INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:

https://youtu.be/Eg6ibIGxeGc?si=1F0WeIu5N71pnS-5

Initial Questions:

1. What is $?
○ $? is a special variable in Unix/Linux that holds the exit status of the last
command executed. If the value is 0, it indicates that the command was
successful; any other value indicates an error.
2. How do you know which port is running a service?
○ You can use commands like netstat -tuln, ss -tuln, or lsof -i to
view open ports and the services running on them. For example, netstat
-tuln displays active TCP/UDP ports and associated processes.
3. What is the difference between Unix and Linux?
○ Unix is an older operating system developed in the 1970s. It is proprietary,
and there are several versions (e.g., AIX, Solaris). Linux is an open-source
Unix-like operating system created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It follows Unix
principles but is not derived from the original Unix code.
4. Difference between cluster and nodes?
○ A cluster is a group of interconnected computers (nodes) that work together
to perform tasks as a single system. A node is an individual computer within
the cluster that can perform computations or provide services.
5. What is TLS and SSL, and what are their differences?
○ SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are
cryptographic protocols for securing communications over a computer
network. TLS is the successor to SSL and offers stronger encryption,
improved security, and is more efficient in performance. TLS replaced SSL
due to various vulnerabilities found in SSL.
6. How do you create and manage JVMs (Java Virtual Machines)?
○ You can create and manage JVMs by installing the appropriate Java
Development Kit (JDK), configuring the environment variables (like
JAVA_HOME), and running Java applications with custom settings using JVM
options (e.g., -Xms, -Xmx for memory settings). Tools like JConsole,
VisualVM, or JMX (Java Management Extensions) can be used for JVM
monitoring and management.
7. What are the networking certificate formats?
○ Common networking certificate formats include PEM (Privacy-Enhanced
Mail), DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules), PFX/P12 (Personal Information
Exchange), and CER (Certificate). These formats differ in encoding methods
and use cases (e.g., PEM is text-based while DER is binary).

Additional Networking Questions (50):

8. What is an IP address?
○ An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a
network, used for routing data between devices.
9. What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?
○ IPv4 uses a 32-bit address format, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion
unique addresses. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format, providing a much
larger address space.
10. What is a subnet?
○ A subnet is a segment of a network that divides an IP network into smaller,
manageable sections to improve efficiency and security.
11. What is a MAC address?
○ A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a hardware identifier assigned to a
network interface card (NIC) for communications at the data link layer.
12. Explain NAT (Network Address Translation).
○ NAT translates private IP addresses within a local network to a public IP
address for communication with external networks, providing a layer of
security.
13. What is DHCP?
○ DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP
addresses to devices on a network, reducing the need for manual
configuration.
14. Explain DNS and its purpose.
○ DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-readable domain names
(e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses for network communication.
15. What is a VLAN?
○ A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a network configuration that logically
separates devices on a physical network into different segments.
16. What is a firewall?
○ A firewall is a network security device that monitors and controls incoming
and outgoing network traffic based on security rules.
17. Difference between TCP and UDP?
○ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection-oriented and ensures
reliable data transmission. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is connectionless
and faster but does not guarantee delivery.
18. What is a socket in networking?
○ A socket is an endpoint for sending or receiving data across a computer
network, used for establishing communication between devices.
19. Explain the OSI Model.
○ The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework
with seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session,
Presentation, and Application, used for understanding network
communication.
20. What is a default gateway?
○ A default gateway is a network device that routes traffic from a local network
to external networks.
21. What is port forwarding?
○ Port forwarding directs incoming network traffic on a specific port to a
designated internal IP address and port within a local network.
22. What is a proxy server?
○ A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a client and a server,
providing anonymity, filtering, and caching services.
23. Explain the term "latency" in networking.
○ Latency refers to the time delay between sending a data packet and receiving
a response.
24. What is bandwidth?
○ Bandwidth is the maximum data transfer rate of a network connection,
measured in bits per second (bps).
25. What is packet switching?
○ Packet switching is a method of data transmission where data is broken into
packets and sent over a network, reassembling at the destination.
26. Explain the term "load balancing."
○ Load balancing distributes network traffic across multiple servers to ensure
reliability and efficiency.
27. What is a VPN?
○ A VPN (Virtual Private Network) encrypts internet traffic and hides the user's
IP address, allowing secure communication over a public network.
28. Difference between a hub, switch, and router?
○ A hub broadcasts data to all devices, a switch forwards data only to the
intended recipient, and a router routes data between different networks.
29. What is ARP?
○ ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses on
a local network.
30. Explain the term "multicasting."
○ Multicasting is the process of sending data to multiple devices simultaneously
in a network.
31. What is a traceroute?
○ Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool that traces the path data takes from a
source to a destination.
32. Explain BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
○ BGP is an exterior gateway protocol used to route data between different
autonomous systems on the internet.
33. What is SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)?
○ SNMP is used for monitoring and managing network devices like routers and
switches.
34. What is QoS (Quality of Service)?
○ QoS refers to technologies that manage network resources and prioritize
certain types of traffic to ensure performance levels.
35. What is an SSL certificate?
○ An SSL certificate is a digital certificate used to authenticate a website and
encrypt data transmitted between the web server and clients.
36. Explain network segmentation.
○ Network segmentation divides a network into smaller parts to reduce
congestion and improve security.
37. What is a DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)?
○ A DMZ is a network area exposed to external access, typically hosting
public-facing services while isolating the internal network.
38. What is network sniffing?
○ Network sniffing involves capturing and analyzing network traffic, often used
for troubleshooting or malicious purposes.
39. Explain IPsec.
○ IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a protocol suite for securing IP
communications by authenticating and encrypting data.
40. What is a denial-of-service (DoS) attack?
○ A DoS attack floods a network with traffic to overwhelm resources, causing
service disruption.
41. What is Wireshark?
○ Wireshark is a network protocol analyzer used to capture and analyze
network traffic.
42. What is SSH?
○ SSH (Secure Shell) is a protocol used for secure remote login and command
execution on networked devices.
43. Explain the term "routing table."
○ A routing table stores information about paths to different network
destinations, guiding data packet forwarding.
44. What is ICMP?
○ ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used for error messages and
diagnostics in networking, such as the "ping" command.
45. What is a broadcast domain?
○ A broadcast domain is a network segment where broadcast traffic is confined.
46. What is VLAN tagging?
○ VLAN tagging assigns a unique identifier to packets, allowing them to be
recognized and separated on a network.
47. Explain MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching).
○ MPLS is a data-carrying technique that directs data from one network node to
another using short path labels rather than long network addresses.
48. What is a loopback address?
○ A loopback address (e.g., 127.0.0.1 for IPv4) is used for testing network
software on the local machine.
49. What is network topology?
○ Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of network
devices and how they communicate.
50. **What is the difference between SFTP and FTP