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Lecture 2 - 0713 1205

The document covers fundamental concepts in electrical drives and instrumentation, focusing on Faraday's Law and transformers. Faraday's Law explains how induced voltage is generated from a changing magnetic field, while the section on transformers details their construction, ideal characteristics, and the principles of impedance transformation. Key topics include the turns ratio, power relationships, and the dot convention for voltage and current polarity in transformers.

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10 views19 pages

Lecture 2 - 0713 1205

The document covers fundamental concepts in electrical drives and instrumentation, focusing on Faraday's Law and transformers. Faraday's Law explains how induced voltage is generated from a changing magnetic field, while the section on transformers details their construction, ideal characteristics, and the principles of impedance transformation. Key topics include the turns ratio, power relationships, and the dot convention for voltage and current polarity in transformers.

Uploaded by

niloykumarshil47
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRICAL DRIVES & INSTRUMENTATION

0713-1205
Lecture -2
CHAPTER-1
FARADAY'S LAW- Induced Voltage from a Time-Changing
Magnetic Field:
Faraday's law states that if a flux passes through a turn of a
coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the turn of wire that
is directly proportional to the rate of change in the flux to
time.
If a coil has N turns and if the same flux passes through all of
them, then the voltage induced across the whole coil is given
by,
CHAPTER-1
The minus sign in the equations is an expression of Lenz’s

law.
Lenz's law states that the direction of the voltage buildup
in the coil is such that if the coil ends were short-circuited, it
would produce a current that would cause a flux opposing the
original flux change.
TRANSFORMERS_(CHAPTER-2)
Main Parts of a TRANSFORMER:
TRANSFORMERS_(CHAPTER-2)
Construction of TRANSFORMERS:
Power transformers are constructed on one of two
types of cores. One type of construction consists of a
simple rectangular laminated piece of steel with the
transformer windings wrapped around two sides of the
rectangle. This type of construction is known as the core
form.

CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMERS:
The other type consists of a three-legged
laminated core with the windings wrapped around
the center leg. This type of construction is known
as shell form.

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an input
winding and an output winding.
The transformer is shown in Figure
Np - Turns of wire on its primary side.
Ns - Turns of wire on its secondary side.

The turns ratio (a) of the transformer:


TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
����(t) – The applied voltage to the primary side of the
transformer.
����(t) – The
produced voltage on the
secondary side of the
transformer.
So, The relation -------
����(t) - The current flowing into the primary side of the
transformer.
����(t) - The current flowing out of the secondary side of
the transformer.
So,
The relation -------

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

Finally,
Notice that the phase angle of Vp is the same as the angle
of Vs and the phase angle of Ip is the same as the phase
angle of Is. The turns ratio of the ideal transformer affects
the magnitudes of the voltages and currents, but not their
angles.

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Dot Convention:
The dots appear at one end of each winding to tell the polarity of the voltage
and current on the secondary side of the transformer. The relationship is as
follows: 1. If the primary voltage is positive at the dotted end of the winding
concerning the
undotted end, then the secondary voltage will be positive at the dotted end
also. Voltage polarities are the same concerning the dots on each side of the
core. 2. If the primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end of
the primary winding, the secondary current will flow out of the dotted end of
the secondary winding.

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Power in an Ideal Transformer:
The power supplied to the transformer by the primary

circuit is given by the equation,


where ����is the angle between ���� and ����.
The power supplied by the transformer’s secondary circuit to

its loads is given by the equation,


where ���� is the angle between ���� and ����.

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Power in an Ideal Transformer:
Applying the turns-ratio equations gives Vs = Vp/a and Is = alp.
So,
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input
power.
The same relationship applies to reactive power Q and
apparent power S:

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Impedance Transformation through a Transformer The
impedance of a device or an element is defined as the ratio of the
phasor voltage across it to the phasor current flowing through it:
TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Impedance Transformation through a Transformer
One of the interesting properties of a transformer is that,
since it changes voltage and current levels, it changes the
ratio between voltage and current and hence the apparent
impedance of an element.
If, the secondary current is Is and the secondary voltage Vs,
then the impedance of the load is given by,

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Impedance Transformation through a Transformer:
The apparent impedance of the primary circuit of the

transformer is,
Since the primary voltage can be expressed as Vp = aVs and
��
the primary current can be expressed as Ip = �� ��

TRANSFORMERS_ (CHAPTER-2)
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Impedance Transformation through a Transformer:
The apparent impedance of the primary is,
With a transformer, it is possible to match the magnitude of
a load impedance to a source impedance simply by picking the
proper turn ratio.

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