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Particleworks Tutorial

The Particleworks Tutorial, Release 8.0.0, provides comprehensive guidance on using the Particleworks CFD software, including tutorials on various fluid dynamics simulations such as dam-break, multi-fluid flow, and more. It covers essential topics like simulation settings, preprocessing, and postprocessing, along with specific instructions for creating projects and managing physical properties. The document serves as a resource for users to effectively utilize the software for high-resolution simulations without the need for mesh generation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

23 views

Particleworks Tutorial

Uploaded by

040520349

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 197

Particleworks Tutorial

Release 8.0.0

Prometech Software, Inc.

Jun 05, 2023

CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1

2 Dam-Break 3

3 Multi-Fluid Flow 13

4 Resin Flow 19

5 Gear Oil Flow 27

6 Tank Sloshing 35

7 Multi-Fluid Mixing 43

8 Rigid Body 49

9 Conjugate Heat Transfer 55

10 Fresh Concrete 61

11 Spray 69

12 Planetary Mixer 75

13 Periodic Boundary Flow 81

14 Postprocessings 87

15 Turbulent Flow in T-pipe 97

16 Aeration 103

17 Bubble Generation by Droplet Collision 111

18 Bubble Generation by Solid-Fluid Collision 117

19 Piston Oil Jet 123

20 Windage 131

i
21 Pressure Boundary 137

22 Tank Outflow 143

23 Water drops hitting against a plate 151

24 Splashes in an airflow 159

25 Dam-Break (Multi-Resolution) 165

26 Water drops hitting against a plate (Multi-Resolution) 169

27 Pulling up the cup 173

28 Dynamic Contact Angle 179

29 Crushing of a Highly Viscous Fluid (MPFI) 185

30 Coiling (MPFI) 189

Bibliography 193

ii
CHAPTER

ONE

INTRODUCTION

This documentation consists of tutorials on essential topics such as basic simulation settings, preprocessing,
and postprocessing.

1.1 About Particleworks

Particleworks is a CFD software based on an advanced numerical method known as the Moving Particle
Simulation (MPS) method. The mesh-free nature of MPS allows for robust simulation of free-surface flows
at high resolutions, saving the need to generate meshes for the fluid domain. Since its first release in 2009,
Particleworks has been introduced to a wide range of industries.

1.2 External files

External files used in each tutorial can be found in share/samples/MPS/ID_tutorial_name under the
install folder.

1.3 See Also

• User Manual : Describes all the features available in Particleworks.

• Particleworks Theory Manual : Describes physical models used in Particleworks. Refer to Particle-
works Theory Manual for details of simulation parameters.
• Installation Guide : Covers installation-related topics as well as system requirements.
• Release Notes : Contains record of changes made to Particleworks, such as bug fixes and new features.

1
Particleworks Tutorial, Release 8.0.0

1.4 Copyright Notice

All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the
written permission of Prometech Software, Inc. Products that are referred to in this document may be either
trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the respective owners.

2 Chapter 1. Introduction
CHAPTER

TWO

DAM-BREAK

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a dam-break as an example of incompressible flow with free-surface.
Camera operation is also described in this section.

Time required: 20 minutes

2.1 Simulation Model

The model consists of a vessel and a column of water. As the calculation progresses, water flows out to the
walls of the vessel. The initial setup is shown below.
Vessel

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Water column

Physical properties
• Fluid : Water
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [m]: 1
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.005
• End time [s]: 10

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2.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type dambreak in the Project name field and specify where the project
will be saved in the Project Location.
3. In the Create Project window, click the OK button.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

2.3 Camera Operation

2.3.1 Mouse

The following operations are available when the mouse cursor is on the 3D view.
• Rotation : Drag (Left)
• Translation : Shift + Drag (Left)
• Zoom-in/Zoom-out : Ctrl + Drag (Left) or use the mouse wheel

2.3.2 Buttons

The following operations are available using the buttons at the top of the scene window.

• : Zooms the view to the selected objects.

• : Aligns the view with the X-axis to the negative direction.

• : Aligns the view with the X-axis.

• : Aligns the view with the Y-axis to the negative direction.

• : Aligns the view with the Y-axis.

• : Aligns the view with the Z-axis to the negative direction.

• : Aligns the view with the Z-axis.

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2.4 Import Geometry Files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (wall.obj , and water.obj).

3. Click the Adjust domain button .

4. In the Adjust domain dialog, locate Margin field and type 20.
5. Click the OK button to set the simulation domain.
6. Additionally, make the vessel ( wall.obj ) transparent so that the interior water flow is visible.
• In the scene window, click the vessel. (Alternatively, in the Outline window, select the Input >
wall.obj node.)
• In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3.
• When deleting geometry files, right-click the node in the Outline window and select Remove selected.

2.5 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button +1 to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Add another type Polygon.
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• water.obj : Fluid
• wall.obj : Polygon
1
: Duplicate, - : Delete.

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The default values of Fluid and Polygon are equal to the initial setup of this simulation model. You can
always check those properties in the Physical property manager window.

2.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button to move on to the next setting step.
2. In the Run dialog, locate the Basics section and check the Unit, Preprocess, and Gravity.
3. Click the Next button.
4. In the Run dialog, locate the MPS section and check the Physics model.
5. The default values of simulation parameters and physical models are configured to carry out the dam-
break simulation. The following physics models are used in this tutorial.
Physics model
• Pressure : Implicit
• Viscosity : None
• Surface tension : None

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2.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

button .
2. In the Run dialog, locate the Execution section and select Preprocess & Simulation in the Run
mode: field.
3. In the CPU cores: field, type the number of CPU cores to use for the calculation.
4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.
5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.
• To run the calculation on GPU, specify a GPU in the Run dialog.
• To run the preprocessor separately, see [Optional] Preprocess.

2.8 Visualize Result

To check the flow of the fluid particles, use the controls in the Player window.

1. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

2. Click the Stop button to stop the animation.

3. Locate the current frame field next to the control buttons, and enter the frame number to jump to.
4. Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move around.
5. Use the mouse wheel to change the number of frames in the Player window.
By default, particles are displayed as solid spheres. To visualize simulation data, apply color map to the
particles. Note that when color map is enabled, particles are colored based on the Field: (position, velocity,
pressure, etc. . . ) currently set to the scene.
1. In the Color Map window, set Field to Velocity.
2. In the Range: section, set Min to 0 and Max to 30.
3. Select water particles in the scene window. Alternatively, in the Outline window, select the Result >
water node (particle).

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4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

t = 1.0[s] t = 3.0[s]

2.9 Generate Surface

Surface generator converts particle points into 3D triangular meshes. This is typically used to visualize the
surface of the fluid, or to get an attractive image of the simulation result.

1. Click the Surface button .

2. In the Surface window, click the Execute button to start the calculation.
After the calculation has been completed, both the particles and the newly added surface are visible in the
scene. If the particles are no longer needed, hide the object as follows,
1. Select water particles in the scene window. Alternatively, in the Outline window, select the Result >
water node (particle).
2. In the Properties window, check Hide.

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2.10 [Optional] Preprocess

Through preprocessing, the software generates particles and a distance-function from imported models. Al-
though for most cases, preprocessing and simulation are performed at a time, each step can be launched
separately.

1. Click the Run button . Alternatively, you can choose Simulation > Run from the toolbar.
2. In the Run window, select Preprocess in Execution section and Click the Next button.
3. Uncheck Hide generated DF entries in Display: field and click Execute. The software starts prepro-
cessing immediately.
4. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.
5. In the scene window, the distance function generated from wall.obj and particles generated from wa-
ter.obj should be visible.

6. Uncheck Result > in the Outline window to hide the distance function.

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2.11 [Reference] Setting in Interactions

In the Interactions section in Physics property manager, all values can be set at once when multiple phys-
ical property combinations exist. The procedure to set Spring Constant at once is presented as an example
below.

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. Select the Interactions tab.
3. Click DEM > Contact > Spring Constant section. The table of physical properties and values are
displayed.
4. Make sure that All is selected in the combo box and enter 1000 in the box on the right. Click the Apply
button or press Enter
5. All Value fields are set to 1000 in the table.

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Note:
• Values of all combinations that include the specific physical property can also be set at once.
• For example, values of all combinations that include Polygon can be set at once by selecting Polygon
in the combo box instead of All.

12 Chapter 2. Dam-Break
CHAPTER

THREE

MULTI-FLUID FLOW

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a multi-fluid flow.

Time required: 15 minutes

3.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
• Fluid_1
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 2000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-4

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Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 4
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.001
• End time [s]: 5
Inflow boundary conditions
• inflow (Fluid)
– Velocity [m/s]: 0.2
• inflow_1 (Fluid_1)
– Velocity [m/s]: 0.2

3.2 Create New Project

1. Click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type multi-fluid_flow in the Project name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

3.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select a geometry file to import (pipe.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.5 to make the pipe transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Inflow

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• Location : (-150, 0, 0)
• Rotation : (0, 90, 0)
• Width [mm]: 32
• Height [mm]: 32
4. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow_1 node.
5. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (-132.58, 65, 0)
• Rotation : (0, 90, -30)
• Width [mm]: 16
• Height [mm]: 16
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, enter the following values:
• Domain > Upper limit : (150, 100, 50)
• Domain > Lower limit : (-150, -50, -50)

3.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Open physical property manager button .
2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu and use the default parameters.
4. Click the plus button + again to add Fluid_1, and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 2000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-4
5. In the same manner, create type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
6. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
7. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• pipe.stl : Polygon
• inflow : Fluid
• inflow_1 : Fluid_1

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3.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Input > inflow and Input > inflow_1.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 0.2
• Upper Limit [m3 ]: 0.01

3.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button to check Unit and Preprocess Settings.
2. In the Run dialog, locate the Basics section and enter the following parameters, and then click the
Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 4
• Gravity [m/s2 ]: (0, 0, 0)
3. In the Run dialog, locate the MPS section and enter the following parameters, and then click the Next
button:
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : CSF
• Surface Tension > Target Physical Property : Fluid
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 5
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.1

3.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

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4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.

5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

3.8 Visualize Result

Apply separate colors to Fluid and Fluid_1 to see how these two fluids flow in the pipe.
1. In the Outline window, select the Result > inflow_1 node (particle) or click the particle group in the
scene.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Appearance section and click the Diffuse button.
3. Select an arbitrary color, then click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 1 [s] t = 2 [s] t = 3 [s]

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18 Chapter 3. Multi-Fluid Flow

CHAPTER

FOUR

RESIN FLOW

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a resin flow in an L-pipe.

Time required: 20 minutes

4.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid : Non-Newtonian
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1200
• Viscosity model : Power law
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 0.15

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• Initial time interval [s]: 1e-5

• End time [s]: 0.12

4.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type resin in the Project name field and specify where the project will
be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

4.3 Create Objects

Import an L-pipe and add a circle emitter.

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, choose a geometry file to import (duct.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.5 to make the L-pipe transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Inflow

1. In the Outline window, click the Create an inflow button , and select Circle.
2. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, 0)
• Rotation : (180, 0, 0)
• Width [mm]: 0.7
• Height [mm]: 0.7
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Domain section and enter the following values:

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• Upper Limit : (6, 0.65, 0)

• Lower Limit : (-0.65, -0.65, -3.65)

4.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1200
• Kinematic Viscosity [m2 /s]: 0
• Specific Heat [J/(kgK)]: 1800
• Thermal Conductivity [W/(mK)] 0.18
• Non-Newtonian Fluid Settings : PowerLaw
• C1 : 2116667
• C2 : -0.683
• C3 : -0.018

Note: A kinematic viscosity coefficient, which is calculated in the constitutive law of Non-Newtonian fluid,
is added to the static value of Kinematic Viscosity. Therefore, the Kinematic Viscosity is set to 0 in this
tutorial.

1. Add another type Polygon.

2. In the Thermal Boundary combo box, select Isothermal.
3. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
4. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• duct.stl : Polygon
• inflow : Fluid

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4.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 0.15
• Upper Limit [m3 ]: 5e-7
• Initial Temperature [°C]: 300

4.6 Set Initial Temperature of Wall

1. In the scene window, click the L-pipe. (Alternatively, in the Outline window, select the Input >
duct.stl node.)
2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Initial Temperature [°C]: 150

4.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 0.15
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Implicit
• Surface Tension > Type : CSF
• Surface Tension > Target Physical Property : Fluid
• Thermal > Type : Thermal
• Thermal > Shear Heating : Uncheck
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 0.12
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 1e-5
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.002

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4.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

4.9 Visualize Result

To check the flow of the fluid particles, use the controls in the Player window.

1. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

2. Click the Stop button to stop the animation.

3. Locate the current frame field next to the control buttons, and enter the frame number to jump to.
4. Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move around.
By default, particles are displayed as solid spheres. To visualize simulation data, apply color map to the
particles. Note that when color map is enabled, particles are colored based on the Field (position, velocity,
pressure, etc. . . ) currently set to the scene. To check the temperature,
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Temperature.
2. Type 280 as Min and 300 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > inflow node (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

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t = 0.04 [s] t = 0.08 [s]

4.10 Generate Grid

Grid generator converts particle points into 3D uniform grid cells. This is typically used to visualize the
distribution of physical quantities with path lines, cross sections, isolines and isosurfaces.

1. Click the Grid button in the toolbar.

2. In the Grid window, locate the Field section and check Temperature.
3. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
After the calculation has been completed, both the particles and the newly added grid are visible in the scene.
If the particles are no longer needed, hide the object as follows.
1. In the Outline window, select the Result > inflow node (particle).
2. In the Properties window, check Hide.

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26 Chapter 4. Resin Flow

CHAPTER

FIVE

GEAR OIL FLOW

This tutorial demonstrates how to model oil splashing in a gearbox.

Time required: 40 minutes

5.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-5
• Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.025
• Contact angle [deg]: 60
Simulation parameters

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• Particle size [mm]: 2

• Initial time interval [s]: 1e-4
• End time [s]: 2

5.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type gear in the Project name field and specify where the project will
be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

5.3 Create Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (gear.stl , and gear_box.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. Additionally, make the gearbox ( gear_box.stl ) transparent so that the oil splash is visible.
• In the Outline window, select the Input > gear_box.stl node.
• In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.5.
Fill

1. In the Outline window, click the Create fill button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (-60, 0, -20)
• Direction of Particle Creation : zLower
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, locate Margin field and type 20.

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3. Click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

5.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-5
• Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.025
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Click the Interactions tab and expand MPS > Contact Angle [degree].
6. Set contact angle between Fluid and Polygon to 60. To set all values at once, see [Reference] Setting
in Interactions
7. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
8. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• gear.stl : Polygon
• gear_box.stl : Polygon
• fill : Fluid

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5.5 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > gear.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
3. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
4. Set Type to Rotational Speed (rpm).
5. Set Axis (vector) to (0, 1, 0).
6. Click + to add a velocity at 0[s].
7. In the Player window, move to 5 frame (0.5[s]).
8. Click + to add a velocity at 0.5[s].
9. Check the time of the added row is 0.5, then enter -400[rpm] as the value.

10. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

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5.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 2
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : Potential
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 2
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 1e-4
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

5.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

button .
2. locate the Execution section and select Preprocess & Simulation in the Run mode: field.
3. In the CPU cores: field, type the number of CPU cores to use for the calculation.
4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.
5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

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5.8 Visualize Result

To check the flow of the fluid particles, use the controls in the Player window.

1. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

2. Click the Stop button to stop the animation.

3. Locate the current frame field next to the control buttons, and enter the frame number to jump to.
4. Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move around.
By default, particles are displayed as solid spheres. To visualize simulation data, apply color map to the
particles. Note that when color map is enabled, particles are colored based on the Field (position, velocity,
pressure, etc. . . ) currently set to the scene.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 2 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > fill node (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

t = 0.5 [s] t = 1 [s]

5.9 Generate Surface

Surface generator converts particle points into 3D triangular meshes. This is typically used to visualize the
surface of the fluid, or to get an attractive image of the simulation result.

1. Click the Surface button .

2. In the Surface window, click the Execute button to start the calculation.

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After the calculation has been completed, both the particles and the newly added surface are visible in the
scene. If the particles are no longer needed, hide the object as follows.
1. In the Outline window, select the Result > fill node (particle).
2. In the Properties window, check Hide.

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34 Chapter 5. Gear Oil Flow

CHAPTER

SIX

TANK SLOSHING

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a tank sloshing, setting up a tank half-filled with water and apply
an oscillatory motion to it.

Required time: 20 minutes

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6.1 Simulation Model

Tank

The tank moves along with the X-axis.

unit: [mm]

Physical properties
• Fluid : Water
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
• Volume [m3 ]: 0.03
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 20
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.001
• End time [s]: 6

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6.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type tank_sloshing in the Project name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

6.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (tank.stl , and tank_water.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the scene window, click the vessel. (Alternatively, in the Outline window, select the tank.stl node.)
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3.
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, locate Margin field and type 20.
3. Click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

6.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus + button to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Add another type Polygon.
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.

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• tank.stl : Polygon
• tank_water.stl : Fluid

6.5 Set Maximum Volume

1. In the Outline window, select the tank_water.stl node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following parameters:
• Volume Limit : Check
• Maximum Volume [m3 ]: 0.03
• Direction : zUpper

6.6 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > tank.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key: to Location.0.

3. Click the Switch keyframe/script button to switch the input mode from key frame to scripting.
4. Enter the following text into the text area (press Ctrl V to paste from the clipboard):

function getValue(t)
{
if ( t<4.0)
return -100*Math.PI*Math.sin(0.5*Math.PI*t);
else
return 0;
}

5. On the bottom right of the window, message ( OK / Error ) appears depending on whether or not the
text has been set successfully when the focus has moved from the text area.
6. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
7. Drag domain onto tank.stl to set its parent. Alternatively, in the Properties window, set Transform
> Parent to tank.stl.

8. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

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6.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button.
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 20
• Preprocess > Auto Grid Interval : Uncheck
• Preprocess > Grid Interval [mm]: 10
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button.
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 6
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.05

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6.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

6.9 Visualize Result

To check the flow of the fluid particles, use the controls in the Player window.

1. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

2. Click the Stop button to stop the animation.

3. Locate the current frame field next to the control buttons, and enter the frame number to jump to.
4. Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move around.
By default, particles are displayed as solid spheres. To visualize simulation data, apply color map to the
particles. Note that when color map is enabled, particles are colored based on the Field: (position, velocity,
pressure, etc. . . ) currently set to the scene.
1. Locate Color Map > Field, and choose Velocity.
2. In Range: section, set Min to 0, and Max to 5.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > tank_water node (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

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t = 0.5 [s] t = 2.5 [s]

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CHAPTER

SEVEN

MULTI-FLUID MIXING

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a mixing of multi-fluids.

Time required: 20 minutes

7.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 700
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.01
• Fluid_1 (inflow)
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.1
Blade’s rotation

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Time[s] Rotational speed [rpm]

0.0 0.0
2.0 0.0
2.5 20

Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 20
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.002
• End time [s]: 20

7.2 Create New Project

1. Click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type multi-flow_mixing in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

7.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select the following geometry files to import:
• case1.stl
• stir.stl
• fluid2.stl

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > case1.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.5 to make the vessel transparent so that the
interior liquid flow is visible.
Inflow

1. In the Outline window, click Create an inflow button , and select Circle.

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2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (150, 150, 150)
• Rotation : (180, 0, 0)
• Width [mm]: 100
• Height [mm]: 100
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Domain section and enter the following values:
• Upper limit : (310, 310, 300)
• Lower limit : (-310, -310, -310)

7.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Edit the following parameters of Fluid :
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 700
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.01
5. Click the plus button + again.
6. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu and edit the following parameters of Fluid_1 :
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.1
7. In the same manner, create type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
8. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
9. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• case1.stl : Polygon
• stir.stl : Polygon
• fluid2.stl : Fluid
• inflow : Fluid_1

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7.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following parameters:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1
• Upper Limit [m3 ]: 0.01

7.6 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > stir.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
3. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
4. Set Type to Rotational Speed (rpm).
5. Set Axis (vector) to (0, 0, 1).
6. Click + to add a velocity at 0[s].
7. In the Player window, move to 20 frame (2.0[s]).
8. Click + to add a velocity at 2.0[s].
9. In the Player window, move to 25 frame (2.5[s]).
10. Click + to add a velocity at 2.5[s].
11. Check the time of the added row is 2.5, then enter 20[rpm] as the value.

12. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

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Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

7.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 20
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Implicit
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 20
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.002

7.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

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7.9 Visualize Result

Apply a color to the inflow in order to visualize the result of mixing.

1. In the Outline window, select the Result > inflow node (particle).
2. In the Properties window, locate the Appearance section and click the Diffuse button.
3. Select a color, then click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 1 [s] t = 4 [s]

By default, particles are displayed as solid spheres. To visualize simulation data, apply color map to the
particles. Note that when color map is enabled, particles are colored based on the Field: (position, velocity,
pressure, etc. . . ) currently set to the scene.
1. In the Color Map window, set Field to Velocity.
2. In the Range: section, set Min to 0 and Max to 2.5.
3. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Result > fluid2 (particle) and Result > inflow (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

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CHAPTER

EIGHT

RIGID BODY

This tutorial demonstrates how to model fluid-rigid body interactions.

Time required: 20 minutes

8.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
• Solid_1
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 20

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• Solid_2
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 50
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 20
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.001
• End time [s]: 15

8.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type rigid_body in the Project Name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project Location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

8.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select the following geometry files to import:
• box.stl
• box2.stl
• pool.stl

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > pool.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3 to make the vessel transparent so that the
interior liquid flow is visible.
Inflow

1. In the Outline window, click Create an inflow button , and select Rectangle.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (350, 0, 0)

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• Rotation : (180, 0, 0)
• Width : 100
• Height : 100
Fill

1. In the Outline window, click the Create fill button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and input the following parameters:
• Location : (0, 0, -350)
• Direction of Particle Creation : zLower
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

8.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Click + to add another type Polygon.
5. Click + to add another type Solid.
6. Set Solid ‘s Density [kg/m3 ] to 20.
7. Click + to add another type Solid.
8. Set Solid_1 ‘s Density [kg/m3 ] to 50.
9. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
10. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• box.stl : Solid
• box2.stl : Solid_1
• pool.stl : Polygon
• inflow : Fluid
• fill : Fluid

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8.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following parameters:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 0.1
• Upper Limit [m^3]: 1

8.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle size [mm]: 20
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : CSF

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• Surface Tension > Target Physical Property : Fluid

4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 15
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.001

8.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.
• To run the preprocessor separately, see [Optional] Preprocess.

8.8 Visualize Result

Apply separate colors to the rigid objects.

1. In the Outline window, select the Result > box node (particle) or click the particle group in the scene.
2. In the Properties window, click the Appearance > Diffuse button.
3. Select an arbitrary color in the Diffuse window and click the OK button.
4. Repeat the same procedure for the box2.

5. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

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t = 1 [s] t = 3 [s]

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CHAPTER

NINE

CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a mold-cooling.

Time required: 20 minutes

9.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
– Specific heat [J/kgK]: 4200
– Thermal conductivity [W/mK]: 0.6
– Initial temperature [°C]: 20

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• Mold
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 2000
– Specific heat [J/kgK]: 2000
– Thermal conductivity [W/mK]: 230
– Initial temperature [°C]: 300
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 5
• Initial time interval [s]: 5e-5
• End time [s]: 0.2

9.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type conjugate_heat_transfer in the Project name field and specify
where the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

9.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select a geometry file to import (cht.stl).
Inflow

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1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.

2. In the Properties window enter the following values:
• Domain > Upper Limit : (300, 200, 100)
• Domain > Lower Limit : (-300, -200, -150)

9.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Add another type Solid.
5. Enter the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 2000
• Thermal conductivity [W/mK]: 230
• Specific heat [J/kgK]: 2000
• Thermal Boundary : Calc
6. Click the Interactions tab.
7. Expand MPS / Control Parameter fλ.
8. Set the value between Fluid and Solid to 200. To set all values at once, see [Reference] Setting in
Interactions.
9. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
10. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• cht.stl : Solid
• inflow : Fluid

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9.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1
• Upper Limit [m3 ]: 0.1
• Spray Angle : 90

9.6 Set Particle Wall Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > cht.stl node.

2. In the Properties window, set Details > Type to static.

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9.7 Set Initial Temperatures

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, set Details > Initial Temperature [°C] to 20.
3. In the same manner, set the initial temperature of cht.stl to 300.

9.8 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 5
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Thermal > Type : Thermal
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 0.2
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 5e-5
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.002

9.9 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.

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• To run the calculation on GPU, specify a GPU in the Run dialog.

• To run the preprocessor separately, see [Optional] Preprocess.

9.10 Visualize Result

To check the flow of the fluid particles, use the controls in the Player window.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Temperature.
2. Type 20 as Min and 300 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Result > cht (particle) and Result > inflow (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

5. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 0.05 [s] t = 0.15 [s]

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CHAPTER

TEN

FRESH CONCRETE

This tutorial demonstrates how to model fresh concrete in L-type flow test device.

Time required: 20 minutes

10.1 Simulation Model

L-type flow box

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Unit: mm

Physical properties
• Fluid : Non-Newtonian
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 2300
• Viscosity model : Bingham model
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 15
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.001
• End time [s]: 30

10.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type fresh_concrete_flow in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

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10.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, choose geometry files to import (Lfluid.obj, and Lflow.obj).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. Additionally, make the L-type vessel ( Lflow.obj ) transparent so that the interior particles are visible.
• In the Outline window, select the Input > Lflow.obj node.
• In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3.
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

10.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 2300
• Kinematic Viscosity [m2 /s]: 0
• Non-Newtonian Fluid Settings : Bingham
• Yield [N/m2 ]: 100
• Plastic Viscosity [Pa·s]: 200
• Yield Point : 0.2
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• Lflow.obj : Polygon
• Lfluid.obj : Fluid

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Note: Set to zero when using non-Newtonian fluid. Viscosity by non-Newtonian model is added to viscosity
specified here.

10.5 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button :
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 15
• Preprocess > Auto Grid Interval : Uncheck
• Preprocess > Grid Interval [mm]: 5
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button :
• Viscosity > Type : Implicit
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 30
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.001

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• In the Output Data section, check the following options:

– Kinematic Viscosity
– Absolute Velocity Gradient

10.6 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

10.7 Visualize Result

Check the front position of the fluid using the ruler function.
1. In the Outline window, select the View > ruler node.
2. In the Properties window, uncheck Hide.
3. Set Appearance > Tick Interval to 100.
4. Set the ruler in X-axis direction. Locate the Ruler section and enter the following values:
• Axis : X
• Visible : Check
• Bound Min (X) : 0
• Bound Max (X) : 500
5. Hide the ruler in Y-axis direction. Locate the Ruler section and enter the following values:

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• Axis : Y
• Visible : Uncheck
6. Set the ruler in Z-axis direction. Locate the Ruler section and enter the following values:
• Axis : Z
• Visible : Check
• Bound Min (Z) : 0
• Bound Max (Z) : 100

Tip position of particles at 5 sec

Use color map to check the effect of increasing kinematic viscosity on the flow of the fluid.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Kinematic Viscosity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 0.3 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > Lfluid node (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

5. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

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CHAPTER

ELEVEN

SPRAY

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a spray in airflow.

Time required: 10 minutes

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11.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid : Water
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 1.5
• Initial time interval [s]: 2.5e-5
• End time [s]: 0.3

11.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type nozzle_airflow in the Project name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

11.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, choose a geometry file to import (nozzle2.stl).
3. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.5 to make the nozzle transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Inflow

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• Height [mm]: 10
Airflow data
1. Extract a .zip file (sample_list.zip).

2. In the Outline window, click the Create misc. button and click the Air button .
3. In the file dialog, open the extracted folder and choose an airflow data file ( sample_list.csv ).
4. Parameters for airflow calculation can be specified In the Properties window. Use the default values
here.

Note:
• Airflow data points are displayed as spheres. To make the points larger, select air node in the Outline
window, then set Scale to a larger value (for example, 5).
• After the simulation has completed, you can display the velocity at each airflow point as an arrow. Set
Scale to 1, then set Type to Vector.
• Refer to the user manual to create an airflow data.

Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Domain section and enter the following values:
• Upper limit : (50, 50, 60)
• Lower limit : (-50, -50, -200)

3. Click the Fit View button .

11.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu. Use the default parameters.
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• nozzle2.stl : Polygon
• inflow : Fluid

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11.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1.5
• Upper Limit [m3 ]: 4e-5

11.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

11.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

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6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.
• To run the calculation on GPU, specify a GPU in the Execution dialog.
• To run the preprocessor separately, see [Optional] Preprocess.

Note: The simulation ends at about 0.749[s], printing Simulation failed in the log. This is because all the
particles in the scene moved out of the simulation domain.

11.8 Visualize Result

To check the velocity of the fluid particles, use the color map function.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 5 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > inflow node (particle).
4. In the Properties window, locate Appearance > Type, and choose Vector.
5. Check Appearance > Use Color Map.

6. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

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t = 0.05 [s] t = 0.15 [s]

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CHAPTER

TWELVE

PLANETARY MIXER

This tutorial demonstrates how to model a planetary mixer.

Time required: 30 minutes

12.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid (Lower)
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.1
• Fluid_1 (Upper)
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1500
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.01
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [m]: 0.03
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.001
• End time [s]: 10

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12.2 Create New Project

1. Click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type planetary_mixer in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

12.3 Create Objects

Geometry objects

1. Click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select the following geometry files to import:
• blade_twist.obj
• case.obj
• fluid_lower.stl
• fluid_upper.stl

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > case.obj node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3 so that the interior liquid flow is visible.
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

12.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button in the toolbar.
2. Click the plus button + to add the following physical properties.
• Fluid x2
• Polygon

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3. Edit the following parameter of Fluid :

• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.1
4. Edit the following parameter of Fluid_1 :
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1500
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.01
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• blade_twists.obj :Polygon
• case.obj : Polygon
• fluid_lower.stl : Fluid
• fluid_upper.stl : Fluid_1

12.5 Create Animation

Parent

1. In the Outline window, click the Create misc. button and click the Group button .
2. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
3. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
4. Set Type to Rotational Speed (rpm).
5. Set Axis (vector) to (0, 0, 1).
6. Click + to add a velocity at 0[s].
7. In the Player window, move to 10 frame (1.0[s]).
8. Click + to add a velocity at 1.0[s].
9. Enter 6[rpm] as the value.
Blade motion
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > blade_twist.obj node.
2. Drag blade_twist.obj onto group to set its parent. Alternatively, in the Properties window, set Trans-
form > Parent to group.
3. In the Properties window, set Transform > Center to (0.15, 0.0, 0.0).
4. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
5. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
6. Set Type to Rotational Speed (rpm).

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7. Set Axis (vector) to (0, 0, 1).

8. Click + to add a velocity at 0[s].
9. In the Player window, move to 10 frame (1.0[s]).
10. Click + to add a velocity at 1.0[s].
11. Enter 6[rpm] as the value.

12. To preview the animation, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

12.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button.
• Preprocess > Particle Size [m]: 0.03
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button.
• Viscosity > Type : Implicit
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 10
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.001

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12.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.
• To run the preprocessor separately, see [[en:tutorials:dambreak#Preprocess]] section.
• To run the preprocessor separately, see [Optional] Preprocess.

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12.8 Visualize Result

To check the flow of the fluid particles, use the controls in the Player window.
1. In the Outline window, select the Result > fluid_lower node (particle) or click the particle group in
the scene.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Appearance section and click the Diffuse button.
3. Choose an arbitrary color and click the OK button to close the dialog.

4. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

t = 5 [s] t = 10 [s]

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CHAPTER

THIRTEEN

PERIODIC BOUNDARY FLOW

This tutorial demonstrates how to model flow around a cylinder approximately by using periodic boundary
condition.

Conventional simulation Periodic boundary simulation

Time required: 20 minutes

13.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 20
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.001
• End time [s]: 5

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13.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type flow_around_pole in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

13.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (gutter_PBC.stl , and water_PBC.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. Additionally, make the vessel ( gutter_PBC.stl ) transparent so that the interior flow is visible:
• In the Outline window, select the Input > gutter_PBC.stl node.
• In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3.
Inflow
1. In the Outline window, locate the Inflow section and click the Rectangle button.
2. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (40, 105, 0)
• Rotation : (0, 90, 0)
• Width [mm]: 130
• Height [mm]: 190
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Domain section and enter the following values:
• Upper Limit : (2990.5, 600, 75)
• Lower Limit : (-10, -100, -75)

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3. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and set Boundary Condition (Z) to Periodic.

13.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button in the toolbar.
2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu. Use the default parameters.
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• gutter_PBC.stl : Polygon
• water_PBC.stl : Fluid
• inflow : Fluid

13.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1
• Upper Limit [m3 ]: 5
• Thickness : 3

13.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

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• Gravity > Gravity [m/s2 ]: (0, -9.8, 0)

3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button.
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
4. No change has to be made on thermal parameters. Click the Next button.
5. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 5
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.05

6. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and enter the following parameters:
• Simulation Options > Radius(Viscosity) : 2.1
• Simulation Options > Radius(Pressure) : 2.1
• Simulation Options > Radius(Surface Detection) : 2.1

7. Click button to show the 3D view.

13.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.
• This tutorial is intended to be run with the CPU solver.
• To run the preprocessor separately, see [Optional] Preprocess.

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13.8 Visualize Result

Show velocities as color map and play the result animation.

1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0.6 as Min and 1.5 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Result > inflow (particle) and Result > water_PBC
(particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

5. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 1 [s] t = 2 [s]

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CHAPTER

FOURTEEN

POSTPROCESSINGS

This tutorial demonstrates how to use postprocessings.

Time required: 30 minutes

14.1 Simulation Model

Run the simulation and postprocessings to analyze the behavior of high viscosity fluid.
Physical properties
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 200
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 2e-3
• Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.4
Simulation parameters

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• Particle size [mm]: 5

• Initial time interval [s]: 5e-4
• End time [s]: 2
Inflow boundary conditions
• Volumetric flow rate [m3 /s]: 5e-4

14.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type postprocessing in the Project name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

14.3 Import Geometry Files

Geometry file

1. Click the Import polygon files button

2. In the file dialog, select a geometry file to import (board.stl).
Inflow
1. In the Outline window, locate the Inflow section and click the Circle button.
2. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (-240, 0, 25)
• Rotation : (90, 0, 90)
• Width [mm]: 30
• Height [mm]: 30
Simulation domain

1. Click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, locate Margin field and type 100.
3. Click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

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14.4 Create Physical Properties

14.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Emit Mode : Volumetric flow rate
• Emit Rate [m 3 /s]: 5e-4
• Upper Limit [m3 ]: 2e-3

14.6 Set Distance Function Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > board.stl node.

2. In the Properties window, check Details > Double-sided DF.

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14.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button.
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 5
• Gravity [m/s2 ]: (6.93435, 0, -6.93435) (board is tilted at a 45 degrees angle.)
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button.
• Pressure > Mode : Div. Free
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : Potential
4. No change has to be made for thermal settings. Click the Next button.
5. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 2
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 5e-4
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 5e-2

14.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.
• To run the calculation on GPU, specify a GPU in the Run dialog.

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14.9 Visualize Result

To check the flow of the fluid particles, use the controls in the Player window.

1. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

2. Click the Stop button to stop the animation.

3. Locate the current frame field next to the control buttons, and enter the frame number to jump to.
4. Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move around.
By default, particles are displayed as solid spheres. To visualize simulation data, apply color map to the
particles. Note that when color map is enabled, particles are colored based on the Field (position, velocity,
pressure, etc. . . ) currently set to the scene.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 2 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > inflow node (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

t = 1.0 [s] t = 2.0 [s]

14.10 Surface Generator

Several postprocessings are available in Particleworks. This section describes the surface generator.

1. Click the Surface button in the toolbar.

2. In the Surface window, click the Execute button to start the calculation.
Uncheck the inflow node (particle) in the Outline window to hide the particles and to only show the surface.

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14.11 Mapping

Mapping maps physical quantities of particles on polygons.

1. Click the Mapping button in the toolbar.

2. In the Mapping window, locate the Parameters > Model and choose board.stl.
3. In the Parameters section, check Enable CSV Output.
4. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
Uncheck the board.stl node in the Outline window to hide the polygon and to only show the mapping result.
Color map can also be applied to mapping results. Show number densities to visualize the coated part of the
polygon by particles.
1. In the Outline window, select the Post > mapping node.
2. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Number Density.
3. Type 0 as Min and 100 as Max in the Range: section.

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Note: Polygons used for mapping must be finely divided because physical quantities are mapped on the
vertices of the polygons.

Calculation of Coating Rate

1. Open the output .csv file. The .csv file is created in mapping/mapping in the scene folder.
2. The COUNTIF function of Excel can be used to count the number of vertices of which number densities
are greater than zero.
• COUNTIF(K:K, “>0”) : Number of coated vertices
• COUNT(K:K) : Total number of vertices
• Where K is the column letter where number_density is output
3. The coating rate of the polygon can be calculated by these values.

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14.12 Region Probe

Region probe estimates minimum, maximum, and mean values for physical quantities for any specified do-
main. The output format is .csv.

1. Click the Probe button in the toolbar.

2. In the Probe window, locate the Field section and check Position.
3. Locate the Parameters > Mode and choose Region.
4. In the Region section, click Add to add a probe region.
5. Select the added probe_region. In the Properties window, locate the Probe region section and type
(20, 500, 200) as Box Size.
6. Click the Execute button to start the Probe.
Calculation of Film Thickness
1. Open the output .csv file. The .csv file is created in probe/probe in the scene folder.
2. The maximum value of the z-coordinates of the particles (position.z_max) tells you the time variation
of the film thickness at the specified domain.

14.13 Grid Generator

You can generate distribution maps of physical quantities at arbitrary cross-sections by using the postpro-
cess of the grid generator. This subsection demonstrates the process through visualization of the pressure
distribution near an inflow.

1. Click the Grid button in the toolbar.

2. In the Grid window, locate the Field section and check Pressure.
3. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
4. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Pressure.
5. Type 0 as Min and 400 as Max in the Range: section.
6. In the Outline window, select the Post > grid node.
7. In the Properties window, locate the Appearance section and uncheck X Plane and Z Plane.

Note: Choose Field > Pressure in the Color Map window if the grid is not displayed.

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14.14 Flow Measurement

By using the postprocess, you can measure a flow rate at an arbitrary cross-section.

1. Click the Flow Rate button in the toolbar.

2. In the Flow Rate window, locate the Parameters > Mode and choose File (Plane).

3. In the Parameters section, click Parameters > Model > .

4. In the file dialog, select a geometry file for flow measurement (measurement_plane.stl).
5. In the Parameters section, type 100 as Measuring Range.
6. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
7. Open the output .csv file. The .csv file is created in flowrate/flowRate in the scene folder.
8. A column named volume per sec [m^3/sec] shows you the flow rate.

Note: There is a possibility that the flow rate is not measured correctly if Measuring Range is too small.

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CHAPTER

FIFTEEN

TURBULENT FLOW IN T-PIPE

This tutorial demonstrates how to model turbulent flow in T-pipe.

Time required: 40 minutes

15.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 9
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.0001
• End time [s]: 1
Inflow boundary conditions
• inflow (Fluid)
– Velocity [m/s]: 1.46
• inflow_1 (Fluid)
– Velocity [m/s]: 1.0

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15.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type Tpipe in the Project name field and specify where the project
will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

15.3 Create Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select a geometry file to import (tpipe.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.5 to make the pipe transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Inflow

1. In the Outline window, click Create an inflow button , and select Circle. Repeat the same proce-
dure to create two inflows.
2. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, 0)
• Rotation : (0, 90, 0)
• Width [mm]: 140
• Height [mm]: 140
4. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow_1 node.
5. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (300, 0, -200)
• Rotation : (0, 0, 0)
• Width [mm]: 50
• Height [mm]: 50

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Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, enter the following values:
• Domain > Upper limit : (1050, 80, 80)
• Domain > Lower limit : (0, -80, -200)

15.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

15.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1.46
3. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow_1 node.
4. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1.0

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15.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 9
• Gravity [m/s2 ]: (0, 0, -9.81)
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Pressure > Mode : Stabilized
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Turbulence > Type : Turbulence
• Turbulence > Target Physical Property : Fluid
4. No change has to be made on thermal settings. Click the Next button.
5. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 1
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.0001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01
• Output Data > Kinematic Viscosity[m^2/s] [s]: check

15.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

Note:
• The current scene is automatically saved when the calculation is launched.

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• To run the calculation on GPU, specify a GPU in the Run dialog.

• To run the preprocessor separately, see [Optional] Preprocess.

15.8 Visualize Result

Use color map to see how velocities and kinematic viscosities fluctuate by turbulence effect in the junction.

1. Click the Grid button in the toolbar.

2. In the Grid window, locate the Field section and check Velocity and KinematicViscosity.
3. Uncheck Auto in the Parameters section.
4. Type (128, 16, 32) as Grid Resolution.
5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
Show velocities as color map and play the result animation.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 2 as Max in the Range: section.

3. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

t = 0.6 [s] t = 0.8 [s] t = 1.0 [s]

Show kinematic viscosities as color map and play the result animation.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Kinematic Viscosity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 2e-4 as Max in the Range: section.

3. In the Player window, click the Play forward button .

t = 0.6 [s] t = 0.8 [s] t = 1.0 [s]

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CHAPTER

SIXTEEN

AERATION

This tutorial demonstrates how to model aeration in liquid medium.

Time required: 30 minutes

16.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Water
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
• Bubble

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– Air
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.2
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 3
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.0001
• End time [s]: 1
Inflow boundary conditions
• inflow (Fluid)
– Velocity [m/s]: 1.8
• inflow_1 (Powder)
– Velocity [m/s]: 0.1

16.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type aeration in the Project name field and specify where the project
will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

16.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (case.stl , and fluid.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > case.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3 to make the case transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Inflow

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1. In the Outline window, click Create an inflow button , and select Circle. Repeat the same proce-
dure to create two inflows.
2. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (-77, 0, 17)
• Rotation : (0, 90, 0)
• Width [mm]: 15
• Height [mm]: 15
4. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow_1 node.
5. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (-77, 0, 17)
• Rotation : (0, 90, 0)
• Width [mm]: 15
• Height [mm]: 15
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

16.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button in the toolbar.
2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu. Use the default parameters.
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Add another type Powder and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.2
6. Check Multiple Diameters and click the Diameters > Edit button.
7. In the Diameters window, click the plus button + three times and set parameters as follows:
•
Diameter Frequency
2 mm 0.34
3 mm 0.33
4 mm 0.33

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8. Click the x button to close the Diameters window.

9. Select the Interactions tab.
10. In the DEM > Contact > Coefficient of Restitution section, set the value of all cells to 1. To set all
values at once, see [Reference] Setting in Interactions.
• Powder - Polygon : 1
• Powder - Powder : 1
11. In the DEM > Contact > Spring Constant section, set the value of all cells to 1.
• Powder - Polygon : 1
• Powder - Powder : 1
12. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
13. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• case.stl : Polygon
• fluid.stl : Fluid
• inflow : Fluid
• inflow_1 : Powder

Note:
• Bubbles are represented as DEM particles (Powder).
• Coefficient of Restitution and Spring Constant must be set to 1 when the DEM particles represent
bubbles.

16.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1.8
3. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow_1 node.
4. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 0.1

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Note: In this tutorial, inflow_1 is a source of bubbles.

16.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Particle Settings > Particle Size [mm]: 3
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
4. No change has to be made on thermal parameters. Use the default values for powder settings. Click
the Next button.
5. Enter the following parameters in the Aeration section, and then click the Next button:
• Aeration > Type : Aeration
• Aeration > Bubble Lifetime Model : User Input
• Aeration > User Input Bubble Lifetime [s]: 0.1
• Aeration > Bubble Lifetime Error: 0.05
6. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 1
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.0001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

16.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

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6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

16.8 Visualize Result

Check the behavior of bubbles. The bubbles are transported by the flow.
1. In the Outline window, uncheck the Result > fluid node (particle) and the Result > inflow node
(particle) to hide the fluid particles.

2. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 0.5 [s] t = 1,0 [s]

16.9 Generate Surface

Visualize the surface of the fluid.

1. Click the Surface button .

2. In the Surface window, locate the Objects section and uncheck All, and uncheck inflow_1.
3. In the Parameters section, set Type to Remove overlapped surface.
4. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.

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t = 0.5 [s] t = 1,0 [s]

16.10 Generate Grid

Velocity distribution of the fluid is visualized by using of the grid generator.

1. Click the Grid button in the toolbar.

2. In the Grid window, locate the Objects section and uncheck All, and uncheck inflow_1.
3. In the Grid window, locate the Field section and check Velocity.
4. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
5. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
6. Type 0 as Min and 0.5 as Max in the Range: section.
7. In the Outline window, select the Post > grid node.
8. In the Properties window, enter the following values:
• Appearance > Type : Streamline
• Appearance > Time Step : 0.0001
• Appearance > Length : 10
• Appearance > Width : 1
• Appearance > Omission: 1

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t = 0.5 [s] t = 1,0 [s]

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CHAPTER

SEVENTEEN

BUBBLE GENERATION BY DROPLET COLLISION

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate the bubble generation by droplet collision. The droplet is repre-
sented by inflow particles in this tutorial.

Time required: 20 minutes

17.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Water
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6

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– Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.072

– Contact angle [deg]: 90
• Bubble
– Air
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.2
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 1.5
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.0001
• End time [s]: 0.3

17.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type bubble_gen_droplet in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

17.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (case_bubble_gen.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > case_bubble_gen.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3 to make the case transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Inflow

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• Location : (0, 0, 57)

• Rotation : (0, 180, 0)
• Width [mm]: 5
• Height [mm]: 5
Fill

1. In the Outline window, click the Create fill button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, 22)
• Direction of Particle Creation : zLower
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

17.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button in the toolbar.
2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu. Use the default parameters.
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Add another type Powder and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.2
6. Select the Interactions tab.
7. In the DEM > Contact > Coefficient of Restitution section, set the value of all cells to 1. To set
values at once, see [Reference] Setting in Interactions.
• Powder - Polygon : 1
• Powder - Powder : 1
8. In the DEM > Contact > Spring Constant section, set the value of all cells to 1.
• Powder - Polygon : 1
• Powder - Powder : 1
9. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.

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10. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• case_bubble_gen.stl : Polygon
• inflow : Fluid
• fill.stl : Fluid

17.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Emit Velocity [m/s]: 1

17.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 1.5
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : Potential
4. Enter the following parameters in the DEM section, and then click the Next button:
• Powder (Common) > Substeps : 20
5. Enter the following parameters in the Aeration section, and then click the Next button:
• Aeration > Type : Aeration
• Aeration > Bubble Generation : check
• Aeration > Target Physical Property : Powder
• Aeration > Reference Bubble Size [mm]: 2
• Aeration > Generation by Droplet : check
• Aeration > Density Threshold (Sparse) : 0.6
• Aeration > Minimum Bubble Size [mm]: 1

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6. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 0.3
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.0001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

7. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and enter the following parameters:
• Simulation Options > Collision Distance : 0.9

17.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

button .
2. In the Run dialog, locate the Execution section and select Preprocess & Simulation in the Run
mode: field.
3. In the CPU cores: field, type the number of CPU cores to use for the calculation.
4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.
5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. In the Outline window, check the Result > aeration node (particles) is created.
7. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

17.8 Visualize Result

Make liquid particles transparent to check the generation of bubbles.

1. In the Outline window, select the Result > fill node (particle) or click the particle group in the scene.
2. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.1.
3. Similarly, set Appearance > Alpha of the inflow node (particle) to 0.1.
4. In the Outline window, select the Result > aeration node (particle) or click the particle group in the
scene.

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5. In the Properties window, locate the Appearance section and click the Diffuse button.
6. Select an arbitrary color in the Diffuse window and click the OK button.

7. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 0.15 [s] t = 0.3 [s]

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CHAPTER

EIGHTEEN

BUBBLE GENERATION BY SOLID-FLUID COLLISION

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate the bubble generation by the solid-fluid collision.

Time required: 40 minutes

18.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Oil
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-5
– Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.025

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– Contact angle [deg]: 60

• Bubble
– Air
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.2
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 3
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.0001
• End time [s]: 1

18.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type bubble_gen_solid in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

18.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (gear_bubble_gen.stl, and
gear_box_bubble_gen.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > gear_box_bubble_gen.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3 to make the case transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Fill

1. In the Outline window, click the Create fill button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:

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• Location : (-60, 0, -20)

• Direction of Particle Creation : zLower
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

18.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button in the toolbar.
2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-5
• Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.025
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Add another type Powder and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.2
6. Select the Interactions tab.
7. In the MPS > Contact Angle section, set parameters as follows:
• Contact angle [deg]: 60
1. In the DEM > Contact > Coefficient of Restitution section, set the value of all cells to 1. To set all
values at once, see [Reference] Setting in Interactions.
• Powder - Polygon : 1
• Powder - Powder : 1
2. In the DEM > Contact > Spring Constant section, set the value of all cells to 1.
• Powder - Polygon : 1
• Powder - Powder : 1
3. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
4. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• gear_bubble_gen.stl : Polygon
• gear_box_bubble_gen.stl : Polygon

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• fill : Fluid

18.5 Set Solid for Bubble Generation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > gear_bubble_gen.stl node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following parameters:
• Bubble Generation : check

18.6 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > gear_bubble_gen.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
3. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
4. Set Type to Rotational Speed (rpm).
5. Set Axis (vector) to (0, 1, 0).
6. Click + to add a velocity at 0[s].
7. In the Player window, move to 5 frames (0.5[s]).
8. Click + to add a velocity at 0.5[s].
9. Check the time of the added row is 0.5, then enter -400[rpm] as the value.

10. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

18.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 3
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Pressure > Type : Explicit

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• Pressure > Speed of Sound [m/s]: 10

• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : Potential
4. Enter the following parameters in the DEM section, and then click the Next button:
• Powder (Common) > Substeps : 20
5. Enter the following parameters in the Aeration section, and then click the Next button:
• Aeration > Type : Aeration
• Aeration > Bubble Generation : check
• Aeration > Target Physical Property : Powder
• Aeration > Reference Bubble Size [mm]: 2
• Aeration > Generation by Solid : check
• Aeration > Minimum Bubble Size [mm]: 1
6. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 1
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.0001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

18.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

button .
2. In the Run dialog, locate the Execution section and select Preprocess & Simulation in the Run
mode: field.
3. In the CPU cores: field, type the number of CPU cores to use for the calculation.
4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.
5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. In the Outline window, check the Result > aeration node (particles) is created.
7. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

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18.9 Visualize Result

Make liquid particles transparent to check the generation of bubbles.

1. In the Outline window, select the Result > fill node (particle) or click the particle group in the scene.
2. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.1.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > aeration node (particle) or click the particle group in the
scene.
4. In the Properties window, locate the Appearance section and click the Diffuse button.
5. Select an arbitrary color in the Diffuse window and click the OK button.

6. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 0.5 [s] t = 1 [s]

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CHAPTER

NINETEEN

PISTON OIL JET

This tutorial demonstrates how to model the cooling of a piston by an oil jet.

Time required: 20 minutes

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19.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1.0e-5
– Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.03
– Specific heat [J/kgK]: 2000
– Thermal conductivity [W/mK]: 0.1
• Polygon
– Thermal Boundary : Adiabatic
• Polygon_1
– Thermal Boundary : Calc
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 8000
– Specific heat [J/kgK]: 450
– Thermal conductivity [W/mK]: 80
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 0.8
• Initial time interval [s]: 8e-6
• End time [s]: 0.1

19.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type piston_oil_jet in the Project name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the scene.

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19.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select the following geometry files to import:
• cylinder.stl
• piston.stl
• conrod.stl

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > cylinder.stl and piston.stl nodes.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.2 so that the interior oil is visible.
6. In the Outline window, select the Input > piston.stl node.
7. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, -170.38)
8. In the Outline window, select the Input > conrod.stl node.
9. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, -45)
• Center : (0, 0, 45)
Inflow

1. In the Outline window, click Create an inflow button , and select Circle.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (30, -9.3, 65.7)
• Rotation : (0, 0, 0)
• Width [mm]: 1
• Height [mm]: 1
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window enter the following values:
• Domain > Upper Limit : (55, 65, 215)
• Domain > Lower Limit : (-55, -70, -65)

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19.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Enter the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
• Thermal conductivity [W/mK]: 0.1
• Specific heat [J/kgK]: 2000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1.0e-5
• Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.03
5. Click + to add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
6. Add another type Polygon_1.
7. Enter the following parameters:
• Thermal Boundary: Calc
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 8000
• Thermal conductivity [W/mK]: 80
• Specific heat [J/kgK]: 450
8. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
9. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• cylinder.stl : Polygon
• conrod.stl : Polygon
• piston.stl : Polygon_1
• inflow : Fluid

19.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Emit Mode : Volumetric flow rate
• Emit Rate [liter]: 0.006666

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• Upper Limit [liter]: 1000

• Initial temperature [°C]: 80
• Spray Angle [°]: 5

19.6 Set Solid Cell

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > piston.stl node.

2. In the Properties window, set Details > Initial Temperature [°C] to 140.

Note: You can also set isothermal boundary conditions to conrod.stl and cylinder.stl, but in this tutorial,
adiabatic boundary conditions should be assigned to them in order to focus on the effect of oil cooling.

19.7 Create Animation

Keyframe

1. In the Outline window, click the Create misc. button and click the Group button . In the
same manner, create another group.
2. In the Outline window, select the Input > group node.
3. In the Key Frames window, set Key: to Location.0.

4. Click the Switch keyframe/script button to switch the input mode from key frame to scripting.
5. Enter the following text into the text area (press Ctrl V to paste from the clipboard):

function getValue(t)
{
return 45 * Math.sin(2.0 * Math.PI / 0.03 * t);
}

6. On the bottom right of the window, message ( OK / Error ) appears depending on whether or not the
text has been set successfully when the focus has moved from the text area.
7. In the same manner, set the following script to Location.2.

function getValue(t)
{
return 45 * Math.cos(2.0 * Math.PI / 0.03 * t);
}

8. In the Outline window, select the Input > group_1 node.

9. In the Key Frames window, set Key: to Location.2.

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10. Click the Switch keyframe/script button to switch the input mode from key frame to scripting.
11. Enter the following text into the text area (press Ctrl V to paste from the clipboard):

function getValue(t)
{
const z_group = 45 * Math.cos(2.0 * Math.PI / 0.03 * t);
const x_group = 45 * Math.sin(2.0 * Math.PI / 0.03 * t);
return z_group + Math.sqrt(Math.pow((170.38 - 45),2) - Math.pow(x_group,
˓→2));

12. In the Outline window, select the Input > conrod.stl node.
13. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
14. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
15. Set Type to Angle.
16. Set Axis (vector) to (0, 1, 0).

17. Click the Switch keyframe/script button to switch the input mode from key frame to scripting.
18. Enter the following text into the text area (press Ctrl V to paste from the clipboard):

function getValue(t) {
const x_group = 45 * Math.sin(2.0 * Math.PI / 0.03 * t);
return -180 / Math.PI * Math.asin(x_group / (170.38 - 45));
}

Conrod
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > conrod.stl node.
2. Drag conrod.stl onto group to set its parent. Alternatively, in the Properties window, set Transform
> Parent to group.
Piston
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > piston.stl node.
2. Drag piston.stl onto group_1 to set its parent. Alternatively, in the Properties window, set Transform
> Parent to group_1.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

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19.8 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Unit > Volume : liter
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 0.8
• Preprocess > Auto Grid Interval : Uncheck
• Preprocess > Grid Interval [mm]: 0.8
• Gravity [m/s2 ]: (0, 0, 0)
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button :
• Pressure > Type : Explicit
• Pressure > Speed of Sound [m/s]: 10
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : Potential
• Surface Tension > Only Interact Nearest DF : Enable
• Thermal > Type : Thermal
• Conjugate Heat Transfer > Type : HTC
• Conjugate Heat Transfer > Type for Thermal Conduction : Implicit
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 0.1
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 8e-6
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.001
• Output > Heat Balance Output Interval Time [s]: 0.001

19.9 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

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4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.

5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

19.10 Visualize Result

To check the temperature of the solid cells, use the controls in the Player window.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Temperature.
2. Type 139 as Min and 140 as Max in the Range: section.

3. In the Outline window, select the Result > piston node.

4. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Type to Cross Section.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Z Plane Location to 10.

6. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 0.040 [s] t = 0.080 [s]

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CHAPTER

TWENTY

WINDAGE

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate the effect of airflow by gear rotation on liquid.

Time required: 15 minutes

20.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Liquid
– Oil
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-5
– Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.025
– Contact angle [deg]: 60

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• Gas
– Air
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.205
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1.512e-5
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 2
• FVM > Grid Interval [mm]: 4
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.0001
• End time [s]: 0.3

20.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type windage in the Project name field and specify where the project
will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

20.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (gear_windage.stl, and gear_box_windage.
stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > gear_box_windage.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, check Hide.
Fill

1. In the Outline window, click the Create fill button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:

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• Location : (0, 0, -47)

• Direction of Particle Creation : zLower
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

20.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button in the toolbar.
2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 800
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-5
• Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.025
4. Click the plus button + again to add Fluid_1, and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.205
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1.512e-5
5. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
6. Select the Interactions tab.
7. In the MPS > Contact Angle section, set parameters as follows:
• Fluid - Polygon [deg]: 60
1. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
2. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• gear_windage.stl : Polygon
• gear_box_windage.stl : Polygon
• fill : Fluid

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20.5 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > gear_windage.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
3. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
4. Set Type to Rotational Speed (rpm).
5. Set Axis (vector) to (0, 1, 0).
6. Click + to add a velocity at 0 [s].
7. Click + again.
8. Enter 0.15 [s] as the time of the added row and 800 [rpm] as the value.

9. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

20.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and set the following parameter:
• FVM > Type : PISO

2. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

3. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 2
4. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : Potential
5. Enter the following parameters in the FVM section, and then click the Next button:
• Grid Interval [mm]: 4
• Target Physical Property : Fluid_1
6. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click the Close button.

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• Time > Finish Time [s]: 0.3

• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.0001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

20.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

20.8 Visualize Result

To check the airflow, display the velocity as cross section contours or vectors.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 3.5 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the Result > fvm_grid node or click the FVM grid in the scene.
4. In the Properties window, select Appearance > Type.
5. If you select Cross Section, uncheck Smooth. If you select 2D Vector, check Use Color Map.

6. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

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CHAPTER

TWENTYONE

PRESSURE BOUNDARY

This tutorial demonstrates how to model the flow in a pipe using pressure boundaries.

Time required: 15 minutes

21.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
• Fluid_1
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 2000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-4
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 4
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.001
• End time [s]: 10

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Inflow boundary conditions

• pressure_boundary (Fluid)
– Pressure [Pa]: 10
• pressure_boundary_1 (Fluid_1)
– Pressure [Pa]: 10

21.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type pressure_boundary in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

21.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (ypipe.stl, and plug.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > ypipe.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.2 so that the interior flow is visible.
6. In the Outline window, select the Input > plug.stl node.
7. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Rotation : (0, 90, 0)
Pressure boundary

1. In the Outline window, click the Create misc. button and click the Pressure boundary button
. In the same manner, create another pressure boundary.
2. In the Outline window, select Input > pressure_boundary node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:

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• Location : (-120, 0, 0)
• Rotation : (0, 90, 0)
• Type : Circle
• Width [mm]: 38
• Height [mm]: 38
4. In the Outline window, select Input > pressure_boundary_1 node.
5. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (-108.33, 51, 0)
• Rotation : (30, 90, 0)
• Type : Circle
• Width [mm]: 18
• Height [mm]: 18
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Domain section and enter the following values:
• Upper Limit : (150, 100, 50)
• Lower Limit : (-150, -50, -50)

21.4 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > plug.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key: to Location.1.
3. Set Type to Position.
4. In the Player window, move to 60 frames (6[s]).
5. Click + to add a position at 6[s].
6. In the Player window, move to 70 frames (7[s]).
7. Click + to add a position at 7[s].
8. Enter 50[mm] as the value.

9. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

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21.5 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Click the plus button + again to add Fluid_1, and edit the following parameters:
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 2000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-4
5. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
6. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
7. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• ypipe.stl : Polygon
• plug.stl : Polygon
• pressure_boundary : Fluid
• pressure_boundary_1 : Fluid_1

21.6 Set Pressure Boundary Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Input > pressure_boundary and Input > pres-
sure_boundary_1.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following parameters:
• Boundary Pressure [Pa]: 10

21.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 4
• Gravity [m/s2 ]: (0, 0, 0)
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:

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• Pressure > Mode : Div. Free

• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 10
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.001
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.1

21.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

21.9 Visualize Result

Show the pressures in a color map and play the result animation.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Pressure.
2. Type 0 as Min and 10 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Result > pressure_boundary (particle) and Result >
pressure_boundary_1 (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

5. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

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CHAPTER

TWENTYTWO

TANK OUTFLOW

This tutorial demonstrates how to model the flow out of a tank using pressure boundaries.

Time required: 45 minutes

22.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 1
• Initial time interval [s]: 5e-5
• End time [s]: 1

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22.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type pressure_boundary in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

22.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (pulg.stl, and tank_body.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > tank_body.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.2 so that the interior flow is visible.
6. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Input > tank_plug.stl and Input > tank_body.stl.
7. In the right-click menu, select Duplicate selection to create tank_plug_1.stl and tank_body_1.stl.

Pressure boundary

1. In the Outline window, click the Create misc. button and click the Pressure boundary button
.
2. In the Outline window, select Input > pressure_boundary node.

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3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, 4)
• Rotation : (180, 0, 0)
• Type : Circle
• Width [mm]: 11
• Height [mm]: 11
Fill

1. In the Outline window, click the Create fill button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 40, 40)
• Direction of Particle Creation : zLower

Note: Create the fill and compare the results with that of the pressure boundary.

Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Domain section and enter the following values:
• Upper Limit : (60, 70, 45)
• Lower Limit : (-30, -70, -30)

22.4 Create Animation

Plug
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > tank_plug.stl node.
2. In the Key Frames window, set Key: to Location.2.
3. Set Type to Position.
4. Click + to add a position at 0[s].
5. Click + again.
6. Enter 0.2[s] as the time of added row.
7. Click + again.
8. Enter 0.201[s] as the time of added row and -20[mm] as the value.
9. Do the same for tank_plug_1.stl.

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Parent

1. In the Outline window, click the Create misc. button and click the Group button .
2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 40, 0)

3. In the Outline window, click the Create misc. button and click the Group button again.
4. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, -40, 0)
5. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Input > tank_plug.stl and Input > tank_body.stl.
6. Drag tank_plug.stl and tank_body.stl onto group to set its parent. Alternatively, in the Properties
window, set Transform > Parent to group.
7. In the Outline window, select the three nodes: Input > tank_plug_1.stl , Input > tank_body_1.stl
and pressure_boundary.
8. Drag tank_plug_1.stl , tank_body_1.stl and pressure_boundary onto group_1 to set its parent.
Alternatively, in the Properties window, set Transform > Parent to group_1.

9. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

Note: After running a simulation, click the Switch preview / result button in the Player
window to go back to the preview mode.

22.5 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

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• fill : Fluid
• pressure_boundary : Fluid

22.6 Set Pressure Boundary Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select Input > pressure_boundary node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following parameters:
• Mode : Tank
• Area [m2 ]: 9e-4
• Fluid Volume [m3 ]: 2.5e-5

22.7 Set Fill Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following parameters:
• Volume Limit : check
• Maximum Volume [m3 ]: 2.5e-5
• Direction : zUpper

22.8 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 1
3. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click the Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 1
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 5e-5
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

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22.9 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

22.10 Visualize Result

Show the velocity in a color map and compare the results between the fill and the pressure boundary.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 1 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select the two nodes: Result > fill (particle) and Result > pressure_boundary
(particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

5. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

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CHAPTER

TWENTYTHREE

WATER DROPS HITTING AGAINST A PLATE

This tutorial demonstrates water drops by using Flow Record and Flow Replay

Time required: 30 minutes

23.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid : Water
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
Simulation parameters
• Flow Record (scene)
– Particle size [mm]: 1
– Initial time interval [s]: 0.00004
– End time [s]: 0.3
• Flow Replay (scene_1)
– Particle size [mm]: 0.25

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– Initial time interval [s]: 0.00001

– End time [s]: 0.3
Inflow boundary conditions
• inflow (Fluid)
– Velocity [m/s]: 1
– Spray Angle [°]: 30
– Particle Reduction [%]: 90

23.2 Create New Project

1. Click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type flow_record_flow_replay in the Project name field and specify
where the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

23.3 Flow Record (scene)

23.3.1 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select a geometry file to import (plate.stl).
Inflow

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1. In the Outline window, click buttun > Flow Record.

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > flow_record node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, 90)
• Rotation : (0, 180, 0)
• Width [mm]: 20
• Height [mm]: 20
domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, click Domain > Adjust domain.
3. In the Adjust domain window, click the OK button.

23.3.2 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button in the toolbar.
2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Add another type Polygon.
5. Open Interactions tab.
6. Click MPS > Coefficient of Potential.
7. Enter 0.0001 into the input field next to the Apply button, and click the Apply button.
8. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
9. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• inflow : Fluid
• plate.stl : Polygon

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23.3.3 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select Input > inflow.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Velocity
• Velocity [m/s]: 1
• Spray Angle [°]: 30
• Particle Reduction : Percentage
• Particle Reduction [%]: 90

23.3.4 Set Simulation Parameters

Click button in the upper right of the scene window and enter the following parameters:
• Unit
– Length : mm
• Preprocess
– Particle Size [mm]: 1
– Auto Grid Interval : on
• MPS
– Pressure
∗ Type : Implicit
∗ Mode: Stabilized
– Viscosity
∗ Type : Explicit
– Surface Tension
∗ Type: Potential
• Simulation
– End time [s]: 0.3
– Initial dt [s]: 4e-5
• Simulation Options
– Collision Distance : 0.9
• Simulation Output
– File Output Interval Time [s] : 0.001

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23.3.5 Run Simulation

1. To open the Run dialog, click the Run button .

2. In the Run dialog, locate the Execution section and select Preprocess & Simulation in the Run
mode: field.
3. In the CPU cores: field, type the number of CPU cores to use for the calculation.
4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.
5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

23.4 Flow replay (scene_1)

23.4.1 Copying scene

1. Open the project windows after the calculation of scene is finished.

2. Expand flow_record_flow_replay, right-click scene and click duplicate scene.
3. In the Duplicate scene window, click the OK button.
4. Open the duplicated scene. By the default, the duplicated scene’s name is scene_1.

23.4.2 Set Flow replay Parameters

1. In the Outline window, click button > Flow replay.

2. In the Inport flow record window, select the original scene from the pull-down and click the OK
button.
3. This operation replaces flow_record with flow_replay.
4. In the Outline window, select flow_replay. In the Properties window, assign the type as follows.
• Physical Properties > Type : Fluid

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23.4.3 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the outlne window, select inflow. In the Properties window, omit the type as follows.
• Physical Properties > Type : None

23.4.4 Set Simulation Parameters

Click button in the upper right of the scene window and set the Particle Size and Initial dt to 1/4.
• Preprocess
– Particle Size [mm] : 0.25
• Simulation
– Initial dt [s]: 1e-5

23.4.5 Run Simulation

Run preprocess and simulation following the same steps as Run Simulation.

23.5 Compare the results

Display scene and scene_1 in the Multiview and compare the results.
1. Choose Windows > Multiview on the menu bar.
2. In the Multiview window, set Columns to 2.
3. Select the following from Project and Scene pull-down, and click the OK button.

Row Column Project Scene

1 1 flow_record_flow_replay scene
1 2 flow_record_flow_replay scene_1

To synchronize view operations, follow these steps.

1. Click the button in the tab.

2. In the View Syncronization window, select Enable and click the OK button.
To change the color of the particles, follow these steps.
1. In the Outline window, select Recult > inflow / flow_replay node (particle).
2. In the Properties window, click Appearance > Diffuse.
3. Select an arbitrary color, then click the OK button to close the window.

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CHAPTER

TWENTYFOUR

SPLASHES IN AN AIRFLOW

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate the interaction between airflow and splahses from a rolling cylin-
der.

Time required: 30 minutes

24.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Liquid
– Light liquid (the density has been reduced to make it easier to understand the effect of the airflow)
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 100
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
• Gas
– Air
– Density [kg/m3 ]: 1.2
– Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1.5e-5
Simulation parameters

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• Particle size [mm]: 5

• LBM > Grid Interval [mm]: 40
• LBM > Minimum Grid Interval [mm]: 10
• Initial time interval [s]: 1e-5
• End time [s]: 0.2

24.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type rolling_cylinder in the Project name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

24.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (rounded_cylinder.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

Inflow

1. In the Outline window, click Create an inflow button , and select Rectangle.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (-300, 0, -300)
• Rotation : (-90, 0, -90)
• Width [mm]: 300
• Height [mm]: 20
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, enter the following values:

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• Domain
– Upper Limit : (2000, 1000, 1000)
– Lower Limit : (-1000, -1000, -305)
• Details
– Type : Wind Tunnel
– Gas Flow Direction : X+
– Gas Inflow Velocity [m/s] : 10
– Wall Velocity [m/s] : 10
– Boundary Condition (Z-) : Wall

24.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu. enter the following values.
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 100
4. Add another type Polygon. Use the default parameters.
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• rounded_cylinder.stl : Polygon
• inflow : Fluid

24.5 Grid Refinement

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > rounded_cylinder.stl node.

2. In the Details section, enter the following values:
• Grid Refinement : Default
• Thickness of Polygon (LBM) : 0

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24.6 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > rounded_cylinder.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Rotation.
3. Set Rotation to Axis rotation (vector).
4. Set Type to Angular Velocity (rad/s).
5. Set Axis (vector) to (0, -1, 0).
6. Click + to add a velocity at 0 [s].
7. Enter 0.0 [s] as the time of the added row and 33.3333 [rad/s] as the value.

24.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and set the following parameter:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 5
• MPS
– Pressure
∗ Type : Explicit
∗ Speed of Sound [m/s] : 10**
– Viscosity > Type : Explicit
– Surface Tension > Type : Potential
• LBM
– Type : Cumulant
– Grid Interval [mm] : 40
– Grid Refinement : Default
∗ Minimum Grid Interval [mm] : 10
∗ Refinement Range [mm] : 20
– Maximum Velocity [m/s] : 20
– Particle Interaction > Particle Reaction Coefficient : 1.0
• Simulation
– End time [s]: 0.2
– Initial time interval [s]: 1e-5

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• Simulation Oputput > File Output Interval Time [s] : 0.005

24.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

24.9 Visualize Result

1. In the Outline window, select the Result > inflow node

2. Check Appearance > Use Color Map.
The figures below compare the case where there is a gas phase (LBM > Type : Cumulant) and the case
where there is only liquid (LBM > Type : None).

With gas phase Without gas phase

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CHAPTER

TWENTYFIVE

DAM-BREAK (MULTI-RESOLUTION)

This tutorial demonstrates how to apply the multi-resolution feature to analyze Dam-Break with higher res-
olution only around a wall.
Prepare the project executed up to Run Simulation of Dam-Break.

Time required: 10 minutes

25.1 Simulation Model

Simulation parameters
• Particle size [m]: 1 (Coarse), 0.5 (Fine)
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.005
• End time [s]: 10

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25.2 Copying Project

1. Click the Open Project button .

2. In the Select Project window, select the folder created in Dam-Break and open the project.
3. In the Projects window, right-click dambreak and click Copy project.
4. In the Copy project window, type dambreak_multi_resolution in the Project name field and specify
where the project will be saved in the Project location.
5. Click the OK button to close the window.

6. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the dambreak_multi_resolution >
scene node to open the scene.

25.3 Set High-Resolution Region

1. In the Outline window, click buttun > High-resolution region.

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fine_region node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (10, 0, 14)
• Dimensions [m] : (10, 20, 20)

25.4 Set Simulation Parameters

Click button in the upper right of the scene window and enter the following parameters:
• MPS
– Multi-Resolution
∗ Type : Multi-Resolution
• Simulation Options
– Courant Limiter : on

Note: Multi-resolution calculations disable the time interval adjustment based on the velocities of the high-
resolution particles. Therefore, it is recommended to use the Courant limiter.

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25.5 Run Simulation

1. To open the Run dialog, click the Run button .

25.6 Compare the results

Display dambreak and dambreak_multi_resolution in the Multiview and compare the results.
1. Choose Windows > Multiview on the menu bar.
2. In the Multiview window, set Columns to 2.
3. Select the following from Project and Scene pull-down, and click the OK button.

Row Column Project Scene

1 1 dambreak scene
1 2 dambreak_multi_resolution scene

To synchronize view operations, follow these steps.

1. Click the button in the tab.

2. In the View Syncronization window, select Enable and click the OK button.

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CHAPTER

TWENTYSIX

WATER DROPS HITTING AGAINST A PLATE (MULTI-RESOLUTION)

This tutorial demonstrates how to apply the multi-resolution feature to analyze Water drops hitting against a
plate with higher resolution only around a wall.
Prepare the project executed up to Run Simulation of Water drops hitting against a plate.

Time required: 10 minutes

26.1 Simulation Model

Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 1 (Coarse), 0.333333 (Fine)
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.00004
• End time [s]: 0.3

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26.2 Copying Project

1. Click the Open Project button .

2. In the Select Project window, select the folder created in Water drops hitting against a plate and open
the project.
3. In the Projects window, right-click flow_record_flow_replay and click Copy project.
4. In the Copy project window, type drop_multi_resolution in the Project name field and specify
where the project will be saved in the Project location.
5. Click the OK button to close the window.

6. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the drop_multi_resolution > scene
node to open the scene.

26.3 Deleting Object

1. In the Outline window, right-click Input > flow_record and click Remove selected.

26.4 Set High-Resolution Region

1. In the Outline window, click buttun > High-resolution region.

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fine_region node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Type : File Region
• Model : plate.stl
• Auto Settings of Offset : on

Note:
• Specifying the Type as File Region makes an area defined in an STL file a high-resolution region.
• Specifying the Offset extends the range of the high-resolution region. In this example, the Auto Set-
tings of Offset is selected to extend the range by 3.1 mm (the effective radius of the Coarse particles).

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26.5 Set Simulation Parameters

Click button in the upper right of the scene window and enter the following parameters:
• MPS
– Multi-Resolution
∗ Type : Multi-Resolution
∗ Ratio of Particle Size : 3
• Simulation Options
– Courant Limiter : on

Note: Multi-resolution calculations disable the time interval adjustment based on the velocities of the high-
resolution particles. Therefore, it is recommended to use the Courant limiter.

26.6 Run Simulation

1. To open the Run dialog, click the Run button .

26.7 Compare the results

Display flow_record_flow_replay and drop_multi_resolution in the Multiview and compare the results.
1. Choose Windows > Multiview on the menu bar.
2. In the Multiview window, set Columns to 2.
3. Select the following from Project and Scene pull-down, and click the OK button.

Row Column Project Scene

1 1 flow_record_flow_replay scene
1 2 drop_multi_resolution scene

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To synchronize view operations, follow these steps.

1. Click the button in the tab.

2. In the View Syncronization window, select Enable and click the OK button.

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CHAPTER

TWENTYSEVEN

PULLING UP THE CUP

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate a fluid pulled up together with a cup due to negative pressure.

Time required: 20 minutes

27.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid : Water
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 10
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.0005
• End time [s]: 1

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27.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type negative_pressure in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project Location.
3. In the Create Project window, click the OK button.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

27.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (np_case.stl and np_cup.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > np_case.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.5 to make the case transparent so that the
interior flow is visible.
Fill

1. In the Outline window, click the Create fill button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (150, 0, 230)
• Direction of Particle Creation : zLower
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, 162.5)
• Dimensions : (500, 500, 325)
Clipping
1. In the Outline window, select the View > clipping node.

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2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 125, 162.5)
• Dimensions : (500, 250, 325)
3. In the Properties window, check Enable. It allows you to observe the behavior of the fluid inside the
cup.
Camera
1. In the Outline window, select the View > camera node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Camera section and enter the following values:
• Ortho : Check

27.4 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > np_cup.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key: to Location.2.
3. Set Type to Position.
4. Click + to add a position at 0[s].
5. Click + again.
6. Enter 0.3[s] as the time of added row.
7. Click + again.
8. Enter 0.6[s] as the time of added row and 75[mm] as the value.

27.5 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Add another type Polygon.
5. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• fill : Fluid
• np_case.stl : Polygon
• np_cup.stl : Polygon

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The default values of Fluid and Polygon are equal to the initial setup of this simulation model.

27.6 Set Fill Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > fill node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and enter the following values:
• Particle Origin : (0, 0, 0.5)

27.7 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 10
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section and click the Close button.
• Pressure > Mode : Negative Pressure
4. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section and click the Close button.
• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
5. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 1
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.0005
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

6. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and enter the following parameters:
• Simulation Options > Collision Distance : 0.9

27.8 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

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4. In the Precision: field, select the precision of the solver.

5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

27.9 Visualize Result

Show pressures as color map and play the result animation.

1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Pressure.
2. Type -1500 as Min and 1500 as Max in the Range: section.
3. Specify Pattern as Diverging. It indicates positive pressure in red and negative pressure in blue.
4. In the Outline window, select the Result > fill node (particle) or click the particle group in the scene.
5. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

6. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

t = 0.25 [s] t = 0.5 [s] t = 1 [s]

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CHAPTER

TWENTYEIGHT

DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLE

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate a droplet sliding down a slope with a dynamic contact angle. It
also shows that the velocity of the droplet changes with the slope angle.

Time required: 30 minutes

28.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Fluid : Water
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1e-6
• Surface tension coefficient [N/m]: 0.072
• Contact angle [deg]: 91
The physical properties are specified based on [Puthenveettil2013].
Simulation parameters

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• Particle size [mm]: 0.4

• Initial time interval [s]: 1e-5
• End time [s]: 0.35

28.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type dynamic_contact_angle in the Project name field and specify
where the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. In the Create Project window, click the OK button.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

28.3 Add Objects

Geometry file

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select a geometry file to import (droplet.stl).
3. In the Outline window, select the Input > droplet.stl node.
4. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (0, 0, 2.5)
Infinite plane

1. In the Outline window, click the Infinite plane button .

2. In the Outline window, select the Input > plane node.
3. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Front to (255, 255, 255).
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (87.5, 0, 0)
• Dimensions : (225, 50, 50)
Camera
1. In the Outline window, select the View > camera node.

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2. In the Properties window, locate the Camera section and enter the following values:
• Ortho : Check

28.4 Create Physical Properties

1. In the Outline window, click the Manage physical properties button .

2. In the Physical property manager window, click the plus button + to add a new physical property.
3. Choose type Fluid from the popup menu.
4. Add another type Polygon.
5. Open Interactions tab and specify the following values
• MPS > Contact Angle : 91
• MPS > Coefficient of Potential
– Fluid - Fluid : 0.4
– Fluid - Polygon : 0.4
• MPS > Dynamic Contact Angle > Coefficient of Dynamic Contact Angle Model a1 : 0.07
• MPS > Dynamic Contact Angle > Coefficient of Dynamic Contact Angle Model a2 : 1
• MPS > Dynamic Contact Angle > Coefficient of Dynamic Contact Angle Model a3 : 0.304
6. Click the OK button to close the Physical property manager window.
7. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• droplet.stl : Fluid
• plate : Polygon

28.5 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 0.4
• Gravity > Gravity : (3.3517974, 0, -9.2089877) (plate is tilted at a 20 degrees angle.)
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section and click the Close button.

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• Pressure > Mode : Div. Free

• Viscosity > Type : Explicit
• Surface Tension > Type : Potential
• Surface Tension > Dynamic Contact Angle Model : Friction
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 0.35
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 1e-5
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.005

5. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and enter the following parameters:
• Simulation Options > Collision Distance : 0.9

28.6 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execution section in the Run dialog. If the Run dialog is already closed, click the Run

28.7 Change Inclination Angle and Run Simulation Again

1. Open the project windows after the calculation of scene is finished.

2. Expand dynamic_contact_angle, right-click scene and click duplicate scene.
3. In the Duplicate scene window, click the OK button.
4. Open the duplicated scene. By the default, the duplicated scene’s name is scene_1.
5. In the Outline window, select the Input > gravity node.
6. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Gravity : (6.2993186, 0, -7.5072355) (plate is tilted at a 40 degrees angle.)
7. Simulate according to Run Simulation.

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8. After the simulation of scene_1 is finished, create scene_2 according to Change Inclination Angle and
Run Simulation Again and simulate the case with an inclination angle of 60 degrees. In this case, the
gravity is (8.487049, 0, -4.9).

28.8 Compare the results

Display scene and scene_1 in the Multiview and compare the results.
1. Choose Windows > Multiview on the menu bar.
2. In the Multiview window, set Columns to 3.
3. Select the following from Project and Scene pull-down, and click the OK button.

Row Column Project Scene

1 1 dynamic_contact_angle scene
1 2 dynamic_contact_angle scene_1
1 3 dynamic_contact_angle scene_2

To synchronize view operations, follow these steps.

1. Click the button in the tab.

2. In the View Syncronization window, select Enable and click the OK button.
Show the velocity in a color map and compare the results.
1. In the Color Map window, locate Field, and choose Velocity.
2. Type 0 as Min and 0.2 as Max in the Range: section.
3. In the Outline window, select Result > droplet (particle).
4. In the Properties window, check Appearance > Use Color Map.

t = 0.1 [s] t = 0.3 [s]

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28.9 [Reference] Parameters of the Dynamic Contact Angle Model

The parameters used in this tutorial were determined as follows.

• Contact Angle : The contact angle 𝜃𝑠 is obtained from the static advancing contact angle 𝜃𝑎𝑑𝑣 and the
static receding contact angle 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑐 in [Puthenveettil2013] using the following equation.
1
cos 𝜃𝑠 = (cos 𝜃𝑎𝑑𝑣 + cos 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑐 )
2
• Coefficient of Potential : The coefficient is adjusted to simulate the droplet shape.
• Coefficient of Dynamic Contact Angle Model
1. First, specify a1 and a2 to 0 and a3 to 𝑎3 = cos 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑐 −cos
2
𝜃𝑎𝑑𝑣
,and check the reproducibility of the
inclination angle at which the droplet slides down. When there is no problem, go to the next step;
if not, adjust a3.
2. Adjust a1 and a2 to reproduce the sliding velocity of the droplet. In this tutorial, the exponent
a2 is assumed to be 1.
• For details on the parameters, see the Particleworks Theory Manual.

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CHAPTER

TWENTYNINE

CRUSHING OF A HIGHLY VISCOUS FLUID (MPFI)

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate the crushing of a highly viscous fluid using the MPFI. The MPFI
can be used to satisfy the no-slip and incompressible conditions with large time steps.

29.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1000
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 1
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 0.5
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.01
• End time [s]: 1

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29.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type mpfi_high_viscosity in the Project name field and specify where
the project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

29.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select geometry files to import (fluid.stl, bottom.stl, and top.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

4. In the Outline window, select the Input > bottom.stl node.
5. In the Properties window, set Appearance > Alpha to 0.3 so that the contact surface between the
fluid and the wall is visible.
6. Similarly, set the Alpha of top.stl to 0.3.
Simulation domain

1. In the Outline window, click the Adjust domain button .

2. In the Adjust domain dialog, click the OK button to set the simulation domain.

29.4 Create Physical Properties

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6. In the Outline window, select each node. In the Properties window, locate Physical Property and
assign types in Type as follows.
• fluid.stl : Fluid
• bottom.stl : Polygon
• top.stl : Polygon

29.5 Create Animation

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > top.stl node.

2. In the Key Frames window, set Key to Location.2.
3. Set Type to Velocity.
4. Click the + button to add a velocity in 0 [s] and enter -5 [mm/s].

5. To preview the motion, click the Play forward button in the Player window.

29.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 0.5
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Type > Type : MPFI
• MPFI > Speed of Sound [m/s] : 100
4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 1
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.01
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

5. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and set the following parameter:
• Simulation Options > Density Threshold : 0.9
• Simulation Options > Collision Distance : 0.9

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Note: For the MPFI simulation, it is recommended that the Density Threshold be smaller than the default
value of the MPS.

29.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execute button in the Execution dialog. If the Execution dialog is already closed, click the

Execute button .
2. In the Run dialog, locate the Execution section and select Preprocess & Simulation in the Run
mode: field.
3. In the CPU cores: field, type the number of CPU cores to use for the calculation.
4. Select Double in the Precision field.
5. Click the Execute button to start the calculation.
6. When the calculation is completed, a notification pops up in the center of the main window.

Note: When the single-precision solver is used to the MPFI simulation, calculations may stop due to the
number of significant digits. Therefore, the use of the double-precision solver is recommended.

29.8 Visualize Result

Due to the no-slip conditions, the particles in contact with the wall hardly move against the wall and the fluid
surface becomes arcuate.

1. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

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CHAPTER

THIRTY

COILING (MPFI)

This tutorial demonstrates how to simulate the coiling phenomenon of a highly viscous fluid using the MPFI.

30.1 Simulation Model

Physical properties
• Density [kg/m3 ]: 1400
• Kinematic viscosity [m2 /s]: 0.014
Simulation parameters
• Particle size [mm]: 0.25
• Initial time interval [s]: 0.0005

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• End time [s]: 1.5

Inflow boundary conditions
• inflow (Fluid)
– Volumetric flow rate [m3 /s]: 4.5e-8

30.2 Create New Project

1. In the toolbar, click the Create Project button .

2. In the Create Project window, type mpfi_coiling in the Project name field and specify where the
project will be saved in the Project location.
3. Click the OK button to close the window.

4. In the Projects window, expand the project and double-click the scene node to open the
scene.

30.3 Create Objects

Geometry files

1. In the Outline window, click the Import polygon files button .

2. In the file dialog, select a geometry file to import (base.stl).

3. Click the Fit View button .

Inflow

1. In the Outline window, click Create an inflow button , and select Circle.
2. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.
3. In the Properties window, locate the Transform section and enter the following values:
• Location : (5, 0, 10.5)
• Rotation : (180, 0, 0)
• Width [mm]: 1
• Height [mm]: 1
Simulation domain
1. In the Outline window, select the Input > domain node.
2. In the Properties window, enter the following values:

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• Location : (5, 0, 10)

• Dimensions : (15, 15, 30)

30.4 Create Physical Properties

30.5 Set Inflow Parameters

1. In the Outline window, select the Input > inflow node.

2. In the Properties window, locate the Details section and input the following values:
• Emit Mode : Volumetric flow rate
• Volumetric flow rate [m3 /s]: 4.5e-8

30.6 Set Simulation Parameters

1. In the toolbar, click the Settings button .

2. Enter the following parameters in the Basics section, and then click the Next button:
• Unit > Length : mm
• Preprocess > Particle Size [mm]: 0.25
3. Enter the following parameters in the MPS section, and then click the Next button:
• Type > Type : MPFI

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• MPFI > Speed of Sound [m/s] : 3

4. Enter the following parameters in the Simulation section and click Close button.
• Time > Finish Time [s]: 1.5
• Time > Initial dt [s]: 0.0005
• Output > File Output Interval Time [s]: 0.01

5. Click button in the upper right of the scene window and set the following parameter:
• Simulation Options > Density Threshold : 0.9
• Simulation Options > Collision Distance : 0.9

Note: For the MPFI simulation, it is recommended that the Density Threshold be smaller than the default
value of the MPS.

30.7 Run Simulation

1. Click the Execute button in the Execution dialog. If the Execution dialog is already closed, click the

Note: When the single-precision solver is used to the MPFI simulation, calculations may stop due to the
number of significant digits. Therefore, the use of the double-precision solver is recommended.

30.8 Visualize Result

The coiling phenomenon, in which the fluid falls while rotating, can be observed.

1. In the Player window, click the Play forward button to play the animation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Puthenveettil2013] Puthenveettil, B. A., Senthilkumar, V. K., & Hopfinger, E. J. (2013). Motion of drops
on inclined surfaces in the inertial regime. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 726, 26-61.

193

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