots of the equation x 2  4x  5 = 0.

Vocabularies
solution : to write insted of x :
simplify : inequality :
equality : solve :
solution set : roots:
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Translating Words into Algebraic Expressions

Vocabularies
Addition, Add, Added to, the sum of, more than, increased by, the total of, plus
Add x to y x +y y increased by 10 y + 10
y added to 7 7+y The total of x and 10 x + 10
The sum of a and b a+b 9 plus m 9+m
m more than n n+m

Translate to Turkish
Alper has 7 apples. Berk has 4 more. How many does Berk have?

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Vocabularies
Subtraction : Subtract, subtract from, di§erence, between, less, less than, decreased
by, diminished by, take away, reduced by, exceeds, minus

Subtract x from y y x p decreased by 11 p  11

From x, subtract y x y 8 diminished by w 8w
The di§erence between x and 7 x 7 y take away z y z
10 less m 10  m p reduced by 6 p6
10 less than m m  10 x minus y x y

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Description
Consecutive Integer Three consecutive integers x, x + 1, x + 2
Three consecutive odd (even) integers x, x + 2, x + 4

One number is 1 more than the other. Their sum is 47. What are the numbers?

One number is twice the other number. Their sum is 45. What are the numbers?

The sum of two odd consecutive numbers is 64. What is the larger number?

The sum of three consecutive numbers is 78. What are the three numbers?

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Write in English
Ardışık iki tek sayının toplamı 20 ise, bu sayılardan küçük olan kaçtır?

Write in English
Bir sayı diğerinden 5 fazladır. Eğer toplamları 9 ise, bu sayıları bulunuz.

Write in English
100’den küçük en büyük asal sayı kaçtır?

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Vocabularies
Multiplication, Multiply, times, the product of, multiplied by, times as much,

7 times x 7x 5 multiplied by y 5y
The product of x and y xy one-fifth of p 6p
times a many 5y twice, twice as much as, double 2x

Translate to Turkish
Berk has 5 apples. Öykü has three times as many apples as Berk. How many does Öykü have?

Translate to Turkish
Alper weighs 3 times as much as Berk. Together, they weigh 80 kg. How much does Berk
weigh?

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Vocabularies
Division, Divide, divides, divided by, the quotient of, the ratio of, equal amounts of,
Divide x by 6 x ÷6 The ratio of u to v u÷v
6 divides x x ÷6 u separated into 4 equal parts u÷4
6 divided by x x ÷6 5 parts per 100 parts 100÷5
the quotient of y and 5 y ÷5 Half of, one-half of, half as x ÷2
Translate to Turkish
The school is planning a trip. There are 30 students and 5 seats on each school bus. How
many buses are needed to take the trip?
Okul b r gez planlıyor. Her okul otobüsünde 30 öğrenc ve 5
koltuk bulunmaktadır. Yolculuk yapmak ç n kaç otobüse ht yaç
var?
Translate to Turkish
A bag contains 60 ball, some blue and some green. The ratio of blue balls to green ones is
1 : 5. How many blue balls are there?

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ÖDEVLER
Can picked 7 apples. Cem picked 4 times as many as Can. How many apples did Cem
pick?
Ali read 9 books in the fall. Veli read 7 times as many books. How many books did Veli
read?
Ece is 12 years old. Ege is 3 times as old as Ece. How old is Ege?
Ege is 140 cm tall. There is a tree in him garden that is 9 times taller than he is. How
tall is the tree in Ege’s garden?
Gültekin is five times as old as her son. If he is 45, how old is her son?
Express as mathematically
21 days is 3 times longer than 7 days.
8 kg is 4 times as heavy as 2 kg.
72 cm is 12 times the length of 6 cm.
30 fish is 5 times as many as 6 fish.
The length of the second side of a triangle is 2 more than twice the length of the first
side. The length of the third side is thrice that of the first side. If the perimeter of the
triangle is 62 cm, what are the dimensions of the triangle?
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Roots of Quadratic Equations

Roots of the quadratic function f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c (with a, b, c real and a 6= 0 ) are

• distinct and non-real if the discriminant 4 = b 2  4ac < 0
• real and distinct if the discriminant 4 = b 2  4ac > 0,
• real and equal if the discriminant 4 = b 2  4ac = 0,
If 4 > 0, the the roots can be found by the formulas
p
b ± 4
x1,2 = .
2a
Also, sum and product of the roots is
b c
x1 + x2 = and x1 x2 = .
a a
respectively.

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Polynomials Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

Teorem
The Remainder Theorem states that when a polynomial

p (x ) = a0 x n + a1 x n 1 + .... + an

of degree n, is divided by (x  k ) the remainder is p (k ). The factor theorem then follows:

p (k ) = 0 if and only if (x  k ) is a factor of p (x ). A polynomial equation of degree n has at
most n real roots.
Rational Root Theorem
Teorem
The theorem states that each rational solution x = p/q, written in lowest terms so that p and
q are relatively prime, satisfies:
i. p is an integer factor of the constant term a0 ,
ii. q is an integer factor of the leading coe¢cient an .

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Example
If a polynomial leaves a remainder of 5 when divided by x  3 and a remainder of 7 when
divided by x + 1, what is the remainder when the polynomial is divided by x 2  2x  3?

Solution
We observe that when we divide by a second degree polynomial the remainder will generally be
linear. Thus the division statement becomes

p (x ) = (x 2  2x  3)q (x ) + ax + b ()

where p (x ) is the polynomial, q (x ) is the quotient polynomial and ax + b is the remainder.

Now we observe that the remainder theorem states p (3) = 5 and p (1) = 7. Also we
notice that x 2  2x  3 = (x  3)(x + 1). Thus substituting x = 3 and 1 into (*) we have:

p (3) = 5 = 3a + bp (1) = 7 = a + b

Solving these equations, we obtain a = 3 and b = 4; the remainder is 3x  4.

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Translate to Turkish
If
 x and y are real numbers, determine all solutions (x, y) of the system of equations
2
x  xy + 8 = 0
x 2  8x + y = 0

Translate to Turkish
The parabola defined by the equation y = (x  1)2  4 intersects the x-axis at points P and
Q. If (a, b ) is the midpoint of PQ, what is the value of a?

Translate to Turkish
The equation y = x 2 + 2ax + a represents a parabola for all real values of a. Prove that there
exists a common point through which all of these parabolas pass, and determine the
coordinates of this point.

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Translate to Turkish
(a) Sketch the graph of the equation y = x (x  4)2 . Label all intercepts.
(b) Solve the inequality x (x  4)2  0.

Translate to Turkish
A quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (where a, b, and c are not zero), has real roots. Prove
that a, b, and ccannot be consecutive terms in a geometric sequence.

Translate to Turkish
A quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (where x, a, b, and c are integers and a 6= 0) has
integer roots. If a, b, and c are consecutive terms in an arithmetic sequence, solve for the
roots of the equation.

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Translate to Turkish
The parabola y = (x  2)2  16 has its vertex at point A and its larger x intercept at point
B. Find the equation of the line through A and B.

Translate to Turkish
Solve the equation (x  b )(x  c ) = (a  b )(a  c ) for x.

Translate to Turkish
Given that x = 2 is a solution of x 3  7x  6 = 0, find the other solutions.

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Translate to Turkish
Find the value of a such that the equation below in x has real roots, the sum of whose
squares is a minimum.
4x 2 + 4(a  2)x  8a2 + 14a + 31 = 0.

Translate to Turkish
If f (x ) = 3x  7 and g (x ) is the inverse of f (x ), then determine the value of g (2).

Translate to Turkish
If (2, 7) is the maximum point for the function y = 2x 2  4ax + k, determine k.

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Translate to Turkish
The roots of x 2 + cx + d = 0 are a and b and the roots of x 2 + ax + b = 0 are c and d. If a,
b, c and d are nonzero, calculate a + b + c + d.

Translate to Turkish
If y = x 2  2x  3 then determine the minimum value of y .

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Reading terms with indices

x0 x zero, x nought
x2 + x3 x two plus x three

Kij Capital K ij, Capital K lower ij

3
M12 Capital M upper three, lower one two

n
 ai x i sum of a lower i x to the i for i from one to n;
i =1
sum over i from one to n of ai (times) x to the i

•
’ bm product of b m for m from one to infinity;
m =1
product over m from one to infinity of b m

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Temel Geometri Terimleri (Geometry Vocabulary List)
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with points, lines, planes and solids and
examines their properties.

Vocabularies
Point : has no size; length, width, or height. It is represented by a dot and named by a
capital letter.
Line is the set of points which has infinite length but no width or height. A line is named by a
lower case letter or by any two points on the line.
Plane is the set of points that has infinite length and width but no height. We name a plane
with a capital letter.
Collinear points are the points that lie on the same line. (neg: Noncollinear points)
Coplanar points are the points that lie on the same plane. (neg: Noncoplanar points)
lie :
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Vocabularies
Segment — part of a line that consists of two points called endpoints and all points between
them.
Ray - is the part of a line that contains an endpoint and all points extending in the other
direction. (ışın)
Congruent segments — segments that have the same length.(eş doğru parçası)
Midpoint of a segment — a point that divides the segment into two congruent segments.
(doğru parçasının orta noktası)

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Angles

Vocabularies
Acute angle — angle whose measure is between 0 degrees and 90 degrees. (dar açı)
Right angle — angle whose measure is 90 degrees.(dik açı)
Obtuse angle — angle whose measure is greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.
(geniş açı)
Straight angle — angle whose measure is 180 degrees. (düz açı)

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Angles

Vocabularies
Congruent angles — angles that have the same measure. (eş açılar)
Angle bisector — ray that divides an angle into two congruent adjacent angles. (açırortay)
Adjacent angles — two coplanar angles with a common vertex and a common side between
them (komşu açılar)
Vertical angles — the non- adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines. (ters açılar)

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Vocabularies
Complementary angles — two angles whose sum is 90 degrees. (tümler açı)

Vocabularies
Supplementary angles — two angles whose sum is 180 degrees. (bütünler açı)

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Vocabularies
Perpendicular lines — two lines that intersect to form right angles. (dik doğrular)
Parallel lines — two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and do not intersect. (parallel
doğrular)
Skew lines — are noncoplanar lines they will not intersect. (ayrık doğrular)

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Triangle

Vocabularies
Triangle : the figure formed by three segments joining three noncollinear points. Each of the
three points is a vertex of the triangle and the segments are the sides.

vertex :
side :
interior angle :
exterior angle :

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 .......................... is a triangle that has all acute angles.
.......................... is a triangle with a right angle.
........................... is a triangle with an obtuse angle.

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Vocabularies
Equiangular triangle — triangle with all angles congruent. (eşaçılı üçgen)
Scalene triangle — triangle with no sides congruent. (çeşitkenar üçgen)
Isosceles triangle — triangle with at least two sides congruent. (ikizkenar üçgen)
Equilateral triangle — triangle with all sides congruent. (eşkenar üçgen)

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Elements of Triangle

Vocabularies
Median of a triangle — segment from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite
side. (kernarortay)
Altitude of a triangle — segment from the vertex of a triangle perpendicular to the line
containing the opposite side. (yükseklik)
Angle bisector — ray that divides an angle into two congruent adjacent angles. (açırortay)
Midsegment
Perpendicular bisector
center of mass (ağırlık merkezi)

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Vocabularies
Congruent triangles : Two triangles are congruent if corresponding sides are congruent and
corresponding angles are congruent. Two triangles are congruent if they have the same shape
and size. There are several ways to show that triangles are congruent:

(1) Side-side-side: Two triangles are congruent if all three of their corresponding sides
are equal.
(2) Side-angle-side: Two triangles are congruent if two corresponding sides and the
angle between them are equal.
(3) Angle-side-angle: Two triangles are congruent if two corresponding angles and the
side between them are equal.
(4) Angle-angle-side: Two triangles are congruent if two corresponding angles and any
corresponding side are equal.
If all three of the angles of the two triangles are equal, then the triangles have exactly the
same shape. However, they may not have the same size.

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Polygons

Vocabularies
Polygon — union of 3 or more coplanar segments that meet only at endpoints such that at
most two segments meet at one endpoint and each segment meets exactly two other segments.
Regular polygon — polygon which is equilateral and equiangular. (düzgün çokgen)

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Types of Quadrilaterals

Vocabularies
Parallelogram — quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
Rectangle — parallelogram with a right angle. (dikdörtgen)
Square — all sides congruent and all four right angles. (kare)
Trapezoid — quadrilateral with exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel. (yamuk)

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Vocabularies
Ratio — comparison of two numbers by division. (oran)
Proportion — equation that states two ratios are equal. (orantı)
Pythagorean Theorem — in a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the
square of the hypotenuse
Line of symmetry — divides a figure into two congruent halves that reflect each other.
(simetri doğrusu)
Perimeter — of a polygon is the distance around the polygon. (çevre)esi)
Area : Area is the size of a surface.

Translate to Turkish
Find the perimeter of a square with side length 10.

Translate to Turkish
Which of the following is equal to the area of a rectangle with length 5 cm and width 10 cm?

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Translate to Turkish
If the perimeter of a parallelogram is 30 and one of the sides is 5, what is the other side length?

Translate to Turkish
If the ratio of the long side of a rectangle to its short side is 2 and the perimeter is 18, what is
the area of that rectangle?

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Translate to Turkish
To find the area of a trapezoid, multiply the sum of the bases (the parallel sides) by the height
(the perpendicular distance between the bases), and then divide by 2.

Translate to Turkish
A trapezoid has a height of 25 cm and bases measuring 24 cm and 36 inches. What is its area?

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Circle and Some Terms on Circle

Vocabularies
Circle — the set of points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point called the center.
Radius — segment whose endpoints are the center of the circle and a point on the circle.
Chord — segment that connects two points on the circle.
Diameter — chord that passes through the center of the circle.
Secant — line that intersects a circle in two points.(daireyi iki noktada kesen doğru)
Tangent — line in the plane of the circle that intersects the circle in one point.
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Vocabularies
Concentric circles — two or more circles in the same plane with the same center.
Congruent circles — circles that have congruent radii.
Arc — consists of two points and the continuous part of a circle between them.
Semi-circle — arc whose endpoints are the endpoints of a diameter.
Circumference — the distance around a circle.(dairenin çevresi)

Example

Above, three circles have a common tangent at their (unique) intersection point.

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Circles, Arcs and Angles

Vocabularies
Minor arc — arc whose measure is less than a semi-circle or 180 degree.
Major arc — arc whose measure is greater than a semi- circle or 180 degrees.
Central angle of a circle — angle whose vertex is the center of the circle and whose rays are
radii of the circle. (merkez açı)
Congruent arcs — arcs with equal measure in the same circle or in congruent circles. (eş
yaylar)
Inscribed angles — angle whose vertex is on the circle and whose sides are chords of the
circle.(çevrel açı),
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Circles and Lines

Vocabularies
radical axis (kuvvet ekseni)
radical center (kuvvet merkezi)
circumscribed circle, (çevrel çember)
inscribed circle, (içteğet çember),

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3D Geometric Figures and Terms

Vocabularies
Lateral faces are faces of a prism that are not its bases. (prizmanın yan yüzleri)
Lateral edges are intersection of adjacent lateral faces of prism
Right Prism is a prism whose lateral faces are rectangles. (dik prizma)
Olique prism is a prism whose lateral faces are parallelograms.
Cube is a prism where all sides are squares. (küp)
Triangular prism is a prism whose parallel faces (the bases) are congruent triangles. (üçgensel
prizma)
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Vocabularies
Cylinder — has two congruent circular bases in parallel planes.
Cone — has a vertex and a circular base.
Sphere — set of points in space a given distance from a given point called the center.
Lateral area — sum of the area of its lateral faces. (prizmanın yan alanlarının toplamı)
Surface area — sum of the area of all its faces. (yüzey alanı)
Volume — number of cubic units contained in a solid. (hacim)

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Using a Vocabulary

Vocabularies
let : [see also: allow, permit]

Example
Let f satisfy (2). [Not: “Let f satisfies (2)”, nor “Let f verify (2)”.]
Let f be a linear function.
Let’s prove the Theorem 7.
We let T denote the set of odd numbers.
One cannot, in general, let A be an arbitrary substructure here.
Letting m tend to zero identifies this limit as H.
As we let t vary, f (t ) describes a curve in the surface M.
The desired conclusion follows after one divides by t and lets t tend to 0.
Reparametrization M lets us assume that the curvature is 1.
Let R be a ring and F a field. [Not: “Let R a ring”]
Now, just the fact that F is a homeomorphism lets us prove that G is an isomorphism.

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Some Terms Related to Proof
Vocabularies
Proof is a logical argument in which each statement you make is supported by a statement
that is accepted as true. (kanıt)
logical : mantık
argument : tartışma
claim : iddia
assertion : iddia
lemma : helping theorem, auxiliary theorem
Conjecture — a guess based on known information. (varsayım)
Proposition is a statement which is either true or false.
Contradiction :

Example
"2 + 3 = 6" is a statement and false. 2 + 3 = 6 is a proposition.
"translate the followings" cannt assign a true or false value to this sentence. This statement is
not a ppropositon.

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Vocabularies
Conditional statement is a statement that can be written in an if-then form. (koşullu ifade)
hypothesis : A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a event.
Conclusion is in a conditional statement the statement that immediately follows the word
then. (sonuç)

Example
If the sum of digits of a number is multiple of 3, then the number is divisible by 3.
Hypothesis : The sum of digits of a number is multiple of 3
Conclusion : The number is divisible by 3

Example
The quotient of two negative numbers is positive,
Hypothesis : Two numbers are negative.
Conclusion : The qquotinet is positive.

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Vocabularies
Converse is the statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion of a
conditional statement. (karşıt)
Inverse is the statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion of a
conditional statement. (ters)
counter example :
Contrapositive is the statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion of
the converse of a conditional statement.

Description
Proof by contraposition infers the statement "if p then q" by establishing the logically
equivalent contrapositive statement: "if not q then not p".

Example
Bezout Lemma : Let a and b be integers with greatest common divisor d. Then, there exist
integers x and y such that ax + by = d. More generally, the integers of the form ax + by are
exactly the multiples of d.

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Vocabularies
Direct proof : In direct proof, the conclusion is established by logically combining the axioms,
definitions, and earlier theorems.

Example
Prove that the sum of two even integers is always even.

Proof.
Consider two even integers x and y . Since they are even, they can be written as x = 2a and
y = 2b, respectively, for integers a and b. Then the sum

x + y = 2a + 2b = 2(a + b ).

Therefore x + y has 2 as a factor and, by definition, is even. Hence, the sum of any two even
integers is even.

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Translate to Turkish
Proof by Contradiction : It is shown that if some statement is assumed true, a logical
contradiction occurs, hence the statement must be false.

Example
p
2 is not a rational number.

Proof.
p
Suppose that 2 were a rational number. Then it could be written in lowest terms as
p a p
2 = where a and b are non-zero integers with no common factor. Thus, a = 2b.
b
Squaring both sides yields a2 = 2b 2 . Since 2 divides the expression on the right, 2 must also
divide the equal expression on the left. That is, a2 is even, which implies that a must also be
even. So we can write a = 2c, where c is also an integer. Substitution into the original
equation yields 2b 2 = (2c )2 = 4c 2 . Dividing both sides by 2 yields b 2 = 2c 2 . But then, by
the same argument as before, 2 divides b 2 , so b must be even. However, if a and b are both
even, they have 2 as a common factor. This contradicts ourpprevious statement that a and b
have no common factor, so we are forced to conclude that 2 is an irrational number.

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Vocabularies
induction Mathematical induction is a mathematical proof technique. It is essentially used to
prove that a statement P (n) holds for every natural number n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ....

Description
A proof by induction consists of two cases.
The first, the base case, proves the statement for n = 0 without assuming any knowledge of
other cases.
The second case, the induction step, proves that if the statement holds for any given case
n = k, then it must also hold for the next case n = k + 1.
These two steps establish that the statement holds for every natural number n.
The base case does not necessarily begin with n = 0, but often with n = 1, and possibly with
any fixed natural number n = N, establishing the truth of the statement for all natural
numbers n  N.

Vocabularies
hold : sağlanmak

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Teorem
n (n + 1)
1+2+···+n = for n 2 N.
2

Proof.
n (n + 1)
Let P (n) be the statement P (n) : 1 + 2 + · · · + n = . We give a proof by induction
2
on n.
Base case : Show that the statement holds for the smallest natural number n = 0.
0 (0 +1 )
P (0) : 0 = 2 is true.
Inductive step: Show that for any k  0, if P (k ) holds, then P (k + 1) also holds.
Assume the induction hypothesis that for a particular k, the single case n = k holds, meaning
k (k + 1)
P (k ) is true : P (k ) : 1 + 2 + · · · + k = . It follows that :
2
k (k + 1) (k + 1) (k + 2)
(1 + 2 + · · · + k ) + (k + 1) = +k +1 = That is, the statement
2 2
P (k + 1) also holds true, establishing the inductive step.
Conclusion : Since both the base case and the inductive step have been proved as true, by
mathematical induction the statement P (n) holds for every natural number n.

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Translate to Turkish
Using the law of sine, show that in a triangle the larger side lies opposite to the larger angle.

Translate to Turkish
In an isosceles triangle the angles at the base are equal.

Translate to Turkish
The center of a circle lies on the perpendicular bisector of any chord.

Translate to Turkish
If two triangles are equiangular, then the sides that contain the equal angles are proportional,
and the sides that correspond are opposite the equal angles.

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Example
Let E be the intersection of the diagonals of the rectangle ABCD. The lines (AB ) and (CD )
are parallel to each other (and similarly for (BC ) and (DA)). We can see on this picture several
acute angles: \EAD, \EAB, \EBA, \AED, / BEC . . . ;
right angles : \ABC, \BCD, \CDA, \DAB and
obtuse angles : \AEB, \CED.

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Example
Let P and Q be two points lying on an ellipse e. Denote by R the intersection point of the
respective tangent lines to e at P and Q. The line r passing through P and Q is called the
polar of the point R w.r.t. the ellipse e.

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Example

Here we see three concentric circles with respective radii equal to 2, 3 and 4.

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Example
If we draw a line through each vertex of a given triangle and the midpoint of the opposite side,
we obtain three lines which intersect at the barycentre (= the centre of gravity) of the
triangle.

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Euler’s formula

Definition
Let P be a convex polyhedron. Euler’s formula asserts that

V  E + F = 2,

where V = the number of vertices of P, E = the number of edges of P, F = the number of

faces of P
Exercise. Use this formula to classify regular tetrahedron and cube.

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Vocabularies
one-sheet (two-sheet) hyperboloid : tek kanatlı hiperboloid
length uzunluk
midpoint of orta noktası
orthogonal : perpendicular dik
projection : izdüşüm
orthogonal projection : dik izdüşüm
quadrilateral : dörtgen
rotation : dönme
reflection : yansıma
surface : yüzey
tangent to : -e teğet
tangent line : teğet doğrusu
tangent plane : teğet düzlem
vertex : köşe
edge : kenar

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Line in the Plane
Vocabularies
slope :
draw :
sketch :
x-intecept :
passing through :

Definition
If we have two points A(x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ), then we can draw one and only one line through
both points. By the slope of this line we mean the ratio of 4y to 4x. The slope is often
denoted m :
y2  y1
m= .
x2  x1
5+2 7
For example, the line joining the points (1, 2) and (3, 5) has slope = .
31 2

Translate to Turkish
Find the equation of the line through (1, 1) and (5, 3) in the form y = mx + b.
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Example
Change the equation y  2x = 2 to the form y = mx + b, find the slope, graph the line, and
find the y -intercept and x-intercept.

Example
Suppose a triangle in the x, y plane has vertices (1, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 2). Find the equations
the three lines that lie along the sides of the triangle in y = mx + b form.

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Analytic Geometry of Circle

Definition
The equation of the circle centre with (a, b ) and radius r is

(x  a )2 + (y  b )2 = r 2 .

The tangent line of the circle (x  a)2 + (y  b )2 = r 2 passing through the point T (x0 , y0 )
on circle is
(x  a)(x0  a) + (y  b )(y0  b ) = r 2 .

Translate to Turkish
Find the standard equation of the circle passing through (2, 1) and tangent to the line
3x  2y = 6 at the point (4, 3). Sketch the circle.

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Vocabularies
Directed Lines
Cartesian Coordinates
Projections of a Line Segment on Lines
Horizontal and Vertical Lines
Point of Division on a Line Segment
Distance between Two Points
Slope of a Line
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Angle Formed by Intersecting Lines
Analytic Proofs of Geometric Theorems
The Straight Line
Equation and Locus
The Graph of an Equation
The Graph of a Linear Equation
Intersection of Lines

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Vocabularies
The Normal Equation of the Straight Line
Distance from a Line to a Point
Families of Lines
Families of Lines through the Intersection of Two Lines
Intercepts
Symmetry
Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes
Transformation of Coordinates
Translation of Axes
Rotation of Axes
The Conic Sections
The Circle
Families of Circles
The Parabola
The Ellipse
The Hyperbola

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Vocabularies
General Definition of the Conic Sections
Parametric Equations
Polar Coordinates
Sketching Polar Curves
Polar Equations of the Conics
Rectangular Coordinates in Three Dimensions
The Distance Formula
Planes Parallel to the Coordinate Planes
Directions on a Line
Surfaces and Curves
Sketching Surfaces
Projections of Curves on the Coordinate Planes
Surfaces of Revolution
Cylindrical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates
Lines and Planes

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Vocabularies
Parametric Equations of a Line
Distance from a Point to a Plane
translation : öteleme
symmetry through a line, bir doğruya göre simetri
stereographic projection : steografik izdüşüm
parallel translation : parallel öteleme
symmetry through point, bir doğruya göre simetri
tangent line,teğet doğrusu
similarity transformation : benzerlik dönüşümü
distance between a point and a line
movement : hareket

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Equation of Line in Plane

Translate to Turkish
The equation of the line passing through the point A(x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) is
y  y1 x  x1
= .
y2  y1 x2  x1

Write in English
A (1, 2) ve B (3, 4) noktalarından geçen doğrunun denklemini bulunuz.

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Translate to Turkish
The equation of the line with slope m through (x0 , y0 ) is (y  y0 ) = m (x  x0 ).

Write in English
A (1, 2) noktasından geçen ve eğimi 2 olan doğrunun denklemini bulunuz.

Translate to Turkish
The equation of the line with intercepts at (a, 0) and (0, b )
x y
+ = 1.
a b

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Translate to Turkish
 
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
The formula for the midpoint M of A(x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) is ,
2 2

Translate to Turkish
The distance ` between points A(x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) is
q
`= (x2  x1 )2 + (y2  y1 )2 .

Translate to Turkish
The distance between the line Ax + By + C = 0 and the point (x0 , y0 ) is
|Ax0 + By0 + C |
`= p .
A2 + B 2

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Write in English
A (1, 2) ve B (3, 4) noktalarının orta noktasını bulunuz.

Write in English
A (1, 2) ve B (3, 4) noktaları arasındaki uzaklığı bulunuz.

Write in English
A (1, 2) noktasının 2x + y + 1 = 0 doğrusuna uzaklığını bulunuz.

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Example
If the line 2x  3y  6 = 0 is reflected in the line y = x, find the equation of the image line.

Solution
Recall that after reflection in a line the image of any point is equally distant from the line
but on the opposite side of the line. Thus the line segment joining any point to its image
is perpendicular to the reflecting line and has its midpoint on the reflecting line.
The line 2x  3y  6 = 0 has intercepts of (3, 0) and (0, 2). Since the image of a line after
reflection is another line we reflect these two points and then find the equation of the line
through their image points.
The image of the point (3, 0) upon reflection in the line y = x is (0, 3). This result follows
since the segment from (3, 0) to (0, 3) has slope 1, which makes the line perpendicular to
y = x, and midpoint (3/2, 3/2), which is on y = x.
Similarly the image of the point (0, 2) reflected in the line y = x is (2, 0). Therefore the
x y
required line is + = 1 or 3x  2y  6 = 0.
2 3

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Translate to Turkish
Find the equation of the line passing through the points (1, 2) and (2, 7).

Translate to Turkish
Find the slope of the line 3x + 2y = 5.

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If A (3, 5) and B (11, 1, ) are fixed point, fin the point(s) p on the x axis such that the area of
the triangle ABP.

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Translate to Turkish
To find the parametric equations of the line passing through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel
to the vector (3, 0, 1)

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Find an equation of the plane passing through the points P (1, 1, 3), Q (4, 1, 2), and
R (1, 1, 1)

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A plane is determined by a point P in the plane and a vector n (called the normal vector)
orthogonal to the plane.

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Translate to Turkish
Where does the line in the previous example intersect the xy -plane?

Öncek örnektek ç zg xy düzlem yle nerede kes ş yor?

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Let’s find the equation of the line that passes through the point (4, 3) with a slope of 2.

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Find the slope of the line that passes through the points (0, 3) and (5, 4)

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i
i
i
i
i
i
i
 X2 +y2 = 4 ve x2 +y2 6x +2 = 0 çemberler ver ld ğ nde, ortak
uzunluklarını bulun
Translate to Turkish
Given the circles x 2 + y 2 = 4 and x 2 + y 2  6x + 2 = 0, find the length of their common
chord.

Solution
The first circle has centre (0, 0) and radius 2. The equation for the second circle can be
written as
p
(x  3)2 + y 2 = 7. Thus it has centre (3, 0) and radius 7. Since the line joining the centres
is horizontal, the common chord is vertical. We can find the intersection points by solving

x 2 + y 2  4 = x 2 + y 2  6x + 2 ) 6x = 6 ) x = 1

Substituting
 this value back into the equation for either circle gives intersection points
p  p
1, ± 3 . Thus the length of the common chord is 2 3.

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
i
i
i
i
Translate to Turkish
A vertical line divides the triangle with vertices O (0, 0), C (9, 0) and D (8, 4) into two regions
of equal area. Find the equation of the line.

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Find all values of c such that the line y = x + c is tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 8.

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Find all values of k so that the circle with equation x 2 + y 2 = k 2 will intersect the circle
(x  5)2 + (y + 12)2 = 49 in exactly one point.

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Translate to Turkish
A circle intersects the axes at A(0,10), O(0,0) and B(8,0). A line through P (2,-3) cuts the
circle in half. What is the y intercept of the line?

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If triangle ABC has vertices A(0, 0), B (3, 3) and C (4, 4), determine the equation of the
bisector of \CAB.

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What are the length and the slope of the tangent(s) from the origin to the circle
(x  3)2 + (y  4)2 = 4?

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Translate to Turkish
Find the equation of the set of points equidistant from C (0, 3) and D (6, 0).

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In quadrilateral KWAD, K is at the origin, D is on the positive x-axis and A and W are in the
first quadrant. The midpoints of KW and AD are M and N respectively. If MN = 1
(AW + DK ) prove that WA is parallel to KD.

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The point A is on the line 4x + 3y  48 = 0 and the point B is on the line x + 3y + 10 = 0.
If the midpoint of AB is (4, 2), find the coordinates of A and B.

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Linear Algebra Vocabularies
Vocabularies
Matrix
column
row
index (pl. indices) indis
square matrix :
m  n matrix [m by n matrix]
inverse matrix
invertible matrix :
trace of matrix :
unit matrix :
echelon form :
rotation matrix :
reflection matrix :
linear map :
adjoint of a matrix :

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Vocabularies
identity matrix :
primary diagonal :
basis (pl. bases)
change of basis
dimension
finite dimension
infinite dimension
dual space
eigenvalue
eigenvector
isometry
linear form
linear map
linearly dependent
linearly independent

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Vocabularies
orthogonal;
perpendicular
(orthogonal) projection
reflection
rotation
scalar product
subspace
(direct) sum
skew-symmetric
vector space
vector subspace
vector space of dimension n

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Fill in the Blank
A ................... matrix is a matrix in which the numbers of rows and columns are equal.

Fill in the Blank

The ................. of a square matrix A is the matrix that, when multiplied by A, gives the
identity matrix I .

Fill in the Blank

The ............. of the matrix A is written as A1 .

Fill in the Blank

The transpose of a matrix A is written as ..............

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Fill in the Blank
A ................. is a table of numbers arranged in rows and columns.

Fill in the Blank

The plural of “matrix” is “.................”

Fill in the Blank

The size of a matrix is characterized by two numbers: the number of ............ and the number
of ...........

Fill in the Blank

An ................... matrix has the important property that, whenever it multiplies another
matrix, it leaves the other

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Description
Matrices can be multiplied by the rules of matrix multiplication. If A is an m  n matrix, and
B is an n  p matrix, then the product AB will be an m  p matrix. The product AB can be
found only if the number of columns in matrix A is equal to the number of rows in matrix B.

Definition
The trace of a square
2 matrix 3
is the sum of the diagonal elements of the matrix. For example,
1 2 3
trace of the matrix 42 3 25 is ..............
2 1 5

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The use of matrix multiplication makes it easier to express linear simultaneous equation
systems. The system of equations can be written as Ax = b.

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The rank of a matrix is the number of linearly independent rows it contains.

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Congruences

Definition
Two integers a, b are congruent modulo a positive integer m if they have the same remainder
when divided by m (equivalently, if their di§erence a  b is a multiple of m).
a  b (mod m ) a is congruent to b modulo m

Teorem
Fermat’s Little Theorem. If p is a prime number and a is an integer, then ap  a(modp ). In
other words, ap  a is always divisible by p.

Write in English
Fermat’ın Küçük Teoremini kanıtlayınız ve bir örnek veriniz.

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Teorem
Chinese Remainder Theorem. If m1 , ..., mk are pairwise relatively prime integers, then the
system of congruences

x  a1 (modm1 )
...
x  ak (modmk )

has a unique solution modulo m1 · · · mk , for any integers a1 , ..., ak .

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Find all integers that leave a remainder of 3 when divided by 5, a remainder of 5 when divided
by 7, and a remainder of 7 when divided by 11.

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Translate to Turkish
Give a proof by induction to show that each number in the sequence 12, 102, 1002, 10002, ...,
is divisible by 6.

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Find gcd(1274, 1089) using Euclidean Algorithm

Translate to Turkish
Use the prime factorizations of 1274 and 1089 to find gcd(1274, 1089).

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Translate to Turkish
Compute the last digit in the decimal expansion of 4100

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Is 4100 divisible by 3?

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Find all integers n for which 13 divides 4(n2 + 1).

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Translate to Turkish
Prove that 10n +1 + 4 · 10n + 4 is divisible by 9, for all positive integers n.

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Prove that the fourth power of an integer can only have 0, 1, 5, or 6 as its units digit.

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Over the field of rational numbers, find the greatest common divisor of
2x 4  x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1 and 2x 3  3x 2 + 2x + 2.

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Prime Numbers
An integer n > 1 is a prime (number) if it cannot be written as a product of two integers
a, b > 1. If, on the contrary, n = ab for integers a, b > 1, we say that n is a composite
number. The list of primes begins as follows:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61...

Note the presence of several “twin primes” (pairs of primes of the form p, p + 2) in this
sequence:
11, 13 17, 19 29, 31 41, 43 59, 61

Translate to Turkish
Every integer n  1 can be written in a unique way (up to reordering of the factors) as a
product of primes.

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Teorem
There are infinitely many primes.

Proof.
Given any finite set of primes p1 , ..., pj , we must show that there is a prime p di§erent from
each pi . Set M = p1 · · · pj ; the integer

N = M +1  2

is divisible by at least one prime p (namely, the smallest divisor of N greater than 1).
If p was equal to pi for some i = 1, ..., j, then it would divide both N and M = pi (M/pi ),
hence also N  M = 1, which is impossible. This contradiction implies that

p 6= p1 , ..., pj ,

concluding the proof.

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Vocabularies
Function : A function relates each element of a set with exactly one element of another set
(possibly the same set).

Vocabularies
the set "X " is called the Domain,
the set "Y " is called the Codomain, and
the set of elements that get pointed to in Y (the actual values produced by the function) is
called the Range.
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Translate to Turkish
If a vertical line crosses more than once it is still a valid curve, but is not a function.

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What are the domain, codomain and range of the function f : {1, 2, 3} ! {1, 2, 4, 8, 9}
defined by f (x ) = x 2 .

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p
What is the largest domain of the function f (x ) = x 2  1 on a real line?

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Vocabularies
variable :
independent variable :
dependent variable :

Example
Let’s consider the equation y = 2x 3 .

"x" could be called the "independent variable"

"y " could be called the "dependent variable" (it depends on the value of x)

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Write the input and output of a function as an "ordered pair", such as (x, y ). They are
called ordered pairs because the input always comes first, and the output second: (input,
output). So it looks like this: (x, f (x ))

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Explicit and Implicit Function
Vocabularies
explicit, explicit function :

Description
Explicit is when the function shows us how to go directly from x to y , such as : y = x 2 + 3x.
When we know x, we can find y . In other words, explicit Function is a function in which the
dependent variable can be written explicitly in terms of the independent variable.

Vocabularies
implicit, implicit function :

Description
Implicit is when it is not given directly such as : y 3  xy 2 + x 3  xy = 1. When we know x, it
is not easy to find y directly. Namely, implicit function is a function or relation in which the
dependent variable is not isolated on one side of the equation. For example, the equation
x 2 + xy  y 2 = 1 represents an implicit relation.
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Definition
An injective function (also known as injection, or one-to-one function) is a function that
maps distinct elements of its domain to distinct elements of its codomain. In other words,
every element of the function’s codomain is the image of at most one element of its domain.

Definition
Injective means we won’t have two or more elements of "A" mapping to the same element of
"B". Injective is also called "One-to-One"

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The function f : R ! R defined by f (x ) = 2x + 1 is injective. But, g : R ! R defined by
g (x ) = x 2 is not injective, because (for example) g (1) = 1 = g (1).

More generally, when X and Y are both the real line R, then an injective function f : R ! R
is one whose graph is never intersected by any horizontal line more than once. This principle is
referred to as the horizontal line test.

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Definition
Surjective means that every element of "B" has at least one matching to an element of "A"

Example
f1 : R ! R f1 (x ) = x 2 is neither injective nor surjective.
f2 : R ! R + , f2 (x ) = x 2 is not injective but it is surjective.
f3 : R ! R f3 (x ) = e x is injective but not surjective.
f4 : R ! R ++ , f4 (x ) = e x is injective and surjective.
Here R + is the nonnegative reals and R ++ is the strictly positive reals.

(a, b ) open interval a b

[a, b ] closed interval a b
(a, b ] half open interval a b (open on the left, closed on the right)
[a, b ) half open interval a b (open on the right, closed on the left)

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Description
Composite Functions : Function composition is an operation that takes two functions f and
g and produces a function h such that h(x ) = g (f (x )). In this operation, the function g is
applied to the result of applying the function f to x. That is, the functions f : X ! Y and
g : Y ! Z are composed to yield a function that maps x in X to g (f (x )) in Z .

Fill in the Blank

Let f : A ! B. Then, write most, least, exactly.
f is injective i§ every value of B is obtainable at .............. once.
f is surjective i§ every value of B is obtainable at ............ once.
f is bijective i§ every value of B is obtainable .............. once.

Write in English
3x cos 2x : three to the (power of) x minus cosine of two x

Write in English
3 +y 3
ex : exponential of x cubed plus y cubed
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Definition
with respect to (açısından) (e-göre değişkenler için)

How I can solve this equation with respect to the variable x?

The rate of change of y with respect to x
To calculate acceleration, you need to di§erentiate velocity with respect to time.
Synonyms : as regards, in terms of, in respect of,
Definition
according to

In addition, according to equations (8) and (9), we have directly the following properties.
According to these inequalities, it is obtained that x and y are equal.
According to the formula Sn = n2 + n, we get S2 = 6.

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Derivative
Description
The derivative of a function y = f (x ) of a variable x is a measure of the rate at which the
value y of the function changes with respect to the change of the variable x. It is called the
derivative of f with respect to x. If x and y are real numbers, and if the graph of f is plotted
against x, the derivative is the slope of this graph at each point.

The slope of the tangent line is equal to the derivative of the function at the marked
point.
f 0 : f dash; f prime; the first derivative of f
f 00 : f double dash; f double prime; the second derivative of f
f 000 : the third derivative of f
f (n ) : the -th derivative of
dy
: dy over dx; the derivative of y by x
dx
dy 2
: the second derivative of y by x; d squared y by dx squared
d 2x
∂f
: the partial derivative of f by x (w.r.t. x); partial df by dx; partial df over dx
∂x
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Definition
The Jacobian matrix of a pair of functions g (x, y ), h(x, y ) in two real variables is the 2  2
matrix whose entries are the partial derivatives of g and h, respectively, with respect to the
two variables: 2 3
∂g ∂g
6 ∂x ∂y 7
4 ∂h ∂h 5
∂x ∂y

Definition
The directional derivative of a multivariate di§erentiable function along a given vector v at a
given point p represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function, moving through
p with a velocity specified by v.

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Integral
Description
An integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area,
volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. Integration is one of
the two main operations of calculus; its inverse operation, di§erentiation, is the other. Given a
function f of a real variable x and an interval [a, b ] of the real line, the definite integral
Z b
f (x ) dx
a

can be interpreted informally as the signed area of the region in the xy -plane that is bounded
by the graph of f , the x-axis and the vertical lines x = a and x = b.
R
f (x ) dx : integral of f of x dx
Z b
x 2 dx : integral form a to b of x squared dx
a
RR
h (x, y ) dxdy : Double integral over B of h of x y dx dy
B

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Di§erential Equations

Definition
A di§erential equation is an equation that relates one or more functions and their derivatives.

Definition
An ordinary di§erential equation (ODE) is an equation containing an unknown function of
one real or complex variable x, its derivatives, and some given functions of x. The unknown
function is generally represented by a variable (often denoted y ), which, therefore, depends on
x. Thus x is often called the independent variable of the equation.

Definition
A partial di§erential equation (PDE) is a di§erential equation that contains unknown
multivariable functions and their partial derivatives.

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Definition
A di§erential equation is linear if f and its derivatives appear linearly; otherwise it is non-linear.

Di§erential equations can be divided into several types. Apart from describing the properties
of the equation itself, these classes of di§erential equations can help inform the choice of
approach to a solution.

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Some Important Vocabularies
Vocabularies
bounded
concave function
condition
initial condition
boundary condition
constant n.
constant adj.
constant function
non-constant adj.
non-constant function
continuous
continuous function
decrease v.
decreasing function
strictly decreasing function

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Vocabularies
derivative
second derivative
di§erential n.
di§erentiable function
twice di§erentiable function
n-times continuously di§erentiable function
domain
equation
function
increasing function
strictly increasing function
integral
interval
closed interval
open interval
half-open interval

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Vocabularies
non-linear
local minimum
strictly monotone function
operator
ordinary
otherwise
PDE [= partial di§erential equation]
sign
value
complex-valued function
real-valued function
variable
complex variable
real variable
function in three variables
with respect to [= w.r.t.]

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Vocabularies
Sequences,
Series
Convergence
Divergence
absolutely convergent
The ratio test
approach
close
arbitrarily close to
compare
minus infinity
large enough
su¢ciently large
tend to a limit
plus infinity
p
tends to 2
partial sum

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Arithmetic Sequence

Description
Arithmetic Sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the di§erence between the
consecutive terms is constant. Di§erence here means the second minus the first. For instance,
the sequence
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ...
is an arithmetic progression with common di§erence of 2. (wikipedia)
If the initial term of an arithmetic progression is a1 and the common di§erence of successive
members is d, then the n-th term of the sequence an is given by:

an = a1 + (n  1) d.

Sum of n terms is
n n
Sn = (a1 + an ) = (2a1 + (n  1) d ) .
2 2

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Geometric Sequence
Description
Geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by
multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio. For
example, the sequence
2, 6, 18, 54, ...
is a geometric sequence with common ratio 3. Similarly

16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4...

is a geometric sequence with common ratio 1/2. That is, geometric sequence is a sequence
made by multiplying by the same value each time. The n-th term of a geometric sequence with
initial value a and common ratio r is given by an = ar n 1 . A geometric series is the sum of the
numbers in a geometric progression (sequence). Sum of n terms of a geometric sequence is

a (1  r n )
Sn = .
1r

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Example
What is the sum of all multiples of 7 or 11 less than 1000?

Proof.
Since we are adding

(7 + 14 + 21 + 28 + · · · + 994) + (11 + 22 + 33 + · · · + 990)

we are adding two arithmetic sequences. However the multiples of 77 are included in both
sequences and so must be subtracted (in order to avoid counting them twice), after we add
the 2 sequences above. Therefore the required sum is

(7 + 14 + 21 + · · · + 994) + (11 + 22 + · · · + 990)  (77 + 154 + · · · + 924).

Now since 994 is the 142nd term in the first sequence e ave the sum of the first sequence is
142 Thus the required sum is
142 90 12
(7 + 994) + (11 + 990)  (77 + 924) = 110 110.
2 2 2

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Example
A sequence is given such that a1 = 1 and

an +1 = an + 3n2 + 3n + 1.

Evaluate a100 .

Solution
Since the di§erence, an +1  an is not constant, the series is not arithmetic.
Now setting n = 1 we find a2 = 1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 8.
Setting n = 2 we find a3 = 8 + 12 + 6 + 1 = 27. These facts suggest an = n3 for every n. We
can use mathematical induction to prove it. Assume that, ak = k 3 is true for n = k. Then, we
obtain for n = k + 1

ak +1 = ak + 3k 2 + 3k + 1 = k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1 = (k + 1)3 .

So, it is true for n 2 N.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 168 / 200
Translate the following problems

Translate to Turkish
If x, 4, y are successive terms in an arithmetic sequence and x, 3, y are successive terms in a
1 1
geometric sequence, calculate + .
x y

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Three di§erent numbers, whose product is 125, are 3 consecutive terms in a geometric
sequence. At the same time they are the first, third and sixth terms of an arithmetic sequence.
Find the numbers.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 169 / 200
Translate to Turkish
The kth triangular number is given by Tk = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k. The first few triangular
numbers are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21. Find the sum of the first 200 triangular numbers.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 170 / 200
Greek letters used in mathematics

a alpha h eta x ksi f phi

b beta q teta p pi j varphi
g gamma k kappa r ro c chi
d delta l lamda s sigma y psi
# epsion µ mu t tau w omega
z zeta n nu u upsilon

G Gamma D Delta Q Theta L Lambda

X Xi P Pi S Sigma U Upsilon
F Phi Y Psi W Omega

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 171 / 200
Abstract Algebra Vocabularies

Vocabularies
associative law,
binary operation
cross product
cyclic group
conjegacy class
direct product
division algorithm
disjoint cycles
equivalence relation
nilpotent element
even permutation
factor group
field
finite group

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 172 / 200
Vocabularies
composite function
general linar group
generator cyclic goup
irreducible polynomial ring
ring homomorphism
unit element
order
multiplicative order
multiplicative inverse
subgroup
subring subset
prime number
relatively prime
quotient group
transitive law

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 173 / 200
Vocabularies
Identity element
Normal subgroup
Commutative algebra,
Commutative ring
Non-associative algebra
Principal ideal
Zero divisor
Quotient ring
Division ring
Field extension

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 174 / 200
Definition
A group is a set together with an associative operation which admits an identity element and
such that every element has an inverse. Throughout the article, we use e to denote the
identity element of a group.

Definition
A ring is an abelian group with a second binary operation that is associative, is distributive
over the abelian group operation, and has an identity element.

Definition
A field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined. A field
is a ring where both operations commute, where every element has both an additive and a
multiplicative inverse, and the extra requirement that if xy = 0 for some x 6= 0, then we must
have y = 0 (we call this having no zero-divisors).

Example
The best known fields are the field of rational numbers, the field of real numbers and the field
of complex numbers. (Z, +, ·) is an example of a ring which is not a field.
Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 175 / 200
Definition
The order of a group (G , ) is the cardinality (i.e. number of elements) of G . A group with
finite order is called a finite group.

Definition
The order of an element g of a group G is the smallest positive integer n such that g n = e.
If no such integer exists, then the order of g is said to be infinite. The order of a finite group
is divisible by the order of every element.

Definition
A cyclic group is a group that is generated by a single element, that is, a group such that
there is an element g in the group such that every other element of the group may be obtained
by repeatedly applying the group operation to g or its inverse.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 176 / 200
Translate the Following Expressions
Translate to Turkish
Find the multiplicative inverse of each nonzero element of Z7 .

Translate to Turkish
Let R be any commutative ring with identity 1. Show that if e is an idempotent element of R,
then 1  e is also idempotent.

Translate to Turkish
Define the function j : Z17 ! Z17 by j(x ) = x, for all x 2 Z17 . Is j one to one? Is j onto?
If possible, find the inverse function j1 .

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 177 / 200
Translate to Turkish
Let G = {x 2 R : x > 1} be the set of all real numbers greater than 1. For x, y 2 G , define
x  y = xy  x  y + 2.
(a) Show that the operation  is closed on G .
(b) Show that the associative law holds for .
(c) Show that 2 is the identity element for the operation .
(d) Show that for element a 2 G there exists an inverse a  1 2 G .

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 178 / 200
Translate to Turkish
Let G be a group, and suppose that a and b are any elements of G . Show that
(aba1 )n = abn a1 , for any positive integer n.

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In Z , find two subgroups of order 4, one that is cyclic and one that is not cyclic.

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Are the polynomial 3x 5 + 18x 2 + 24x + 6 irreducible over Q?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 179 / 200
Translate to Turkish
In the group G = GL2(R ) of invertible 2  2 matrices with real entries, show that
  
cos q sin q
H= :q2R
 sin q cos q

is a subgroup of G .

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Show that Z4  Z3 is a cyclic group, and list all of the generators for the group.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 180 / 200
Translate to Turkish
Find all group homomorphisms from Z4 into Z10 .

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Define j : Z4  Z6 ! Z4  Z3 by j(x, y ) = (x + 2y , y ).
(a) Show that j is a well-defined group homomorphism.
(b) Find the kernel and image of j, and apply the fundamental homomorphism theorem.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 181 / 200
Mathematical arguments
Vocabularies
It follows from . . . that . . .

Example
Thus, it follows from Theorem 5 that the following conclusion is true.
Hence by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, it follows that P(n) holds for all natural n.
Thus it follows that problem (4.2) has at least one solution.

Vocabularies
We deduce from . . . that . . .

Example
We deduce from Theorem 2 that inequality (28) holds true for arbitrary non-obtuse triangles.

Vocabularies
Conversely, . . . implies that . . .

Example
Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 182 / 200
Vocabularies
Equality (1) holds,

Example
It remains to prove that equality (5.3) holds true.
Thus, condition 3 of Theorem 1 holds.
The following statements are equivalent.
Vocabularies
Thanks to . . . ,

Example
Thanks to an anonymous referee for helpful comments.
Thanks to editor for suggesting this example to me

Vocabularies
the properties . . . and . . . of . . . are equivalent to each other.

Example
Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 183 / 200
Vocabularies
This result is conditional on Axiom A.
. . . is an immediate consequence of Theorem 3.
Note that . . . is well-defined, since . . .
As . . . satisfies . . . , formula (1) can be simplified as follows.
We conclude (the argument) by combining inequalities (2) and (3).
We conclude a and b equals by combining inequalities (2) and (3).
(Let us) denote by X the set of all . . .
Let X be the set of all . . .
Recall that . . . , by assumption.
It is enough to show that . . .

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 184 / 200
Vocabularies
We are reduced to proving that . . .
The main idea is as follows.
We argue by contradiction. Assume that . . . exists. The formal argument proceeds
in several steps.
Consider first the special case when . . .
The assumptions . . . and . . . are independent (of each other), since . . .
. . . , which proves the required claim. We use induction on n to show that . . . On
the other hand, . . .
. . . , which means that . . .
In other words, . . .

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 185 / 200
Probability and Randomness
Definition
Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an
event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is
a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 indicates impossibility of the event and
1 indicates certainty. For example, if we roll a die, we expect each of the six possible
outcomes to occur with the same probability, namely 1/6.

If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is

P (A \ B ) = P (A)P (B )}

1 1 1
For example, if two coins are flipped, then the chance of both being heads is  = .
2 2 4
Vocabularies
how likely : ne kadar olası
indicate : göstermek
outcomes : sonuçlar
Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 186 / 200
Vocabularies
joint probability : ortak olasılık (Joint probability is the probability of event Y occurring at
the same time that event X occurs.)
coin pi‘ece (de monnaie)
heads face :
tails face :
tails and heads

Translate to Turkish
A fair coin is tossed three times. What is the probability of obtaining one Head and two Tails?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 187 / 200
Vocabularies
toss [= flip] a die
roll [= throw] a die
die (pl. dice)

Vocabularies
fair [= unbiased]
fair coin : hilesiz metal para
biased [= loaded] die hileli zar

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 188 / 200
Translate to Turkish
Find the number of ways to get a total of 14 when tossing a die 3 times.

Translate to Turkish
We pick 3 numbers (one by one) from set {0, 1, ..., 100}. What is probabilty that two numbers
are the same if sum of those 3 numbers is 100?

Example
There are 5 marbles in a bag: 4 are blue, and 1 is red. What is the probability that a blue
marble gets picked?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 189 / 200
Translate to Turkish
A die is thrown once. What is the probability that the score is a factor of 6?

Translate to Turkish
We choose 3 cards from the standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that we choose
a spade and a diamond and an ace? (deck : deste, diamond : karo, spade : maça, hearts :
kupa, clups : sinek)

Clups of Ace Hearts of Queen King of Spades Jack of Diamond

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 190 / 200
Translate to Turkish
The probability that two randomly chosen people have birthday on the same day of the year is
1
equal to . (we disregard the occasional existence of February 29).
365

Translate to Turkish
Each of the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI are written on separate pieces of paper that are
then folded, put in a hat, and mixed thoroughly. One piece of paper is chosen (without
looking) from the hat. What is the probability it is an I?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 191 / 200
Translate to Turkish
A card is chosen at random from a deck of 52 playing cards. There are 4 Queens and 4 Kings
in a deck of playing cards. What is the probability the card chosen is a Queen or a King?

Translate to Turkish
100 letters should have been put into 100 addressed envelopes, but the letters got mixed up
and were put into the envelopes completely randomly. What is the probability that no (resp.,
exactly one) letter is in the correct envelope?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 192 / 200
Translate to Turkish
A sequence a1 , a2 , a3 is formed by choosing a1 at random from the set {1, 2, 3}, a2 at random
from the set {4, 5, 6}, and a3 at random from the set {7, 8, 9}. What is the probability that
a1 , a2 , a3 is an arithmetic sequence?

Translate to Turkish
There are 10 counters in a bag: 3 are red, 2 are blue and 5 are green. The contents of the bag
are shaken before Maxine randomly chooses one counter from the bag. What is the probability
that she doesn’t pick a red counter?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 193 / 200
Translate the Following Expressions

Translate to Turkish
If the interior angles of a pentagon form an arithmetic sequence and one interior angle is 90 ,
find all possible values of the largest angle in the pentagon.

Translate to Turkish
The sum of 25 consecutive integers is 500. Determine the smallest of the 25 integers.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 194 / 200
Translate to Turkish
Find the 4 integers a, b, c and d that satisfy the following conditions:
• the sum of b and c is 30
• the sum of a and d is 35
• the numbers a < b < c < d are in geometric sequence
• the sum of the squares of the 4 numbers is 1261

Translate to Turkish
What is the number of terms in the arithmetic sequence 5,9, 13,..., 505?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 195 / 200
Translate to Turkish
The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is Sn = 3n  1, where n is a positive integer. If an
represents the nth term of the sequence, determine a1 , a2 , a3 .

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How many terms in the arithmetic sequence 7, 14, 21, ... are between 40 and 28001?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 196 / 200
Translate to Turkish
If f is a function such that f (1) = 2 and f (n + 1) = 3f (n) + 1 for n = 1, 2, 3, ..., what is the
value of f (100)?

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A line has slope 2 and is a distance of 2units from the origin. What is the area of the
triangle formed by this line and the axes

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 197 / 200
Translate to Turkish
Separate 81 into two parts such that one part is 5 more than the other. What are the
numbers?

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Jack is twice as old as Rose. Two years from now, the sum of their ages is 40. How old are
they now?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 198 / 200
Translate to Turkish
The sum of the three digit number is 15. The one’s digit is thrice the hundred’s digit. The
ten’s digit is one more than the one’s digit. What is the number?

Translate to Turkish
Anna has twice as much money as Ria. When she gives $70 to Ria, they will have the same
amount of money. How much money does Maria have?

Translate to Turkish
Find all prime numbers such that the square of the prime number can be written as the sum of
cubes of two positive integers.

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 199 / 200
Translate to Turkish
In a league that has 5 teams, each team plays each of the other teams twice in a season.
What is the total number of games played during the season?

Translate to Turkish
A staircase has 5 steps. You can walk up the staircase by taking one or two steps at a time.
How many di§erent ways can you walk up the staircase?

Mustafa Özdemir (Akdeniz Üniversitesi) MESLEK İ MATEMAT İK İNG İL İZCES İ 2020 200 / 200