Scribd
Upload
8 views26 pages

Lecture # 05 - 06

The document provides an overview of the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, detailing its six main components: ALU, Timing & Control Unit, Instruction Register & Decoder, Register Array, Interrupt Control, and Serial I/O Control. It explains the functions of each component, including the arithmetic and logic operations performed by the ALU, the role of the timing unit in synchronization, and the purpose of various registers like the accumulator and program counter. Additionally, it covers the interrupt control mechanism and the significance of status flags within the microprocessor's operation.

Uploaded by

Sidra Sami Khanzada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views26 pages

Lecture # 05 - 06

The document provides an overview of the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, detailing its six main components: ALU, Timing & Control Unit, Instruction Register & Decoder, Register Array, Interrupt Control, and Serial I/O Control. It explains the functions of each component, including the arithmetic and logic operations performed by the ALU, the role of the timing unit in synchronization, and the purpose of various registers like the accumulator and program counter. Additionally, it covers the interrupt control mechanism and the significance of status flags within the microprocessor's operation.

Uploaded by

Sidra Sami Khanzada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

MICROPROCESSOR AND INTERFACING

TECHNIQUES

Department of Computer Systems Engineering

MEHRAN UET, JAMSHORO.

1
LECTURE # 05 - 06

INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF
MICROPROCESSOR 8085
2
CPU INTERNAL STRUCTURE

The internal Architecture of CPU is used to perform the following operations::

 Store 8-bit data (Registers, Accumulator)


 Perform arithmetic and logic operations (ALU)
 Test for conditions (IF / THEN)
 Sequence the execution of instructions
 Store temporary data in RAM during execution
Microprocessor Internal Architecture :

4
Microcomputer Architecture :

 There are 6 main components of 8085 microprocessor :

1. ALU

2. Timing & Control Unit

3. Instruction Register & Decoder

4. Register Array

5. Interrupt Control

6. Serial I/O Control


5
(1). Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):
Input Input
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Arithmetic functions: add, subtract, multiply and divide
 Logic functions: AND, OR, and NOT control ALU
signal
 ALU is a multifunctional calculator
 What specific calculation will be taken depends on the particular control signal

 Two inputs results

 Calculation result can be temporarily stored in Registers.

6
(1). Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):
The ALU is related with

• Accumulator

• Temporary register

• Arithmetic & logic circuits.

• Status register (flag flip-flops)


7
(2). Timing And Control Unit :

 This unit consists of an oscillator (TIMING UNIT) and control signals


(CONTROL UNIT) .
 The oscillator generates clock signals which aids in synchronizing all the
registers of 8085 microprocessor.
 Signals that are associated with Timing and control unit are:
• Control Signals: READY, RD, WR, ALE
• Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M
• DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
• RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT 8
(3). Instruction Register And Decoder :
 Instruction register:
• It is 8-bit register just like every other register
of microprocessor.
• These registers are specifically used to store the
instructions that are fetched from memory.
 Instruction decoder:
• It decodes the information present in the Instruction register for further
processing.
9
(4). Interrupt Control:

 An interrupt is considered to be an emergency signal that is to


be serviced first.
 The Microprocessor responds to it as soon as possible.

10
(4). Interrupt Control:
 List of Interrupts:

• TRAP

• RST 7.5

• RST 6.5

• RST 5.5

• INTR 11
(5). Register Arrays :

 Data registers are locations where data is stored temporary


within the microprocessor.
 These are a few types of register such as:

• Accumulator • Status register • Temporary register


• General-purpose register • Program counter
• Memory address register • Stack pointer
12
(5). Register Arrays (ACCUMULATOR ):
Accumulator :
• Accumulator is an 8-bit register that is part of the ALU.
• This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and
logical operations.
• It is one of the most used registers, often referred to as the A register.
• It stores 1ST OPERAND of an arithmetic operation or a logic operation.

• It stores the 8-bit result of an arithmetic operation or a logic operation. 13


(5). Register Arrays (TEMPORARY REGISTER):

Temporary Register:
• It is a 8-bit register which is used to hold the data.
• It is used to transfer data to the ALU and usually contains
the SECOND VALUE REQUIRED FOR ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS.

14
(5). Register Arrays (STATUS REGISTER):
Status Register (Flags Flip-Flops)

• Status Register consists of Flip Flops.


• Flags are nothing but a group of individual Flip-flops. The flags are
mainly associated with arithmetic and logic operations.
• The flags will show either a logical (0 or 1) (i.e.) a set or reset
depending on the data conditions in accumulator or various other
registers. 15
(5). Register Arrays (STATUS REGISTER):
Bit positions in status registers
The ALU includes 5 flip-flops, known as the status register or
the flag flip-flops.
• They are called Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P) and
Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags.
• Their bit positions in status registers are shown below:

16
(5). Register Arrays (STATUS REGISTER):
Sign Flag:

 Used for indicating the sign of the data in the accumulator.


• The sign flag is set (1) if D7 Bit is negative (1 – negative)
• The sign flag is reset (0) if D7 Bit is positive (0 –positive)

 if result is 00010011 (sign flag is reset)

 if result is 10010011 (sign flag is set)


17
(5). Register Arrays (STATUS REGISTER):
Zero Flag:

 If the result stored in an accumulator is zero then this flip


flop is set otherwise it is reset.
• Example 10110011
+ 01001101
____________
1 00000000 Result is zero 18
(5). Register Arrays (STATUS REGISTER):
Carry Flag:
 If the result stored in an accumulator generates a carry in its
final output then it is set otherwise it is reset.

 Example:
1011 0101
+ 0110 1100
______________
19

Carry 1 0010 0001


(5). Register Arrays (STATUS REGISTER):

Auxiliary Carry Flag:

 This flag is set when a carry is generated from bit D3 and passed to D4.
• Example:
1
Carry from d3 to d4 0 011 010 1
+ 0110 110 0
______________
20

1 0 10 0 0 0 1
(5). Register Arrays (STATUS REGISTER):
Parity Flag:
 After an ALU operation if the result has an even # of 1’s the p-flag is
set. Otherwise it is cleared.
 So, the flag can be used to indicate even parity.

 if result is 00110011 (Parity flag is set because no of 1’s is even)

 if result is 1000 0011 (Parity flag is reset because no of 1’s is odd)

21
(5). Register Arrays (GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER):

GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER:

 There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C,


D, E, H & L.
 Each register can hold 8-bit data (Because 8085 is 8bit microprocessor).
 These registers can also work in pair to hold 16-bit data and their
pairing combination is like B-C, D-E & H-L.
22
(5). Register Arrays (PROGRAM COUNTER):
Program counter (PC):

 Program counter is a 16-bit register used to hold memory


addresses.
 The function of PC register is to point to the memory address
from which the next byte is to be fetched.
• When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program
counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory
location. 23
(5). Register Arrays (STACK POINTER):
Stack Pointer (SP):
 It is also a 16 bit register used as memory pointer. It points to the memory
location called stack.
 Generally stack is a reserved portion of memory where
information can be stores or taken back together.
 SP stores (pushes) the address onto a memory area and removes (pops)
the address back whenever required in reverse order.
 It uses First In Last Out (FILO) and Last In First Out (LIFO)
operation. 24
(6) SID AND SOD :

 The 8085 has two signals to implement the serial


transmission :
• SID (Serial Input Data)
• SOD (Serial Output Data)
• In serial transmission, data bits are sent over a single line,
one bit at a time, such as the transmission over telephone
lines.

25
THE END !!!

26

You might also like