ABOUT THIS MODULE

Technology and Livelihood Education is a skill-based subject that

requires the performance of related task and activities in order to come up
with an output based on the given competencies.

This module on Occupational Safety and Health as part of different

areas of Technology and Livelihood Education aims to promote safety and
health awareness among learners in the performance of their task with a
concept of a workplace. It covers four (4) competencies that the Learners
ought to possess.

These competencies are consisting of lessons that provides a clear

understanding about the underlying principles, concepts and legal basis of
Occupational Safety and Health, that are directed to the attainment of the
learning objectives.

1. Identify Hazard and Risk

Lesson 1- Hazard and Risk Identification and Control
Lesson 2- Occupational Safety and Health Indicators
Lesson 3- Personal Hygiene and Proper Handwashing

2. Evaluate Hazard and Risk

Lesson 1- Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standard
Lesson 2- Effects of Hazard in the Workplace

3. Control Hazard and Risk

Lesson 1- Safety Regulation in the Workplace
Lesson 2- Clean Air Act
Lesson 3- Electrical and Fire Safety Code
Lesson 4- Waste Management
Lesson 5- Contingency Measure and Procedure

4. Maintain Occupational Safety and health Awareness

Lesson 1- Operational Safety and Health Procedures Practices and
Regulation
Lesson 2- Emergency Related Drills and Trainings

i
 PARTS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
LEARNER’S MODULE

This Module has the following parts and their corresponding icon:

Objectives. This presents the learners needed to

achieved after the lesson.

Definition of Terms. This unlocks the meaning of difficult

words included in the lesson.

What Do you Already Know. This includes a Pretest

that measure your prior knowledge about the lesson.

What Do you Need to Know. This gives the learners a full

understanding by providing essential concepts about the
lesson.
How Much Have You Learned. This includes Self-
Checking activities that test the acquired learnings from
the lesson.
Apply your Learning. This challenge the learners to
applied what they have learned using a real-life situation.

Reflection. This includes sentence /paragraph to be filled

as the realization about their learnings.

Assessment. This includes a Posttest that evaluate the

level of mastery in achieving the learning competency

It is hoped that this module will help the learners to maximize their
learning ability and capacity in Technology and Livelihood Education
considering the safety practices and its practicality and usefulness in their
real-life situations.

The Author

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Identify Hazard and Risk

Lesson 1 Hazard and Risk in the Workplace………………………………...4

Lesson 2 Occupational Safety and Health Indicators……………………...10

Lesson 3 Personal Hygiene and Proper Handwashing……………………13

Evaluate Hazard and Risk

Lesson 1 Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standard………….19

Lesson 2 Effects of Hazard in the Workplace……………………………....22

Control Hazard and Risk

Lesson 1 Safety Regulation in the Workplace……………………………...29

Lesson 2 Clean Air Act………………………………………………………..34

Lesson 3 Electrical and Fire Safety Code…………………………………..37

Lesson 4 Waste Management………………………………………………..41

Lesson 5 Contingency Measure and Procedure…………………………...46

Maintain Occupational Safety and Health Awareness

Lesson 1 Operational Safety and Health Procedures Practices and

Regulation…………………………………………………………...56

Lesson 2 Emergency Related Drills and Trainings………………………...60

References…………………………………………………………………………..71

iii
 HAZARD AND RISK IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Identify Workplace Hazard and Risk

• Identify Hazard and Risk and their corresponding indicators inline with the
company procedures
• Recognize and Establish Contingency Measure in accordance with
workplace policy

• Accident – is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance

• Assessment - the action or an instance of making a judgment about
something
• Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light-yellow liquid at room
temperature. It has a sweet odor and is highly flammable
• First Aid – as it implies includes all forms of remedies given immediately to
humans in order to minimize or prevent casualties or fatalities caused by
accidents or normal course of time
• Hazard – involves unforeseen incident that is physically unfavorable to
humans or animals
• Injury- damage or harm of the structure caused by an outside force, which
maybe physical or chemical
• Occupation – is an activity in which one is engaged in
• Risk- is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience
an adverse health effect caused by a hazard
• Safety – state of being out of danger, uninjured, not involving risk
• Sanitize – to maintain high standard of housekeeping
• Vermin-a term applied to various animal species regards as pests specially
associated with carrying of diseases
• Workplace – refers to the office, premises or worksite where people perform
their task or job

1
Pretest Direction: Select the letter of the correct answer. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.

1. It relates to health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.

a. accident c. occupational health and safety
b. industrial hygiene d. occupational standard
2. These are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or
reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
a. accident c. occupational health and safety
b. industrial hygiene d. occupational standard
3. Which of the following discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of
physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards.
a. risk assessment c. risk controlling
b. risk avoiding d. risk planning
4. Is a source or situation that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effects to
individuals, organizations property or equipment or combination of these.
a. hazard c. measure
b. indicators d. risk
5. Is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an
adverse health effect caused by a hazard.
a. hazard c. measure
b. indicators d. risk
6. These are unsafe working conditions that that can cause injury, illness
a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
7. It is commonly known as biohazards.
a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
8. It occurs when the type of work, body positions, and working conditions put a
strain on your body.
a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
9. These are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form.
a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
10. It can be any factors within the environment that can harm the body without
necessarily touching it.
a. chemical hazard c. physical hazard
b. ergonomic hazard d. psychological hazard
11. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his general
wellbeing is affected
a. chemical hazard c. physical hazard
b. ergonomic hazard d. psychological hazard
2
12. Color that reflects immediate hazardous situations that will cause death or other
serious injuries
a. green c. red
b. orange d. yellow
13. It represents a potentially unsafe situation that could cause serious injury and
indicated by warning signs.
a. green c. red
b. orange d. yellow
14. It is used to alert against unsafe practices, which if not avoided, may results in
minor or moderate injuries like Caution Signs.
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
15. It indicates the emergency egress location, first aids and other safety equipment.
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
16. Use to convey safety information
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
17. Any change in body function or the structures or cells that can lead to diseases and
health problems.
a. advises medicine c. prescription medicine
b. adverse health effect d. sickness
18. It comprises personal habits like having a bath frequently, washing hands, brushing
teeth, trimming fingernails and more.
a. personal assessment c. personal decision
b. personal bath d. personal hygiene
19. It is done using water and soap for 50-60 seconds to prevents the spreads of
bacteria and viruses like covid-19
a. hand sign c. nail trimming
b. hand washing d. tooth brushing
20. These are performance measures that help predict injuries and illnesses, allowing
workplaces and system partners to gauge an organization’s health and safety
climate, culture and performance before injuries and illnesses occur
a. OSH indicators c. OSH regulations
b. OSH practices d. OSH standards

3
 In the case of the COVID19 pandemic, the safety and health of workers are
the highest priority. However, too many sickness and accidents happen at work every
year. Accidents at work have significant human, social and economic costs that we
must try to eliminate by ensuring that all workplaces are safe and healthy. (ILO STAT,
April 30, 2020)
There are many things that can affect a person's health, such as their
environment, lifestyle, etc. Many are not aware that work is an important factor when
it comes to health issues. It can have a positive or negative impact on health.
Safety, Comfort and Benefits, are just a few of the things to assess whether or
not your workplace is healthy. A safe, healthy and friendly place to work means more
productivity. In fact, with a healthy workplace, you can get more work done with less
effort.

What Does Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Mean?

Occupational health and safety (OHS) relate to health, safety, and welfare
issues in the workplace. OHS includes the laws, standards, and programs that are
aimed at making the workplace better for workers, along with co-workers, family
members, customers, and other stakeholders.

A national occupational safety and health culture is one in which the right to a
safe and healthy working environment is respected at all levels, where governments,
employers and workers actively participate in securing a safe and healthy working
environment through a system of defined rights, responsibilities and duties, and
where the highest priority is accorded to the principle of prevention.

LESSON 1: HAZARD AND RISK IN THE WORKPLACE

Hazard a source or situation that has the potential to cause harm or adverse
effects to individuals, organizations property or equipment or combination of these.
Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General examples
include any substance, material, process, practice, etc. that has the ability to cause
harm or adverse health effect to a person under certain conditions.

Hazards are sometimes classified into three modes:

• Dormant - The situation has the potential to be hazardous, but no people,

property, or environment is currently affected by this. For instance, a hillside
may be unstable, with the potential for a landslide, but there is nothing below
or on the hillside that could be affected.

4
 • Armed - People, property, or environment are in potential harm's way.
• Active - A harmful incident involving the hazard has actually occurred. Often
this is referred to not as an "active hazard" but as an accident, emergency,
incident, or disaster.
Types of Workplace Hazards
A common way to classify hazards is by category:

1. Safety hazards: are unsafe working conditions that that can cause injury, illness,
and death like Inadequate and insufficient machine guards, unsafe workplace
conditions, unsafe work practices.

2. Biological hazards: commonly known as biohazards, can be any

biological substance that could cause harm to humans caused by organisms
such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

Source:https://www.dreamstime.com/corona-virus-disease-covid-sars-cov-cell-model-annotation-vector-illustration-clip-art-set-
elements-design-infographic-image176421923

5
3. Chemical hazards: Chemical hazards are present when a worker is
exposed to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form. Solid,
liquid, vapor or gaseous substances, dust, fume or mist

4. Ergonomic hazards: Ergonomic safety hazards occur when the type of

work, body positions, and working conditions put a strain on your body.
Anatomical, physiological, and psychological demands on the worker, such
as repetitive and forceful movements, vibration, extreme temperatures, and
awkward postures arising from improper work methods and improperly
designed workstations, tools, and equipment.

5. Physical hazards: Physical hazards can be any factors within the

environment that can harm the body without necessarily touching it. Noise,
vibration, energy, weather, electricity, radiation and pressure

6. Psychological hazards: Those that are basically causing stress to a

worker. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that

6
his general wellbeing is affected. These are hazards associated with
workplace issues such as workload, lack of control and/or respect, etc.

Example of Hazard and Harm Caused

Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Harm Caused

Thing Knife Cut

Condition Wet Floor Slip, Fall

Source of Electricity Faulty Wiring Fire, Electrocution

Chemicals Chlorine Skin Itch

What is Risk?
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or
experience an adverse health effect caused by a hazard. It may also apply to
situations with property or equipment loss. For example: The risk of infecting
by corona virus because of not wearing or not properly wearing face mask
can be "Those who are not wearing face mask on public places are likely
to be infected by corona virus”.
Factors that influence the degree of risk include:
• how much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or condition; and
• how the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin contact), and
how severe are the effects under the conditions of exposure.

Risk assessment.
Risk assessment is the process where you:
• identify hazards;
• analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard; and
•determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard.

7
 A risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify
those things, situations, processes, etc. that may cause harm, particularly to
people. After identification is made, you analyze and evaluate how likely and
severe the risk is. When this determination is made, you can next, decide
what measures should be in place to effectively eliminate or control the harm
from happening.

- Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of an

occupational health and safety management plan. They help to:

• Create and provide awareness of hazards and risk.

• Identify who may be at risk (e.g., employees, cleaners, visitors,
contractors, the public, etc.).
• Determine whether a control program is required for a particular
hazard.
• Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should
be done.
• Prevent injuries or illnesses, especially when done at the design or
planning stage.
• Prioritize hazards and control measures.
• Meet legal requirements where applicable

Example of Risk Assessment

Task Hazard Risk Priority Control
Delivering Drivers work alone May be unable to call
product to for help if needed
customers Drivers have to Fatigue, short rest time
occasionally work long between shifts
hours
Drivers are often in very Increased chance of
congested traffic collision
Longer working hours
Drivers have to lift boxes Injury to back from
when delivering product lifting, reaching,
carrying, etc.

Adverse Health Effect

A general definition of adverse health effect is "any change in body
function or the structures of cells that can lead to disease or health problems".

The following are adverse health effects.

• Bodily injury
• Disease
• Change in the way the body functions, grows, or develops
8
 • Effects on a developing fetus (teratogenic effects, fetotoxic effects)
• Effects on children, grandchildren, etc. (inheritable genetic effects)
• Decrease in life span solvents
• Effects on the ability to accommodate additional stress

Self-Check 1.1 Direction: Match Column A with Column B.

A B
_____ 1. The situation has the potential to a. Psychological hazard
be hazardous, but no people, property, or b. Hazards
environment is currently affected by this c. Biohazard
_____ 2. It is caused by organism such as d. Ergonomic Hazard
viruses, bacteria fungi and parasites e. Risk
_____ 3. Is a source of potential damage f. Physical Hazard
harm or adverse health effects g. Unsafe Work practices
_____ 4. Safety hazard that caused injuries
_____ 5. Vapor or gaseous substance h. Chemical Hazard
_____ 6. Occurs when working put strain on i. Risk Assessment
your body j. Dormant
_____ 7. Noise vibration k. Psychological Hazard
_____8. It is a thorough look to a workplace to
identify those things, situations, processes, etc.
that may cause harm.
_____9. Those that are basically causing
stress
_____10. is the chance or the probability that
a person will be harmed

B. Pick the word that is not belong to the group

1 dormant active inactive
2 bacteria humus fungi
3 extreme forceful
vibration
temperature movement
4 bodily injury diseases exfoliation
5 ergonomic psychological hazard
hazard hazard pay

9
 LESSON 2: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) INDICATORS

Occupational health and safety (OHS) leading indicators are performance

measures that help predict injuries and illnesses, allowing workplaces and system
partners to gauge an organization’s health and safety climate, culture and
performance before injuries and illnesses occur. Their opposite is lagging indicators
such as injury and claims rates, which measure performance based on injuries and
illnesses that have already occurred.
Management Commitment
There is commitment to achieving high standards of OSH performance through
effective safety management.
1. The employer identifies his general responsibilities regarding occupational
safety and health laws.
2. Everyone in the organization understands the general requirements of
occupational safety and health laws.
3. The employer is actively involved in OHS management.
4. A competent person in the organization coordinates safety management
activities.
5. There is occupational safety and health policy that is up- to- date.
6. Everyone in the organization knows about the occupational safety and
health policy.
7. Adequate resources are provided for all aspects of OHS management.
8. All employees have sufficient time to carry out specific tasks related to
occupational safety and health.
9. All employees are accountable for safety and health in their area of
responsibility.
OSH signs or symbols in the workplace
Safety signs are the alert signs that help in indicating various hazards ahead.
These labels help in reducing accidents at workplace and on road side. It is a process
of providing information or instructions by means of placing required signboards.
Different types of hazards required different types of safety labels. There are several
safety labels available in the market. All that is need is to figure out the right label as
per requirement.

10
 Safety Signs consist of words, messages and a pictorial symbol with variety of
shapes, size and colors. Each label color is standardized and reflects a specific
meaning.

Source: https://www.industrybuying.com/articles/safety-signage-5-reasons-to-use-safety-signs-tips-to-make-them-effective/

Sign colors defined :

• Red color reflects immediate hazardous situations that will cause death or
other serious injuries like Danger signs and Fire symbols.
• Orange Color represents a potentially unsafe situation that could cause
serious injury and indicated by warning signs.
• Yellow color used to alert against unsafe practices, which if not avoided,
may results in minor or moderate injuries like Caution Signs.
• Green color indicates the emergency egress location, first aids and other
safety equipment.
• Blue color is used to convey safety information
Signs and their location:
1. Danger Signs – are used only where immediate hazards exist. They are
printed in red as the predominating color.
2. Caution Signs – are used to warn against potential hazards.
3. Exit Signs – are printed in legible red letters for exits.
4. Safety Instructions Signs- Safety signs are a type of sign designed to warn
of hazards, indicate mandatory actions or required use of Personal protective
equipment, prohibit actions or objects, identify the location of firefighting or
safety equipment, or marking of exit routes.
5. Accidental Prevention Tags – are used as temporary means of warning to
existing hazards, such as defection, tools and equipment.
6. Barricades – Is a hard object/barrier for potential harm from people.
11
 Self-Check 1.2 A. Matching type. Match Column B with Column A
A
1. Safety equipment A.

2, Danger signs B.

3. Safety information C.

4. Caution signs D.

5. Serious injuries E.

B. Direction: Identify the proper signage that can be used for each location.
1. Street rally- ________________________________
2. Highway car accident-_______________________
3. Fast-food store wet floor-_____________________
4. Construction sites-__________________________
5. Back Door as fire exit-________________________

12
 LESSON 3: PERSONAL HYGIENE AND PROPER HANDWASHING

In general, hygiene refers to a series of practices

that preserve and protect the health from diseases.
Personal hygiene, on the other hand, refers to
maintaining the body’s cleanliness. It comprises personal
habits like having a bath frequently, washing hands,
brushing teeth, trimming fingernails and more.
Personal hygiene helps you to keep yourself
clean by preventing viruses from lingering on our body.
Most of the contagious diseases spread through facial
routes and are transmitted through direct contact.
Source: https://www.oneeducation.org.uk/personal-hygiene-for-kids/

Ways to achieve personal hygiene.

1. Regularly wash and cut your hair to keep a neat appearance. If you have
facial hair, you can save money by maintaining it yourself with a set of quality
clippers.
2. Visit the dentist at least once a year (twice a year is optimal). Though you
are brushing every day, your dentist will correct any dental problems you have.
3. Bathe every day before work, or every night before you go to sleep. This
will help you cleanse/remove body odor.
4. Apply deodorant or antiperspirant daily if you tend to sweat heavily. Some
people can actually get away with not wearing deodorant, but most people,
especially those who have heavy duty jobs or work in warm climates, benefit
greatly from it.
DepEd has been celebrating Global Handwashing Day in schools since 2008,
in recognition of the importance of building the habit of handwashing among children
to ensure their health.
“Through our WASH in Schools Program, DepEd has institutionalized actions
to improve handwashing facilities and instill handwashing behavior among learners.
And now under the new normal, our Basic Education-Learning Continuity Plan also
integrates handwashing practice as part of the required health standards. With the
children continuing their learning at home because of the pandemic, we call on
families to make their homes a safe environment to live and learn; and teach their
children to make handwashing a habit. And when we do return to school,
handwashing will be key in ensuring safety of our children,” says DepEd Secretary
Leonor Briones
13
 With the theme “Clean Hands For All”,. The Department of Education (DepEd)
and the Department of Health (DOH), with support from UNICEF, unite various
development partners, sector representatives and local chief executives in an online
symposium on October 15 and 16, 2020. The event aims to identify key directions for
sustaining the handwashing habit beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and promote
sustainable proper hand hygiene culture in the Philippines.

The right way to wash your hands

1. Wet hands with water
2. Apply single shot of soap
3. Rub hands palm to palm
4. Rub back of each hand with the palm of other the hand with fingers
interlaced
5. Rub palm to palm with fingers interlaced
6. Rub with backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked
7. Rub each thumb clasped in opposite hand using rotational movement
8. Rub tips of fingers in opposite palm in circular motion
9. Rub each wrist with opposite hand
10. Rinse hands with water
11. Use elbow to turn off tap if no elbow tap available, use paper towel to
turn off the tap
12. Dry thoroughly using single use towel
13. Hand washing should take 40-60 seconds
14. When water is not available, use alcohol or alcohol based hand
sanitizer to kill common bacteria

14
 Self-Check 1.3

A. Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong.

_____1. Frequent handwashing can prevent us for various diseases.
_____2. Rinsing of hands only is enough to cleanse our hands.
_____3. You can use alcohol to sanitize hands if water is not available.
_____4. Personal hygiene means keeping oneself clean helps avoid transfer of
harmful bacteria.
_____5. Wash hands for a minimum of 30 seconds.
_____6. Personal hygiene should not be a priority.
_____7. Bathing everyday is a part of personal hygiene.
_____8. Sanitizer is not recommended to use if water is not available.
_____9. Wash hands only before eating.
_____10. Washing our hands can prevent sickness.

Poster Making
Activity:
Materials: oslo paper or cartolina, coloring pen
Tools: pencil, drawing pens, ruler

Directions: Given the materials and tools make your own poster of safety
signs. Your work will be rated using the given rubric below

Criteria 5 4 3 Score

Relevance There is much There is moderate There is less

to Safety relevance withrelevance with relevance with
safety safety safety
Messages It is very clear
It is moderately Message is not
and informative
clear and clear and
informative informative
Color Color is very Color is slightly Color is not
much related much related with related with
with the sign the sign the sign
Total

15
Direction: Complete the paragraph below with your learnings from the lessons.

I have learned that

A. Post-Test: Direction: Select the letter of the correct answer. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.
1. It relates to health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.
a. a. accident c. occupational health and safety
b. b. industrial hygiene d. occupational standard
2. These are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or
reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
a. a. accident c. occupational health and safety
b. b. industrial hygiene d. occupational standard
3. Discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of physical, chemical,
biological and ergonomic hazards.
a. risk assessment c. risk controlling
b. risk avoiding d. risk planning
4. Is a source or situation that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effects
to individuals, organizations property or equipment or combination of these.
a. hazard c. measure
b. indicators d. risk
5. Is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an
adverse health effect caused by a hazard The arrangement of pattern pieces
on the fabric.
a. hazard c. measure
b. indicators d. risk
6. These are unsafe working conditions that that can cause injury, illness
a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
7. It is commonly known as biohazards.
a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
8. It occurs when the type of work, body positions, and working conditions put a
strain on your body.
a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
9. These are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in
the workplace in any form.
16
 a. biological hazard c. ergonomic hazard
b. chemical hazard d. safety hazard
10. It can be any factors within the environment that can harm the body without
necessarily touching it.
a. chemical hazard c. physical hazard
b. ergonomic hazard d. psychological hazard
11. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his
general wellbeing is affected
a. chemical hazard c. physical hazard
b. ergonomic hazard d. psychological hazard
12. Color that reflects immediate hazardous situations that will cause death or
other serious injuries
a. green c. red
b. orange d. yellow
13. It represents a potentially unsafe situation that could cause serious injury and
indicated by warning signs.
a. green c. red
b. orange d. yellow
14. It is used to alert against unsafe practices, which if not avoided, may results
in minor or moderate injuries like Caution Signs.
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
15. It indicates the emergency egress location, first aids and other safety
equipment.
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
16. Use to convey safety information
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
17. Any change in body function or the structures or cells that can lead to diseases
and health problems.
a. advises medicine c. prescription medicine
b. adverse health effect d. sickness
18. It comprises personal habits like having a bath frequently, washing hands,
brushing teeth, trimming fingernails and more.
a. personal assessment c. personal decision
b. personal bath d. personal hygiene
19. It is done using water and soap for 50-60 seconds to prevents the spreads of
bacteria and viruses like covid-19
a. hand sign c. nail trimming
b. hand washing d. tooth brushing
20. These are performance measures that help predict injuries and illnesses,
allowing workplaces and system partners to gauge an organization’s health
and safety climate, culture and performance before injuries and illnesses occur
a. OSH indicators c. OSH regulations
b. OSH practices d. OSH standards

17
 EVALUATE HAZARD AND RISK

• Determine the effects of hazards

• Identify OHS issues and concerns that are in accordance with the
workplace requirements and relevant workplace legislation

• Vulnerability – inability to to resist hazard or to respond when disaster occur

• Exposure – a condition of being unprotected
• Mandatory– required by a rule of law
• Enforcement – to carry out effectively
• Violations– breach of a law or a code of behaviour
• Non- Compliance – failure to comply
• Premises- a building or part of a building
• Erring-to violate accepted standard or conduct

A. Pre-Test: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong

_____1. Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standard are not mandatory.
_____2. Occupational Safety and Health Standards promotes the welfare and well
being of workers.
_____3. Visitorial powers refers to the authority of Secretary or the regional director
to order employer to comply with labor standards.
_____4. Enforcement power is the conduct of investigations in the premises of
employer any time of the day whenever work is undertaken.
_____5. Followed safety policies is not a duty of employer.
_____6. Every establishment of workplace shall be inspected at least once a year.
_____7. Health may be harmed by occupational exposure in many different ways.
_____8. Workplace stress can be a fatigue, chronic aches, pain, disorder etc.
_____9. Health and Safety Standards are a sole responsibility of employer
_____10. Understanding health and safety standards cannot reduce health hazard
In the workplace.

18
LESSON 1: PHILIPPINE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARD

OSH Standards are rules that are mandatory and

enforce to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and
health hazards in the workplace. It aims to provide at least
the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be
afforded to every worker in relation to the working
condition and danger that may arise by reason of his
occupation
The provision of OSH Standards by the State is an
exercise of the police power, with the intention of
promoting the welfare and well-being of workers. All
establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are
covered, including agricultural enterprises whether
operating for profit or not, except:
• residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling
purposes; Source:
https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/upload
• those directly engaged in land, sea and air s/2019/04/OSH-Standards-2017-2.pdf
transportation, except their dry dockers, garages,
hangers and maintenance, and repair shops and offices; and
• the activities of the leasee regarding the safety of the mining claim or lease,
including mines safety, mineral conservation and pollution in establishments
or work places falling under mining industry. The Secretary of Labor and
Employment, through the Regional Director or other authorized representative
enforced the OSH Standards

• Who enforces OSH Standards?

The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his
other authorized representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of
visitorial and enforcement powers.

• What is visitorial power?

It refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigations in the premises
of an employer at any time of the day or night whenever work is being undertaken.
This is necessary to determine violations or to enforce the rights of workers under the
Labor Code. Under this power, the employer may be required to submit reports and
other documents to determine any violation.

• What is enforcement power?

Enforcement power refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director
to order an erring employer, after due notice and hearing, to comply with labor
standards and issue a writ of execution in case of non-compliance. If the violation
19
poses grave and imminent danger to the health and safety of workers, suspension or
cessation of the operations may be affected within 24 hours from the issuance of the
order.

• How are these Standards enforced?

These standards are enforced through the inspectorate system. Thus, every
employer shall provide to the Secretary or to his/her duly authorized representative
access to its premises or records at any time of the day or night whenever there is
work to determine and effect compliance.

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS

• Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions
of the Standards;
• Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative
the policies adopted and the safety organization established;
• Submit reports to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized
representative once in every three months on the safety performance,
safety committee meetings and its recommendations and measures taken
to implement the recommendation;
• Act on recommended safety measures;
• Provide access to appropriate authorities.

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

• Follow safety policies;
• Report unsafe conditions and practices to the Supervisor;
• Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee;
• Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee;
• Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health
inspection

Inspection of establishment or workplace should be conduct at least once a

year. However, special inspection visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to
investigate work-related accidents, occupational illness or dangerous occurrences,
conduct surveys, follow-up inspection recommendations, or to conduct investigations
or inspections upon request of an employer, worker or labor union in the
establishment. Source: https://bwc.dole.gov.ph/000076.html

The responsibilities of the employer mainly stem from legislation such as the
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act (1974) ‘is very important in managing Health and
Safety at work. These include the Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations, Control of Substances. Hazardous to Health Regulations, Manual
Handling Operations Regulations, Personal Protective Equipment at Work
Regulations, and various others.

20
 Self-Check 2.1 A. Direction: Complete the Venn Diagram by writing down the
similarities and differences of the duties of employer and
employee.

B. Modified True or False

Directions: Write True if the statement about duties of employer and employee is
correct and False if it is wrong and underline the words that makes the statement
wrong.

______1. Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee.

______2. Follow safety policies.
______3. Every establishment or workplace shall be inspected at least once a month.
______4. Refused government agencies in the conduct of safety and health
inspection.
______5. Special inspection visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to
investigate work-related accidents.
______6. Provide access to the wrong authorities.
______7. Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of
the Standards.
______8. Report unsafe conditions and practices to the Supervisor.
______9. Employees serves as leader of of the Health and Safety Committee.
______10. Regional Office investigate work-related accidents, occupational illness or
dangerous occurrences.

21
 LESSON 2 : EFFECTS OF HAZARD IN THE WORKPLACE

The negative effect that occupation

may have on a worker's health is
dependent on the exposure (expressed
quantitatively) to relevant agents, and on
host factors. Being an observer is often
very important in identifying relevant
exposures and linking them to ill-health.
The concept of "cumulative exposure" i.e.
a quantitative measure of the intensity of
exposure and the duration of exposure is
important, since generally it is the main
determinant of risk. Health may be harmed
by occupational exposures in many
Source: https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/ill-male-patient-bed-
different ways, and practically any organ system hospital_14603214.htm#&position=10
can be affected.
Some common Effects of Hazard in the Workplace

Biological hazards
• Blood-borne diseases
• respiratory disorders
• allergic diseases
• occupational asthma
Chemical hazards
• skin or eye burns
• dermatitis
• headaches
• dizziness
• sickness
• pneumonia
• cancer
Physical hazards
• electric shocks
• burns
• asphyxiation and loss of consciousness
• hypothermia
• dehydration

22
Safety Hazard
• bruising
• broken bones,
• loss of limbs,
• head injuries and death.
Ergonomic hazards
• Musculoskeletal injuries (damage to muscles, tendons, bones, joints,
ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels)
• Carpel tunnel syndrome
Psychosocial hazards
• stress,
• anxiety and sleep deprivation
• loss of appetite and a sense of vulnerability.

Workplace Stress

Workplace stress then is the harmful

physical and emotional responses that can
happen when there is a conflict between job
demands on the employee and the amount of
control an employee has over meeting these
demands. In general, the combination of high
demands in a job and a low amount of control
over the situation can lead to stress.
A poor match between workplace
demands and worker’s degree of control is stress-at-work/
Source: https://www.wellsteps.com/blog/2020/01/02/manage-
considered a health and safety hazard that
have devastating effect that are place upon our body and mind:

Stress is largely caused by poor work organization factors such as:

• lack of control and conflicting work demands;
• lack of decision-making participation;
• lack of training and direction; unclear work responsibilities;
• privatization, outsourcing, downsizing, mergers, staff cutbacks, and
restructuring; and
• overwork and poor work shift schedules.
• employees are exposed to staff shortages, harassment, bullying, noise and
other hazards;
• Cutbacks, privatization, and downsizing have contributed to a heightened
sense of job insecurity. All of these factors cause or compound workplace
stress.

Generalized Stress Response

is the phrase used to describe a variety of physical reactions to stress:
• increased metabolism;
• blood pressure;
• cholesterol and fatty acids in the bloodstream;
23
 • decreased protein synthesis;
• faster blood clotting;
• increased production of stomach acids, blood sugar for energy;
• localized inflammation;
• tensed up muscles; and
• sweating to cool muscles.

Stress affects the physical and psychological health of a person. But it also
spills out of the workplace, negatively affecting members’ family lives. The cumulative
effects of stress can be devastating. Major outcomes of stress are:

• Psychological disease and social behavioral changes (e.g., depression,

anxiety, heart diseases)
• Various physiological outcomes (e.g., headaches and migraines,
impaired digestion, ulcers and diabetes).
• Personal and family life conflict.

A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letters

Self-Check 2.1
only.

A B
_____1. It may be harmed by occupational a. musculoskeletal Injuries
exposure b. sleep deprivation
_____ 2. Effect of ergonomic hazards c. health
_____ 3. Effect of psychological hazard d. workplace stress
_____ 4. A phrase use to described physical e. dermatitis
variety of stress f. increase metabolism
_____ 5. Effect of physical Hazard g. occupational asthma
_____ 6. Effect of biological hazard h. dehydration
_____ 7. Generalize stress response i. loss of limbs,
_____ 8. Effect of chemical hazard j. general stress response
_____ 9. It is the harmful physical and emotional
responses that can happen when there
is a conflict between job demands?
_____10. Effect of safety hazard

24
Activity: Directions: Inspect some areas or a place in your home that serves
as a working station, observe the Occupational Safety and Health in the given
categories, fill up the table by putting a check (/) mark based on your
observation. Record your findings and conclusions. Your performance will be
rated using the rubric below.

• Arrangement of tools and • Fire Safety

equipment • Storage of chemicals
• Floors • Waste disposal
• Electrical Connections
• Lightning and ventilation

Very Not
Criteria Satisfactory
Satisfactory Satisfactory
1. Tools and equipment are properly
arranged and provide space enough
for movement.
2. Floor is free from spills and not
slippery
3. Electrical Connections are
properly maintained
4. The place is well lighted and there
is enough windows for ventilation
5. Door and windows are enough as
Fire escape exit
5. Chemicals are properly labeled
and stored in a safe place
6. Segregate waste based on
categories

Findings and Conclusions: _____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

25
 Criteria 5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts

Completeness Provides all Missed two Missed Missed four No

the needed of the three of the of the provided
data/inform needed needed needed informatio
ation data/ data/inform data/informat n/ data at
information ation ion all

Findings and Findings Findings Findings Findings and No

Conclusions and and and conclusions provided
conclusions conclusions conclusions are unclear Findings
are all almost are and not and
correct and correct and somewhat relevant to conclusio
relevant to relevant to correct and the given ns at all
the given the given relevant to information
information information the given
information

A. Post-Test: Write True if the statement is correct and False

if it is wrong.

_____1. Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standard are not mandatory.
_____2. Occupational Safety and Health Standards promotes the welfare and well
being of workers.
_____3. Visitorial powers refers to the authority of Secretary or the regional director
to order employer to comply with labor standards.
_____4. Enforcement power is the conduct of investigations in the premises of
employer any time of the day whenever work is undertaken.
_____5. Followed safety policies is not a duty of employer.
_____6. Every establishment of workplace shall be inspected at least once a year.
_____7. Health may be harmed by occupational exposure in many different ways.
_____8. Workplace stress can be a fatigue, chronic aches, pain, disorder etc.
_____9. Health and Safety Standards are a sole responsibility of employer
_____10. Understanding health and safety standards cannot reduce health hazard
In the workplace.

Direction: Complete the paragraph below with your learnings from the lessons.
I have learned that

26
 CONTROL HAZARD AND RISK

• Procedures for dealing with workplace accidents, fire and emergencies

are followed in accordance with the organization’s OSH policies.
• Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with
organization’s OSH procedures and practices

• Contingency – a provision for an unforeseen evet or circumstance

• Debris – scattered pieces of waste or remain
• Electric Shock- a sudden discharge of electricity, through parts of the body
• Emission- substance discharged into air
• Inhalation -the act of inhaling and breathing in
• Precautions- a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous

Acronyms
• PPE- Personal protective equipment
• MRF- Materials Recovery Facility

Pretest: Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. It is a proper labelling of chemicals includes an element wherein it provides

immediate warning to a reader?
a. hazard quotes c. hazard statement
b. pictograms d. signal words
2. These are situations that increase the likelihood of fire and may delay escape
in the event of fire situations?
a. fire access c. fire safety
b. fire hazard d. fire regulations
3. Below are examples of Class A fire except?
a. cloth c. paper
b. gasoline d. wood
4. If the fire is caused by the involvement of electrical wiring or equipment, these
class of fire is___?
a. class b c. class d
b. class c d. class e
5. Gasoline oil, paint and other flammable liquids are examples of Class K fire
except
a. cloth c. paper
b. gasoline d. wood

27
6. Below are examples of Class K fire except?
a. animal oils c. metal alloys
b. fats in cooking appliances d. vegetable oils
7. These wastes is dry in form and is discarded as unwanted?
a. liquid waste c. solid waste
b. hazardous waste d. recyclable waste
8. If the wastes can be broken down or decomposed by living organism they are
considered as?
a. biodegradable c. non-biodegradable
b. hazardous d. non-hazardous
9. These are unsafe substances used commercially, industrially, agriculturally and
economically?
a. biodegradable c. non-biodegradable
b. hazardous d. non-hazardous
10. Chemical oils and waste from water and pond are example of ?
a. air waste c. liquid waste
b. gas waste d. solid waste
11. Plastic bottles, old machine, and containers are wastes hat cannot be broken
down by organism therefore considered as?
a. biodegradable c. non-biodegradable
b. hazardous d. non-hazardous
12. The following are examples of non- hazardous waste except?
a. cardboard c. motor oils
b. lining d. paper
13. This equipment are worn to minimize exposure to workplace hazard that cause
serious injuries and illnesses?
a. personal protective accessories c. personal protective tools
b. personal protective equipment d. personal protective wear
14 The safe egress of facility personnel is called as
a. decontamination c. excavation
b. evacuation d. protection
15. is the process of removing or neutralizing harmful materials that have gathered
on personnel or worker and/or equipment during the response to a chemical
incident.
a. decontamination c. excavation
b. evacuation d. protection

28
 LESSON 1: SAFETY REGULATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Safety regulations in the workplace need to be in place in order to assure the

care and safety of workers.
The four industries wherein maximum workplace mishaps take place are:
• service industry;
• construction and building industry;
• retail stores; and
• manufacturing industry.

In the Philippines Republic Act No. 11058 “An act strengthening

compliance with occupational safety and health standards and providing
penalties for violations thereof “ With these, employers are now required to
comply with occupational safety and health standards including informing
workers on all types of hazards in the workplace and having the right to refuse
unsafe work, as well as providing facilities and personal protective equipment
for the workers, among others.https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/23-08-2018-the-
occupational-safety-and-health-standards-act-will-protect-the-health-of-workers-in-the-philippines

It is absolutely essential for a worker to be aware of the safety regulations in

the workplace. Every organization should have a system for safety. This system
should revolve around the following safety regulations and guidelines:

What safety measures must be observed within the premises of

establishments?
Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

• Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and
safety instructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times;
• Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle
such as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the
compound of the establishment shall be used to increase safety especially
during the night;
• Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated workplaces. As
far as practicable and feasible they shall be provided with facilities for safe and
convenient movement within the establishment;
• Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of
building, yards, machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly
arrangement of process operations, storage and filing materials;
• Adequate dressing rooms, locker rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories
separate for male and female workers shall be provided.

29
 On Job Hazards
The safety regulations in the workplace
should keep job hazards on top priority.
• The floors have to be checked for
tripping hazards.
• All the walkways should be well-lit and
in case there are blind spots, all the
employees and workers should be aware
of them. This could help avoid untoward
collisions and accidents.
• Cords and wires should be
secured away from the walkways
and the corridors. All electric
wiring should be covered with appropriate material.
• Fire safety regulations and electrical safety regulations should also be
made.

Health Hazards

These are chemical, physical or

biological factors in our environment
that can have negative impacts on our
short- or long-term health. Exposure
can occur through touch, inhalation,
and ingestion. Understanding the risks
of these hazards can help us to take
actions to avoid or mitigate these risks.

Worker-spread illnesses pose a

great risk the health of the entire workforce. It is required by the management to
advise all the workers to stay home if they are sick as a part of workplace safety
regulations

This policy should not be altered and the leave taken by the employees during
such a time should be a paid leave. This will make sure that they don't come to work
for the fear of losing their salary for the day. Good hand washing and disinfecting
toiletries should be available at the workplace for the workers.

Chemical Hazards
Chemicals should be rightly labeled to avoid any harmful mistakes. Mixing of
the wrong chemicals can cause a terrible chemical reaction which could be hazardous
to all the employees. There should be measures to taken to ensure that only
chemicals that are safe be kept together and stored together. The supervisor should
have full working knowledge of the chemicals to ensure that no mistakes happen due
to ignorance or negligence. The worker should be guided on the proper chemical
storage procedures.

30
 Example of Proper Labeling of Chemicals

Reporting System

To ensure the best safety regulations in the workplace, there needs to be a

reporting system in place. Injuries, illnesses and accidents on job should be reported
in time. All illnesses should be reported as well. This is to ensure that all are being
recorded and can be easily track the causes and apply possible remedies.

The report may include the following:

• Type of incident (injury, near miss, property damage, or theft)

• Address
• Date of incident
• Time of incident
• Name of affected individual
• A narrative description of the incident, including the sequence of events
and results of the incident
• Injuries, if any
• Treatments required, if any
• Witness name(s)
• Witness statements
• Other workers involved
• Video and/or 360-degree photographs of the scene

Section 7 of RA11058. Workers' Right to Report Accidents. Workers and their

representatives shall have the right to report accidents, dangerous occurrences, and
hazards to the employer, to the DOLE and other concerned government agencies
exercising jurisdiction as the competent authority in the specific industry or economic
activity.

31
Whistleblower
Being a talkative is not by choice of most
employees. However, in case the behavior of
certain employees is not safe or hazardous, it
should be reported to the appropriate
authorities. This can help increase the safety
standards of the organization on the whole and
work as a great safety regulation in a workplace.
In fact, this whistle blower system also ensures
Source: https://www.ehstoday.com/standards/osha/article/21141088/osha-
complete attention of the employees. whistleblower-claims-are-up-during-pandemic

This can assure that they report any

accident or hazardous incident to the management in time. It fosters a no-negligence
environment that thrives on participative behavior. Most organizations make sure that
these health and safety regulations in the workplace are put into use. However, in the
absence of professionalism at work, it becomes a little difficult to get the right results.

A. Directions: Fill in the blanks a word or group of words to

Self-Check 3.1
complete the sentence pertaining to safety regulation in the
workplace. Choose your answer in the word pool.

appropriate aware tripping labeled reporting

home risk Safety Regulations reactions accordance

1. It is absolutely for workers to be___________ of the safety regulations in the

workplace.
2. Chemicals should be properly_________ to avoid mistakes and injuries.
3. There is a need of _______system in the workplace to ensure safety
regulations.
4. Building facility in____________ to local building code.
5. The floors have to be checked for_________ hazards.
6. Worker-spread illnesses pose a great_______ to the health of the entire
workforce.
7. It is required by the management to advise all the workers to stay ______if
they are sick as a part of workplace safety regulations.
8. Mixing of the wrong chemicals can cause a terrible chemical_______ which
could be hazardous to all the employees.
9. All electric wiring should be covered with _________ material.
10. ___________ in the workplace need to be in place in order to assure the
care and safety of workers.

32
Directions: Supposed that you are a class president, make a report for student/s that
encountered accidents and injury at home while doing household task. Write it on a
clear paper following the format. Your output will be rated using the rubric.
Accident Report Form

Name: Year and Section:

Location: Date and Time

Type of injury Cause of Injury Remedy

Narrative Descriptions:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Reported by:_________________________
Date:_______________________________

Learners Name: Date:

Competency: Control Hazard and Risk
You will be Level PERFORMANCE LEVEL
rated Achieved
based on 10-Can perform skills without supervision and with
overall initiative and adaptability to problem situation
evaluation 8-can perform skills satisfactory without assistance
on the right or supervision
side 6-can perform skills satisfactorily but require some
assistance and or supervision
4-Can perform part of the skills satisfactorily but
requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision

33
 LESSON 2 : CLEAN AIR ACT

The Clean Air Act is the name of any of several pieces of legislation aimed at
reducing smog and other types of air pollution and less damage of the ozone layer.

The Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999 The Clean Air Act is the constitutional
law designed to make sure that all Filipinos have air that is safe to breathe. Public
health protection is the primary goal, though the law also seeks to protect our
environment from damage caused by air pollution. In 1999, Congress enacted
Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, a
landmark legislation setting a comprehensive air quality management policy and
program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all the people in the
Philippines.
Source: https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/

The salient point of this act is to achieve and maintain clean and healthy air for
Filipinos as well as provides measures, policies and regulations and monitored for all
potential sources of air pollution.

Thus, in order to effectively monitor and regulate all sources of air emissions,
the Clean Air Program is divided into three sub programs:
(1) Motor Vehicle Emission Management Program
(2) Industrial Emission Management Program
(3) Roadside ambient and general ambient air monitoring
This is to effectively manage the three sources of air emission namely mobile,
stationary, and area sources. All potential sources of air pollution (mobile, point and
area sources) must comply with the provisions of the law. All emissions must be within
the air quality standards.
• Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys,
tricycles, motorcycles, and vans.
• Point sources refer to stationary sources such as industrial firms and
the smokestacks of power plants, hotels, and other establishments.
• Area sources refer to sources of emissions other than the above.
These include smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction,
unpaved grounds, etc.

Guiding Principles of Clean Air Act

• Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature;
• Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary
responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems;

34
 • Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is
primarily area-based;
• Recognize that "polluters must pay";
• Recognize that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and
should therefore be the concern of all.

WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP CLEAN THE AIR?

For vehicle owners/motorist:

• Maintain your vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000 kilometers).
• Keep the engine well-tuned following the owner’s manual.
• Keep tires properly inflated.
• Plan trips and observe proper driving habits.
• Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload and travel only at
speed required by traffic regulations and road conditions.
For commuters:
• Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health risks of poor
vehicle maintenance and improper driving practices.
• Patronize mass railway transit (i.e., MRT, LRT)
For office workers:
• Reduce use of air conditioning and ensure that rooms are sealed.
• Make sure that lights are energy-efficient.
• Use company vehicles wisely and make sure that they are well-maintained.
• Use natural lighting by opening window curtains at daytime.
At home:
1. Use low watt bulbs or energy-saving lights.
2. Limit the use of air conditioning units and keep the temperature a few
degrees higher.
3. Don’t burn garbage.
4. Avoid using aerosols.
5. Properly dispose of refrigerant, refrigeration equipment, and used coolant.
For everyone:
• Talk to people on what they can do about air pollution.
• Report smoke-belchers to LTO, MMDA, and/or the appropriate local
government units.
• Walk or ride your bike to places.
• Take the bus or mass rail transit whenever you can.

35
 • Work with residential associations to stop burning of garbage.
• Plant trees.
• Spread the word about the ban on smoking in public places.

A. Direction: Identify if the following vehicles if it is a Mobile

Self-Check 3.2
Sources, Point Sources, and Area Sources write your answers on
the blank

_________1. cars
_________2. dust from constructions
_________3. smoking
_________4. buses
_________5. jeepneys
_________6 burning garbage
_________7. vans
_________8. trucks
_________9. smokestacks from hotel
_________10. cars
_________11. unpaved grounds
_________12 motorcycle
_________13. tricycle
_________14. industrial firm
_________15. power plant

B. Direction: Enumerate at least 5 of the things to do to help clean the air

1. _______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________

36
 LESSON 3 : ELECTRICAL FIRE AND SAFETY CODE

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE FIRE CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES, REPEALING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1185 AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
SECTION 1. This Act shall be known as the “Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”
SECTION 2. It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote
economic development through the prevention and suppression of all kinds,
of destructive fires, and promote the professionalization of the fire service as
a profession. Towards this end, the State shall enforce all laws, rules and
regulations to ensure adherence to standard fire prevention and safety
measures, and promote accountability in the fire protection and prevention
Source:https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/12/19/republic-act-no-9514/

Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the
likelihood of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage, alert those in
a structure to the presence of an uncontrolled fire in the event one occurs, better
enable those threatened by a fire to survive, or to reduce the damage caused by a
fire. Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of a
building or implemented in structures that are already standing, and those that are
taught to occupants of the building.
Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may
include situations that increase the likelihood of fire or may impede escape in the
event a fire occurs. Fire safety is often a component of building safety

Fire Classification

37
 • Class A fires are those fueled by materials that, when they burn, leave a
residue in the form of ash, such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber, and certain
plastics.
• Class B fires involve flammable liquids and gasses, such as gasoline, paint
thinner, kitchen grease, propane, and acetylene.
• Class C fires that involve energized electrical wiring or equipment (motors,
computers, panel boxes) are fires. Note that if the electricity to the equipment
is cut, a Class C fire becomes one of the other three types of fires.
• Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium,
titanium, and certain organometallic compounds such as alkyl lithium and
Grignard reagents
• Class K fires involve vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats in cooking
appliances. Extinguishers with a K rating are designed to extinguish fires
involving vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats utilized in commercial cooking
appliance

Common fire hazards

• Electrical systems that are overloaded resulting in hot wiring or connections,
or failed components
• Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection
• Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks
• Candles
• Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.)
• Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible materials
• Flammable liquids
• Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly cleaned
• Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens
• Heating appliances (wood burning stoves, furnaces, boilers, portable
heaters)
• Electrical wiring in poor condition • Batteries
• Personal ignition sources - matches, lighters • Electronic and electrical
equipment • Exterior cooking equipment – BBQ

Fire Safety Measures

Source: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/laginghanda/fire-safety/for-businesses/

38
Key elements of a fire safety policy
• Building a facility in accordance
with the version of the local building
code.
• Maintaining a facility and behaving
in accordance with the provisions of
the fire code. This is based on the
occupants and operators of the
building being aware of the
applicable regulations and advice.
Examples of these include:
• Not exceeding the maximum Source: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/resource-
occupancy within any part of the library/blogs/blogs-accordions/if-its-not-safe,-speak-up!
building.
• Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g., exit signs pointing
to them that can function in a power failure)
• Compliance with electrical codes to prevent overheating and ignition from
electrical faults or problems such as poor wire insulation or overloading wiring,
conductors, or other fixtures with more electric current than they are rated for.
• Placing and maintaining the correct type of fire extinguishers in easily
accessible places.
• Properly storing and using, hazardous materials that may be needed inside
the building for storage or operational requirements (such as solvents in spray
booths). • Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility.
• Periodically inspecting buildings for violations, issuing Orders to Comply
and, potentially, prosecuting or closing buildings that are not in compliance,
until the deficiencies are corrected or condemning it in extreme cases.
• That sprays fireproofing remains undamaged.
• Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of occupants and users
of the building to avoid obvious Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection
and warning of fire.
• Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of fire stops.
• Ensuring mistakes, such as the propping open of fire doors.
• Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY TIPS

When doing electrical work or using electrical
equipment, you should practice safety to avoid
electric shock.
• Shut off power to the circuit you’re
working on and verify it’s off (treat all
electrical as having power even after
shutting off power).
• Wear rubber gloves.
• Wear rubber shoes with rubber soles.
• Use tools with insulated handles.
Picture Courtesy: https://www.coynecollege.edu/electrical-
safety-tips-job-site/
• Keep yourself dry.
39
 • Keep the area around you dry.
• Wear safety glasses.
• Never handle electric switch with wet hands.
• Always report frayed electrical cords and ungrounded electrical cords.

Self-Check 3.3

A. Directions: Read the statement below, Identify and put a check mark on
statement that is considered as fire hazard.

1. Wearing gloves for checking electrical wiring

2. Faulty wiring
3. Octopus connection
4. Regular checking of fuses and circuit breaker
5. Smoking in designated area
6. Placing combustibles near equipment that generate heats
7. Providing proper fire exit sign
8. Providing unknown type of extinguisher
9. Fixing stripped wires
10. Using cable ties to avoid unnecessary looping of wires

B. Identify the fire classification of the following materials if it Class A, B, C, D, or K.

________1. Paper
________2. Gasoline
________3. Animal Fats
________4. Explosion cause by sodium
________5. Wood fire
________6. Short circuit fire
________7. Lacquer
________8. Cooking grease
________9. Paint
________10. Plastic

40
 LESSON 4: WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,

managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials
produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their
effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct
practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption
of natural resources. The management of wastes treats all materials as a single class,
whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the
harmful environmental impacts of each through different method.

Photo Courtesy: https://whatsscience.in/waste-management-why-is-it-a-critical-need/

Types of Waste

Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which
they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Many items can be
considered as waste like household rubbish, sewage sludge, wastes from
manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden
waste, old paint containers and others. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a
large variety of different wastes arising from different sources.

A. Solid wastes- Solid waste is defined as any waste that is dry in form and is
discarded as unwanted. It can describe the solid waste from general housekeeping
as residential waste, refuse, household waste or domestic waste. Examples are
plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans,
papers, scrap iron, and other trashes.

B. Liquid Wastes- Liquid waste includes

human waste, runoff (storm water or flood
water), sullage, industrial wastewater and other
forms of wastewater from different sources.
Examples are chemicals, oils, waste water from
ponds.

41
Classification of Wastes According to their Properties

A. Bio-degradable- Biodegradable wastes are those that can be broken down

(decomposed) into their constituent elements by bacteria and other microorganisms.
The term can be applied to both liquid and solid waste. Examples are Human and
animal wastes, food waste, paper, and agricultural wastes.

B. Non-biodegradable- Non-biodegradable trash is any discarded item that cannot

be broken down by living organisms. Non-biodegradable trash accumulates in the
environment because it cannot return to its origins. Examples are plastics, bottles,
old machines, containers and others.

Classification of Wastes According to their Effects on Human Health and the

Environment

A. Hazardous wastes – are unsafe

substances used commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically. Examples are
paint, motor oil, pesticide, drain opener,
Source: https://woimacorporation.com/wastewoima-fuels-
prescription drugs, air fresheners, batteries. hazardous-waste/
B. Non-hazardous – are safe substances
used commercially, industrially, agriculturally,
or economically. Examples are papers,
cardboard, linings, wrappings, paper
packaging materials or absorbents.
Source: https://depositphotos.com/22761778/stock-
photo-garbage-that-can-be-recycled.htm l
Process Flow of Waste Management

The process flow refers to the 3 (or 4) Rs of reduce, reuse, recycle,

and recover which classify waste management strategies according to their
desirability. The Rs are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance. However,
the waste hierarchy has 5 steps: reduce, reuse, recycle, recovery, and disposal.

Source: https://cleantobegreen.blogspot.com/2019/05/clean-to-be-green-day-14.html

42
 • Reduce - to buy less and use less.
• Reuse - elements of the discarded item are used again.
• Recycle - discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into
new products.
• Recover - capturing useful
material for waste to energy
programs.
Waste disposal refers to the proper
discharge of any solid waste into or any
land.
Composting is defined as the biological
degradation process of heterogeneous
solid organic materials under controlled
moist, self-heating, and aerobic Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeVLBkypPRU
conditions to obtain a stable material
that can be used as organic fertilizer.

Materials recovery facility — includes a solid waste transfer station or sorting

station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility.

Purpose of Materials Recovery Facility

• To ensure proper management and disposal of waste
• Determine whether the waste is characterized as hazardous waste or not.
• Pick up free characterized waste tags, containers, and guidelines from the
prescribed locations:
• Ensure that containers holding hazardous wastes are compatible with wastes,
and are in good condition, do not leak, and are closed when wastes are not
being added or removed.
• Mark containers with the words “Hazardous Waste.

When the container is full

• Once the container is full, complete a
characterized waste tag, specifying the contents,
and attach to the waste container.
• Limit accumulation of waste to the amount
mentioned on the container. To schedule waste,
pick up pickup:
• To schedule a hazardous waste, pick up, call
the transportation supervisor of the company and submit a Hazardous Waste
Pick-up Request form

Responsibilities of the company:

• Assist the client or waste generator in performing hazardous waste
determinations.
• Pick up waste from the generator on a routine schedule or by appointment.

43
 • Maintain databases and inventories of all wastes generated.
• Maintain the accumulation facility and provide for the disposal of hazardous
waste generated by client

Safety meeting before picking up the waste:

• A complete checklist of all the equipment needed for the job is made and
checked.
• The employee uses personal protective equipment
• Tool kit to be checked by the supervisor.
• First aid kid to be checked by the supervisor and is placed in the pick – up
• Fire extinguisher also checked.
• Important company telephone number to be pasted and checked in the pick –
up

Self-Check 3.4 A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letters
of the correct answer.

A B
_____ 1. Buy less use less a. recovery
_____ 2. Using waste materials to make b. reduced
new product c. landfill
_____ 3. Using materials repeatedly d. recycle
_____ 4. Recovery of energy from waste e. reuse
_____ 5. Safe disposal of waste to a f. waste segregation
designated area g. waste reduction
_____6. Solid waste transfer station h. composting
_____7. Dividing garbage into types or kinds i. waste disposal
_____8. Biological degradation process j. materials recovery
_____9. Minimization of wasteful consumption facility
_____10. Includes item that people no longer
use

Activity: Directions: Make a recorded video about waste management techniques

showing the following task:

• explore inside your home

• observed and show waste accumulated and gathered from different
household activities.
• Identify the appropriate waste management techniques based on your
gathered information, record it on the table.
• demonstrate the proper waste management procedures and techniques
44
 • Create written record of the information, findings and conclusions on the
table, by following the format

Learners Name: Date

Household Name:

Waste Appropriate Waste Management Technique

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Findings and Conclusions: ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Directions: Your performance will be rated based on the rubric below

Learners Name: Date:

Competency: Practice Occupational Safety and Health Procedure
You will be Level PERFORMANCE LEVEL
rated Achieved
based on 10-Can perform skills without supervision and with
overall initiative and adaptability to problem situation
evaluation 8-can perform skills satisfactory without assistance
on the right or supervision
side 6-can perform skills satisfactorily but require some
assistance and or supervision
4-Can perform part of the skills satisfactorily but
requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision
Teacher will initial level achieved

45
 LESSON 5: CONTINGENCY MEASURE AND PROCEDURE

Contingency plans formally establish the processes and procedures to

protect employees, core business elements, critical processes, information systems
and the environment in the event of an emergency, business disruption, or disaster.

The purpose of any contingency plan is to allow an organization to return to its

daily operations as quickly as possible after an unforeseen event. The contingency
plan protects resources, minimizes customer inconvenience and identifies key staff,
assigning specific responsibilities in the context of the recovery.

1. Evacuation the Contingency Plan must include

an evacuation plan for facility personnel where there
is a possibility that evacuation could be necessary
situations which would warrant partial or complete
evacuation are as follows:

• explosions resulting in airborne debris Source: https://www.pngwing.com/en/search?q=fire+Escape

including container fragments and hazardous waste;
• spills or chemical reactions resulting in toxic fumes;
• fire when it cannot be contained and is spreading to other parts of the facility,
or when fire could generate toxic fumes; and
• all incidents where necessary protective equipment is not available to
emergency response personnel.

The evacuation plan must ensure the safe egress of facility personnel. The
evacuation plan must indicate a recognizable signal to start evacuation, evacuation
routes, and alternate evacuation routes (incase primary exit routes are blocked by
releases of hazardous waste or fires) Individuals involved in the evacuation should
be trained and instructed in responding to likely emergency situations. They should
be familiar with the location and use of:
1. fire alarm calls points
2. fire exits
3. firefighting equipment like the fire extinguisher

2. Decontamination is the process of removing or

neutralizing harmful materials that have gathered on
personnel or worker and/or equipment during the
response to a chemical incident.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeVvrIBlyiE

46
 Many stories are told of seemingly successful rescue, transport, and treatment
of chemically contaminated individuals by unsuspecting emergency personnel who in
the process contaminate themselves, the equipment, and the facilities they encounter
along the way. Decontamination is of utmost importance because it:

Decontamination is of utmost importance because it:

• protects all workers especially hospital personnel by sharply limiting the
transfer of hazardous materials from the contaminated area into clean zones;
• protects the community by preventing transportation of hazardous materials
from their work to other sites in the community by secondary contamination;
and
• protects workers by reducing the contamination and resultant permeation of,
or degradation to, their protective clothing and equipment.
Avoiding contact
is the easiest method of decontamination -- that is, not to get the material on
the worker or his protective equipment in the first place. However, if contamination is
unavoidable, then proper decontamination or disposal of the worker's outer gear is
recommended. Segregation and proper disposal of the outer gear in a polyethylene

Decontamination of personnel or worker Personnel should remove protective

clothing in the following sequence.
• Remove tape securing gloves to suit.
• Remove outer gloves turning them inside out as they are removed.
• Remove suit turning it inside out and avoid shaking.
• Remove plastic shoe cover from one foot and step over "clean line. “Remove
other shoe cover and put that foot over the line.
• Remove mask. The last staff member removing his/her mask may want to
wash all masks with soapy water before removing suit and gloves. Place
masks in plastic bag and hand over the clean line, and place in second bag
held by another member of the staff. Send for decontamination.
• Remove inner gloves and discard in drum inside dirty area.
• Close off dirty area until level of contamination is established and the area is
properly cleaned.
• Personnel should then move to a shower area, remove scrub suit and place
it in a plastic bag.
• Shower and redress in normal working attire. Note: Double bag clothing and
label appropriately.

Using Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is equipment worn to minimize

exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. These
injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical,
electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety
glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and

47
full body suit these are considered as the last line of defense. These devices provide
limited protection to the ones using them.

Program to introduce PPE Once it is decided that personal protective equipment is

going to be used, then the following steps need to be undertaken:
1. write a policy on the usage of PPE and communicate it to employees and
visitors as needed
2. select the proper type of equipment
3. implement a thorough training program
4. ensure that employees know the correct use and maintenance of the
equipment
5. enforce proper use and maintenance of PPE

The following are the functions and uses of PPE

1. Head Protection
A safety hat is a device that provides
head protection against impact from falling
objects and protection against electrocution.
Safety hats should be inspected prior to each
use.
2. Eye Protection A device that provides eye
protection from hazards caused by:
• Flying particles o Sparks Source:https://www.istockphoto.com/search/2/image?phrase
=head%20ppe
• Light radiation
• Splashes
• Gases
Goggles It come in different styles and uses,
such as protecting against dust and splashes:
eye cups, flexible or cushioned goggles, plastic
eye shield goggles and foundry men’s goggles.
Eye protectors must meet the following
minimum requirements:
Source:
https://www.istockphoto.com/search/2/image?phrase=eye%20p
rotection
48
 • Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they are
designed
• Be reasonably with comfortable fit when worn under the designated conditions,
movements and vision of the wearer
• Be durable and capable of being disinfected o
• Be easily cleaned kept clean in good condition

3. Face Shields Face shields should only be used as eye and face protection in areas
where splashing or dusts, rather than impact resistance is the problem. In the case of
grinding operations (plus other operations), a face shield is only secondary protection
to other protective devices, such as safety goggles.
4. Ear Protection
Hearing protectors are required to prevent noise induced hearing loss. Hearing
protection devices reduce the noise energy reaching and causing damage to the inner
ear.
Ear muffs and earplugs are the most common types of PPE. These PPE for
hearing protection is required for employees who are exposed to noise levels equal
to or greater than 85 decibels averaged over an eight-hour period.
Examples:
• Ear plug
• Ear muffs
• Canal caps
Source : https://www.protecthear.co.uk/2019/11/19/nine-reasons-why-your-hearing-protection-efforts-could-be-failing/
The prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid hearing
damage. Engineering and administrative controls must be used if acceptable sound
levels are exceeded. If such controls fail to reduce the sound levels to acceptable
limits, personal hearing protection must be used. Earmuffs must make a perfect seal
around the ear to be effective.
5. Respiratory Protection Respirators protect the user in two basic ways. The first
is by the removal of contaminants from the air. Respirators of this type include
particulate respirators, which filter out airborne particles, and air-purifying respirators
with cartridges/canisters which filter out chemicals and gases
Hazards:
• Mists or Vapors
• Gases o Smoke
• Fumes
• Particulates or dust o Insufficient oxygen supply

49
What are the different classes of respirators?

The two main types

Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs).

Photo courtesy: https://blog.gooddayswork.ag/blog/topic/powered-air-purifying-respirator

Photo courtesy: https://www.levitt-safety.com/products/respiratory-protection/supplied-air-respirators-sars/

Air-purifying respirators can remove contaminants in the air that you breathe by
filtering out particulates (e.g., dusts, metal fumes, mists, etc.). Other APRs purify air
by adsorbing gases or vapors on a sorbent (adsorbing material) in a cartridge or
canister. They are tight-fitting and are available in several forms:

• mouth bit respirator (fits in the mouth and comes with a nose clip to hold nostrils
closed - for escape purposes only)
• quarter-mask (covering the nose and mouth)
• half-face mask (covering the face from the nose to below the chin)
• full facepiece (covering the face from above the eyes to below the chin)

Supplied-air respirators (SARs): is a piece of personal protective equipment (PPE)

for workers in an environment where the air is contaminated, harmful or
uncomfortable for breathing. This PPE provides breathable air continuously or on
pressure demand from either a cylinder or a pipe connected to an air-line,
compressor, air pumps, air purifier or surface supply hose. The air is delivered to the
worker at ambient pressure through a hood, face mask or mouth piece

Self-Check 3.5
A. Directions: Identify the correct answer described in the following
items.

_______1. It is an equipment worn to minimize hazard?

_______2. A device that provides head protections against falling objects
_______3. It comes in a number of styles and variety of uses, it also protects our eyes
_______4. Ear cups, ear plugs and canal caps are example of ____?
_______5. It is the type of respirator that can removes contaminants to the air

50
_______6. It is a piece of PPE used when air is contaminated, harmful or
uncomfortable for breathing.
_______7. It is required for employees who are exposed to noise levels equal to or
greater than 85 decibels averaged over an eight-hour period.
_______8. What PPE stands for
_______9. It is an air purifying respirator that covered the nose and mouth?
_______10 It should only be used as eye and face protection in areas where
splashing or dusts, rather than impact resistance is the problem

Activity: Share your Thoughts

Directions: Make an Infographic that shows the importance of knowledge in using

proper Personal Protective Equipment when going outside or at work to prevent the
spread of Covid-19.

Directions: Your performance will be rated based on the rubric below

Criteria 10 8 6 Score

Topic/ The The The

Purpose topic/purpose topic/purpose topic/purpose of
was clear and was somewhat the infographic
concise clear and was not clear
concise and concise.
Data Data of the Data of the Data of the
infographic was infographic was infographic was
accurate and somewhat not accurate
relevant to topic accurate and and was not
relevant to topic. relevant to topic
Layout The infographic The infographic The infographic
has a great was somewhat has poor layout,
layout, with has a great without
applicable layout, with applicable
graphics legible applicable graphics legible
fonts and color graphics legible fonts and color
scheme fonts and color scheme
scheme
Sourcing Citations for the Citations for No citations of
infographic's some of the the infographics’
sources were sources used sources were
included. were included included
Total

51
Direction: Complete the paragraph below with your learnings from the lessons.

I have learned that

Post-test: Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. It is a proper labelling of chemicals includes an element wherein it provides

immediate warning to a reader?
a. hazard quotes c. hazard statement
b. pictograms d. signal words
2. These are situations that increase the likelihood of fire and may delay escape in
the event of fire situations?
a. fire access c. fire safety
b. fire hazard d. fire regulations
3. Below are examples of Class A fire except?
a. cloth c. paper
b. gasoline d. wood
4. If the fire is caused by the involvement of electrical wiring or equipment, these
class of fire is___?
a. class b c. class d
b. class c d. class e
5. Gasoline oil, paint and other flammable liquids are examples of Class K fire
except
a. cloth c. paper
b. gasoline d. wood
6. Below are examples of Class K fire except?
a. animal oils c. metal alloys
b. fats in cooking appliances d. vegetable oils
7. These wastes is dry in form and is discarded as unwanted?
a. liquid waste c. solid waste
b. hazardous waste d. recyclable waste
8. If the wastes can be broken down or decomposed by living organism they are
considered as?
a. biodegradable c. non-biodegradable
b. hazardous d. non-hazardous
9. These are unsafe substances used commercially, industrially, agriculturally and
economically?
a. biodegradable c. non-biodegradable
b. hazardous d. non-hazardous
52
10. Chemical oils and waste from water and pond are example of?
a. air waste c. liquid waste
b. gas waste d. solid waste
11. Plastic bottles, old machine, and containers are wastes hat cannot be broken
down by organism therefore considered as?
a. biodegradable c. non-biodegradable
b. hazardous d. non-hazardous
12. The following are examples of non- hazardous waste except?
a. cardboard c. motor oils
b. lining d. paper
13. This equipment are worn to minimize exposure to workplace hazard that cause
serious injuries and illnesses?
a. personal protective accessories c. personal protective tools
b. personal protective equipment d. personal protective wear
14 The safe egress of facility personnel is called as
a. decontamination c. excavation
b. evacuation d. protection
15. is the process of removing or neutralizing harmful materials that have gathered
on personnel or worker and/or equipment during the response to a chemical
incident.
a. decontamination c. excavation
b. evacuation d. protection

53
 MAINTAIN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
AWARENESS

• Procedures in emergency related drill are strictly followed in line with the
established organization guidelines and procedures
• OHS personal records are filled up in accordance with workplace
requirement

• Accident – is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance

• Alleviate - make suffering or problem less severe
• Bandaging – bind (a wound) with protective strip of metal
• Control – means to direct or determine
• Drills – intensive instructions of training in something
• Employee Morale- working people confidence, enthusiasm at a particular time
• First Aid – as it implies includes all forms of remedies given immediately to
humans in order to minimize or prevent casualties or fatalities caused by
accidents
• Fumes- gas, smoke or vapor that smells strong and is dangerous to smell
• Pulse- a successive throb of arteries of heart as felt in the risk or neck
• Splinting- secure a (broken limb) using materials such as wood for support
• Ventilation -provision of fresh air to room or building

Pretest Direction: Identify the correct answer describe in the following items.

1. Which statement is considered as not an outcome of safety procedure and

practices?
a. high accident rate c. employee satisfaction
b. employee morale d. high operating insurance and expenses
2. Employee are entitled to be provided with safety amenities and personal
protective equipment except___?
a. appropriate seats c. medical supplies and first aid kit
b. adequate passage way d. low quality protective gear

54
3. These are group of employees or workers and management plan for safety
policies in the workplace?
a. Safety and Health Agent c. Safety and health Leader
b. Safety and Health Committee d. Safety and Health Practitioner
4. Employer must provide their employees with different instrument an /or
working stations except___?
a. hair ornaments c. personal protective equipment
b. designated smoking area d. exhaust system
5. Which of the following items is a part of the duties of safety and health
committee?
a. announcing wrong information c. taking safety programs for granted
b. conducting safety meeting d. shouting when there is a meeting
6. It is a practice event where people leave a building, practicing what they
would do if the building is on fire?
a. earthquake drill c. math drill
b. fire drill d. concrete drill
7. It I a type of drill that announce the duck, cover and hold procedure?
a. earthquake drill c. math drill
b. fire drill d. concrete drill
8. Orientation for new job site includes the following information except
one___?
a. evacuation procedure c. location of first aid supplies
b. nearest gambling place d. location of fire extinguisher
9. These are portable devices used to extinguish small fires or reduce their
destruction before firefighters arrive at the scene?
a. air pump c. first aid kit
b. fire extinguishers d. water pump
10. It is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured and suddenly
get ill.
a. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) c. first aid
b. emergency response d. massage
11. The following are objectives of first aid except?
a. alleviates suffering c. prevent further injury
b. pamper the person d. prolong life
12. Which is belong to the need and value of first aid?
a. to assess movement c. to train people what to do during emergency
b. to build the body d. to support person
13. First thing to do according to Emergency Action Principle
a. activates medical assistance c. do a primary survey
b. do a secondary survey d. survey the seen
14. Assessing pulse is part of what step in the ABC steps.
a. airway c. circulation
b. breathing d. movement
15. It is a lifesaving procedure that helps to pump blood around the person's
body when their heart can't?
a. blood pumping c. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
b. bandaging d. splinting

55
 LESSON 1: OPERATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROCEDURES,
PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS

Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the
highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working
conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from
factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an
occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities;
and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.
The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives:

Source: https://blog.vantagecircle.com/workplace-safety/

1. maintain and promote workers’ health and working capacity;

2. improve working environment and work; and
3. develop work organizations and working cultures in a direction which
supports health and safety at work and in doing so also promotes positive
social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of the
undertakings.

56
Safety procedures, practices in the workplace contribute to:
1. low rates of accident;
2. good employee morale;
3. employee satisfaction;
4. reduction of insurance and other operating cost; and
5. reduction of losses of employees due to disabling accidents.
What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?
The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its
workplace free from work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers
or damage to property. Thus, the worker is entitled to be provided by the employer
with:
• Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation;
• Adequate passageways, exits and firefighting equipment;
• Separate facilities for men and women;
• Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks, helmets, safety boots,
coats or first-aid kits;
• Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
• Free medical and dental services and facilities.

What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees?

Employers must provide their employees with the following instruments and/or
working stations:

• Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as overall head coverings,

goggles, gloves aprons and respirators;
• A properly designed exhaust system and waste disposal, local exhaust or
general ventilation to keep toxic fumes or gases, away from workers' breathing
zone;
• Adequate number of fire extinguishers in the workplace;
• Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from combustible, flammable
or explosive materials, containers filled with explosives or flammable
substances, and containers that have held explosives or flammable materials;

57
What is a Safety and Health Committee?

A Safety and Health Committee is a

group of employees or workers and
management that plans and makes policies
in all matters pertaining to safety and health
in the workplace. All establishments are
required to have a Safety and Health
Committee.
Source: https://www.quill.com/blog/tutorials/how-to-create-a-workplace-safety-
program.html

• When shall an establishment organize a Safety and Health Committee?

In every workplace, a Safety and Health Committee shall be organized within sixty
days after the Standards take effect, and for new establishments, within one month
from the date business starts operating. In both cases the Safety and Health
Committee shall reorganize every January of the following year:

• What are the types and composition of a Safety and Health Committee?

The types and composition of the Safety and Health Committee shall be organized
according to the number of employees or workers in a workplace.

• What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?

Safety and Health Committee shall:

• Plan and develop accident prevention programs in the workplace;
• Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions;
• Review reports of inspection, results of accident investigations and
implementation of accident prevention program;
• Conduct safety meetings at least once a month;
• Submit reports to the manager/owner on its meetings and activities;
• Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the
proper conduct of activities relating to enforcement of the provisions of the
Standards;
• Train workers in safe work habits and procedures;
• Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such
emergency service units as may be necessary to handle disaster situations
pursuant to the Emergency Preparedness Manual for Establishments of the
Office of Civil Defense Source:https://bwc.dole.gov.ph/

58
 Self-Check 4.1 A. Direction: Fill the table with the correct items needed, choose
your answers n the word pool.

-appropriate seats - free medical dental service

-designated smoking area -appropriate safety devices
- adequate passage way - designated smoking area
-First aid kit - adequate number of fire extinguisher
-separate facilities -appropriate protective equipmnet

Minimum standard on safety and Safety requirements employers should

health in the workplace provide to their employees
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

B. Direction: Give at least five (5) responsibility of safety committee

1
2
3
4
5

59
 LESSON 2: EMERGENCY RELATED DRILLS AND TRAINING

Emergency Procedures
All employers are obligated to ensure staff are trained in workplace emergency
procedures. This may include what to do in case of a fire, earthquake, or other
emergency; identifying locations of emergency exits; and processes to follow to
evacuate the building in the case of an emergency. These procedures are site specific
and should be a part of the training for all new employees. In addition, regular drills
or reviews of procedures are important to ensure that if an actual emergency occurs,
everyone is able to react accordingly and safely.
Emergency Evacuation Fire Drill is only one type of emergency that happens
at work. Large and small workplaces alike experience fires, explosions, medical
emergencies, chemical spills, toxic releases, and a variety of other incidents. Here
are some basic drills that you should know.
Fire Drill
A fire drill is a practice event, where people leave a building. They are
practicing what they would do if there was a fire in the building. The event is started
when a fire alarm is turned on. Fire drills can be helpful in saving lives in the event of
an actual fire. A fire drill is a simulation of what a person or group of people would do
if an actual fire occurred and also demonstrate the proper usage of fire extinguisher.

Source : https://bfp.gov.ph/earthquake-fire-drill/#.YTNlaZ0zY2w
The types and numbers of extinguishers legally required for an area are
governed by the safety regulations in force in that particular area.
Fire extinguishers are portable devices used to extinguish small fires or
reduce their destruction before firefighters arrive at the scene. These are kept handy
at places, namely fire points, in buildings, factories, public paces or transportation.

60
 Fire drills happen a couple of times a year. Even though they are drills, they
are very important because through practice you will learn what to do and how to
behave in an emergency. Observe the following:
1. Take the drill seriously.
2. Review the expectations before drill.
3. Know your escape route beforehand.
4. Remain calm.
5. Line up and stay in line.
6. Go quietly through to your destination.

Earthquake Drill Procedures

An earthquake drill is one set of simulated emergency circumstances designed
to test the ability of school members to make the most appropriate decisions to ensure
their safety. The school members should understand the emergency response plan
sufficiently in order to react appropriately during the drill.
1. Once the drill is announced, conduct the DROP Procedure (duck, cover
and hold).
2. Leave quickly the building in an orderly manner.
3. Stay away directly under the corridors.
4. Walk away from the building then unto the escape route.
5. Once safe, help others go to safety.

Picture Courtesy: https://ncmb.gov.ph/ncmb-joins-the-first-quarter-nationwide-simultaneous-earthquake-drill/

Orientation to any new job site, even if temporary, should always include the following
information:
• Location of emergency exits
• Location of first aid supplies or the procedures to call for an attendant
• Location of fire extinguishers
• Evacuation procedures and muster stations
• Any hazards present on the site

The following are the suggested immediate response measures for all
personnel:

1. On detection of shock, remain in place. Remain calm, try to calm and

reassure others.
2. If indoors, watch for falling plaster, light fixtures and other objects. Stay away
from windows and mirrors. If in danger, get under a table, desk, or gurney, in

61
 a corner away from windows, or strong doorway. Usually it is best not to run
outdoors. (Whenever possible you should dock, cover and hold)
3. After the initial shock has ended and a reasonable interval has passed with
no future shock, the safety officers must survey their immediate surroundings
to determine injuries and damage.
4. Do not attempt to move seriously injured persons unless they are in
immediate danger of further injury.
5. Safety Officers are responsible for employees and clients in their vicinity. If
possible, they must reassure and calm those who are hysterical and panic
stricken.
6. If there are obvious injuries from falling objects, shattered glasses or
personnel trapped under debris, assistance must be requested. First-aid
must be performed within one's capability.
7. Check for fire or fire hazards from broken electrical lines or short circuits.
Follow the fire response procedures if ever it will occur.
8. If the Office has not been made unsafe by the earthquake, it is advisable to
encourage employees to stay inside until the conditions of the roadways are
determined.
9. If evacuation is deemed advisable, determine the condition of exit areas and
avoid those that are obstructed or otherwise.
10. Immediately sound the fire alarm by activating the nearest pull station in the
corridor. This will commence the evacuation.
11. Do not use elevators during fire and earthquake. Take any person with
disabilities or injuries (if they can walk) to the fire safe stairwell. Designate
rescuers will ensure that there are no employees will be left behind.
12. Personnel may communicate with each other through whistle.
13. Injured persons must be brought immediately to the makeshift first aid station
for first aid treatment. Priorities will be given to more serious cases. A
designated vehicle will be used to bring injured personnel to a hospital for
further treatment.
14. Appropriate assembly area must be pre-determined and is a function of the
evacuation team. The head of Office shall have the responsibility of
determining missing employees and informing the rescue team of the names
of the missing persons.
15. Be prepared for additional aftershocks. Although most of these are smaller
than the main shock, some may be large enough to cause additional
damage.
16. Check to see that the sewage lines are intact before permitting flushing of
toilets.

62
First Aid Procedures

BOOK FOUR
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS

Art. 156. First-aid treatment. Every employer shall keep in his establishment such
first-aid medicines and equipment as the nature and conditions of work may require,
in accordance with such regulations as the Department of Labor and Employment shall
prescribe. The employer shall take steps for the training of a sufficient number of
employees in first-aid treatment.
Source: https://blr.dole.gov.ph/2014/12/11/book-iv-health-safety-and-social-welfare-benefits/

First Aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not
available or delayed.
ROLES OF FIRST AID.
1.It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim
and the physician.
2. It is not intended to compete with, nor take the
place of the services of the physician.
3. It ends when the services of a physician begin
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
l. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent added/further injury or danger
3. To prolong life
Picture Courtesy:
http://www.peza.gov.ph/documents/oshirrprimer.pdf

NEED AND VALUE OF FIRST AID

l. To minimize if not totally prevent accident.
2. To prevent added injury or danger.
3. To train people to do the right thing at the right time.
4. Accident happens and sudden illnesses are common and often serious.
5. People very often harm rather than help.
6. Proper and immediate care is necessary to save life or limb

63
 Providing access to first aid supplies or attendants is a requirement of
employers under the OHS Regulation, but the required vary according to the size of
the employer and many other factors. For example, in some cases it is required that
a designated first aid attendant be on duty, while in others it is enough to provide a
first aid kit stocked with a prescribed list of supplies. Many industrial settings and
training institutions are equipped with a first aid station with a trained attendant. The
person who staffs that station is able to perform a wide variety of services from
bandaging minor cuts to stopping major bleeding and splinting broken bones.

Source: https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/i-need-to-know/

All workers should know where the first aid station is, who staffs it, and what
services are available. If you sustain an injury, no matter how minor, ensure that the
incident is reported in the first aid station log. Minor irritations often develop into major
problems, so report all injuries promptly.
GUIDELINES FOR GIVING EMERGENCY CARE
l. Getting started
l.l. Planning of action
l.2. Gathering of needed materials
l.3. Initial response as follows:
l.4. Instruct helpers

A - Ask for help

I - Intervene
D -Do not further harm

Ask for help. In a crisis, time is of essence. The more quickly you
recognize an emergency, and the faster you call for medical assistance, the
sooner the victim will get help. Immediate care can greatly affect the
outcomeof an emergency.
64
 Intervene. To intervene means to do something for the victim that will
help achieve a positive outcome to an emergency. Sometimes getting medical
help will be all you can do, and this alone may save a life. In other
situation,however, you may become actively involved in the victim’s initial care
by giving first aid. Let the golden rules of emergency care guide your effort.
Do no further harm. Once you have begun first aid, you want to be
certain you don’t do anything that might cause the victim’s condition to worsen.
Certain actions should always be avoided by keeping them in mind, you will
be able to avoid adding to or worsening the victim’s illness or injuries.

“Emergency Action Principles”

2.l. Survey the scene
• is the scene safe?
• what happened?
• how many people are injured?
• are there bystanders who can help?
• Identify yourself as a trained first aider.
2.2. Do a primary survey of the victim
2.3. Activate medical assistance/transfer facility
2.4. Do a secondary survey of the victim
Do a primary survey of the victim
Check for vital body functions: BREATHING and CIRCULATION by following the
ABC steps

A-Airway - Is the victim conscious?

• If the victim is conscious, assess breathing
as described in B.
• If the victim is unconscious, start
immediately airway management
B-Breathing - Is the victim breathing?
• If the victim is breathing,
• is it shallow or deep?
• does he appear to be choking?
• is he cyanotic, suggesting poor
oxygenation?
• If the victim appears to have any difficulty
breathing, immediately
• support his breathing (maintain adequate
open airway).
• If the victim is not breathing, provide initial ventilation
C-Circulation - Is the victim’s heart beating?
• If it is, then how is it? (assess pulse)
provide other care as necessary.
• If not, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Is he severely bleeding?
• If he is, control bleeding
Photo Courtesy: https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/how-to/how-to-do-the-primary-survey/
65
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
It's a lifesaving medical procedure which is given to someone who is in cardiac
arrest or emergency. It helps to pump blood around the person's body when their
heart can't. To carry out CPR a person presses up and down on the casualty's chest
(chest compressions) and gives them a series of rescue breaths to help save their
life.
Activate medical assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility (In some
emergencies, you’ll have enough time to call for specific medical advice before
administering first aid. But in some situations, you’ll need to attend to the victim first.
The Golden Rules of Emergency Care
1. what to do
a) do remember to identify yourself to the victim
b) do obtain consent if possible
c) do call for help
d) do think of the worst, its best to administer first aid for the gravest
possibility.
e) do be as calm and as direct as possible
f) do loosen the clothing
g) do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy
h) do handle the victim to a minimum
i) do provide comfort and emotional support
j) do keep onlookers away from the injured person
k) do assist the victim with his or her prescription medication
2. What not to do
a.) Do not further harm the victim like the following:
* trying to arouse an unconscious victim
* administering fluid or alcoholic drink.
b.) Do not let the victim see his/her injury.
c.) Do not leave the victim alone except to get help.
d.) Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are only ones.
e.) Do not make unrealistic promises.
f.) Do not require the victim to make decisions.

Self-Check 4.1

A. Directions: Arrange the fire drill procedure in proper sequence. Use numbers 1-
6, Write your answer in the space provided

_____Remain calm.
_____Review the expectations before drill.

66
 _____Line up and stay in line.
_____Know your escape route beforehand.
_____Go quietly to your destination.
_____ Take the drill seriously

Self-Check 4.2

B. Directions Sequence the earthquake drill procedure. Use letters A-E. Write your
answer in the space provided
.
_____1. Stay away directly under the corridors.
_____2. Duck, cover and hold.
_____3. Once safe, help others go to safety.
_____4. Walk away from the building then onto the escape route.
_____5. Leave quickly the building in an orderly manner

Activity: Make a recorded video with a task of performing First Aid using the Airway
Breathing Circulation (ABC) steps base on the situation given.
Situation: Classmate has passed out and unconscious, what appropriate
first aid would be given

Directions: Your performance will be rated based on the rubric below

Learners Name: Date:

Competency: Maintain Occupational Safety and Health Awareness
You will be Level PERFORMANCE LEVEL
rated Achieved
based on 10-Can perform skills without supervision and with
overall initiative and adaptability to problem situation
evaluation 8-can perform skills satisfactory without assistance
on the right or supervision
side 6-can perform skills satisfactorily but require some
assistance and or supervision
4-Can perform part of the skills satisfactorily but
requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision
Teacher will initial level achieved

67
Activity: To develop preparedness and alertness in times of emergency by following
the procedures, Perform the Fire and Earthquake Drill, It can be a video or a
documentation albums.

Directions: Your performance will be rated based on the rubric below

Learner’s Name: Date:

Competency: Maintain Occupational Safety and Health Awareness
Criteria 10 8 6 Your
Score
Accuracy All the steps Few steps Some or one
were carried were carried step was
out correctly out correctly carried out
correctly
Content Includes a Includes a Lack a clear
clear somewhat statement of
statement of clear statement purpose
purpose of purpose
Final Final product Final product Final product
Product concepts were concepts were concepts were
visibly somewhat not clearly
demonstrated demonstrated. demonstrated

Direction: Complete the paragraph below with your learnings from the lessons.

I have learned that

68
Posttest Direction: Identify the correct answer describe in the following items.

1. Which statement is considered as not an outcome of safety procedure and

practices?
a. high accident rate c. employee satisfaction
b. employee morale d. high operating insurance and expenses
2. Employee are entitled to be provided with safety amenities and personal
protective equipment except___?
a. appropriate seats c. medical supplies and first aid kit
b. adequate passage way d. low quality protective gear
3. These are group of employees or workers and management plan for safety
policies in the workplace?
a. Safety and Health Agent c. Safety and health Leader
b. Safety and Health Committee d. Safety and Health Practitioner
4. Employer must provide their employees with different instrument an /or
working stations except___?
a. hair ornaments c. personal protective equipment
b. designated smoking area d. exhaust system

5. Which of the following items is a part of the duties of safety and health
committee?
a. announcing wrong information c. taking safety programs for granted
b. conducting safety meeting d. shouting when there is a meeting
6. It is a practice event where people leave a building, practicing what they
would do if the building is on fire?
a. earthquake drill c. math drill
b. fire drill d. concrete drill
7. It I a type of drill that announce the duck, cover and hold procedure?
a. earthquake drill c. math drill
b. fire drill d. concrete drill
8. Orientation for new job site includes the following information except
one___?
a. evacuation procedure c. location of first aid supplies
b. nearest gambling place d. location of fire extinguisher
9. These are portable devices used to extinguish small fires or reduce their
destruction before firefighters arrive at the scene?
a. air pump c. first aid kit
b. fire extinguishers d. water pump
10. It is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured and suddenly
get ill.
a. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) c. first aid
b. emergency response d. massage
11. The following are objectives of first aid except?
a. alleviates suffering c. prevent further injury
69
 b. pamper the person d. prolong life
12. Which is belong to the need and value of first aid?
a. to assess movement c. to train people what to do during emergency
b. to build the body d. to support person
13. First thing to do according to Emergency Action Principle
a. activates medical assistance c. do a primary survey
b. do a secondary survey d. survey the seen
14. Assessing pulse is part of what step in the ABC steps.
a. airway c. circulation
b. breathing d. movement
15. It is a lifesaving procedure that helps to pump blood around the person's
body when their heart can't?
a. blood pumping c. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
b. bandaging d. splinting

70
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Jaytana, Teresita M., K ot 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and

Livelihood Education Module Bread and Pastry Production NCII

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 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Pinky N. Celestra
Degrees:
• Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, University of Rizal
System
• Certificate in Professional Education, University of Rizal System
• Master of Arts in Teaching, Major in Technology and Livelihood
Education Completed Academic Requirements (CAR), University of
Rizal System
Trainings:
• TESDA NCII, Food and Beverages Preparations
Position Assumed:
• Teacher, Filipino Department, Vicente Madrigal Integrated School
• Teacher, Technology and Livelihood Education, Vicente Madrigal
Integrated School

74