Unit 1-2-3

Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and
accessing the hardware and software resources remotely. It
offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.
Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the
software is not required to be installed locally on the PC.
Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business
applications mobile and collaborative.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
There are basically 5 essential characteristics of Cloud
Computing.
1.On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does
not require any human administrators, user themselves are
able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as
needed.
2.Broad network access: Broad network access is responsible
to connect with a wide variety of devices, including thin and
thick clients, such as mobile phones, laptops, workstations, and
tablets. It is a key characteristic of cloud technology.
It means the service can be accesed from any location at any
time with any devices.
eg=mobile phones,laptops and personal digital assistance.
3.Rapid elasticity: Rapid elasticity in cloud computing refers to
the cloud’s capability to scale quickly to meet demand.
Consumers benefit from rapid elasticity because they can
expand or reduce their resources how and when they would
like..
4.Resource pooling: The resource cab be storage ,memory
virtual machines that is it can be any service which can be
consumed by any user .
Resource pooling means that multiple customers are serviced
from the same physical resources
5.Measured service: Pay according to the service you use.
If you want the resource for 10 days then pay according to your
use.
 Cloud Service Models

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)-
IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a
computing infrastructure managed over the internet. The main
advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost
and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical
servers.
Characteristics of IaaS
There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

 Resources are available as a service

  Services are highly scalable

 Dynamic and flexible

 GUI and API-based access

 Automated administrative tasks

Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and
Cisco Metacloud.
2.Platform as a Service (PaaS)-Platform as a Service (PaaS)
provides a runtime environment.
It means we are using the platform which is provided by service
provider..
It allows programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy
web applications. You can purchase these applications from a
cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use basis and access
them using the Internet connection. In PaaS, back end
scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so end-
users do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.
PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking)
and platform (middleware, development tools, database
management systems, business intelligence, and more) to
support the web application life cycle.
 Characteristics of PaaS
There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

 Accessible to various users via the same development

application.

 Integrates with web services and databases.

 Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily

be scaled up or down as per the organization's need.

 Support multiple languages and frameworks.

 Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku,
Force.com, Google App Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento
Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.
3.Software as a Service (SaaS)-SaaS is also known as "on-
demand software".
It means software is inbuilt only we have to use that software
like google apps they are inbuilt we are using their software
It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a cloud
service provider. Users can access these applications with the
help of internet connection and web browser.
 Characteristics of SaaS
There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

 Managed from a central location

 Hosted on a remote server

 Accessible over the internet

 Users are not responsible for hardware and software

updates. Updates are applied automatically.

 The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox,
ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx, ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting

Deployment Models
- The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of
cloud environment based on ownership, scale, and access, as
well as the cloud’s nature and purpose. The location of the
servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by a
cloud deployment model. It specifies how your cloud
infrastructure will look, what you can change, and whether you
will be given services or will have to create everything yourself.
Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are
also defined by cloud deployment types.
Different types of cloud computing deployment models are:
1.PUBLIC CLOUD
2.PRIVATE CLOUD
3.COMMUNITY CLOUD
4.HYBRID CLOUD
1.Public Cloud- The public cloud makes it possible for anybody
to access systems and services. The public cloud may be less
secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud is one in
which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the
internet to the general people or major industry groups..
-Pay as per use
-Managed by service providers so no setup cost no
infrastructure.
-no maintaice beacuse manage by service provider
Advantages of Public Cloud Model:

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service,

there is no substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for
enterprises that require immediate access to resources.

 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized

by the cloud service providers, thus there is no need to set
up any hardware.
  Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the
public cloud does not necessitate infrastructure
management.

 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the

service provider (Not users).
Disadvantages of Public Cloud Model:

 Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are

public so there is no guarantee of high-level security.

 Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it

can’t be customized according to personal requirements.
2.Private Cloud- The private cloud deployment model is the
exact opposite of the public cloud deployment model
---It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer).
There is no need to share your hardware with anyone else. The
distinction between private and public clouds is in how you
handle all of the hardware. It is also called the “internal cloud” .
The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure
environment that is protected by powerful firewalls and under
the supervision of an organization’s IT department. The private
cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.
Advantages of Private Cloud Model:

 Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property.

 You gain complete command over service integration, IT
operations, policies, and user behavior.

 Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing

corporate information to which only authorized staff have
access. By segmenting resources within the same
infrastructure, improved access and security can be
achieved.

 Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to

work with legacy systems that are unable to access the
public cloud.

 Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a

private cloud allows a company to tailor its solution to
meet its specific need.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud Model:

 Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain

range as there is less number of clients.

 Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide

personalized facilities.
3.Community Cloud-The community cloud operates in a way
that is similar to the public cloud.
-It is accessible by the group of several organisation to share
the information between the organisation and a specify
community.
-It is managed by the by the third party organisation
-It is accessed by that community who purchase it not aacessed
by evryone like public cloud.
Advantages of Community Cloud Model:

 Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is

shared by multiple organizations or communities.

 Security: Community cloud provides better security.

 Shared resources: It allows you to share resources,

infrastructure, etc. with multiple organizations.

 Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both

collaboration and data sharing.
Disadvantages of Community Cloud Model:
Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage
capacity, community resources often pose challenges.
Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is
not that popular or available across industries
4.Hybrid Cloud -As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a
combination of two or more cloud architectures.
-It means combination of public private and community
While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is
all part of the same architecture. Further, as part of this
deployment of the cloud computing model, the internal or
external providers can offer resources.
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Model:

 Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can

design personalized solutions that meet their particular
needs.

 Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only

be responsible for paying for the extra capacity if you
require it.

 Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances

of data theft by attackers are considerably reduced.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud Model:

 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage

as it is a combination of both public and private cloud. So,
it is complex.

 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid

cloud takes place through the public cloud so latency
occurs.
What is Distributed Computing?
Or
Comparison between cloud , cluster and grid
 OR

Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Back-up and restore data
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up
and restore that data using the cloud.
2) Sharing easily
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of
people to quickly and easily share information in the cloud via
shared storage.
3) Excellent accessibility
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information
anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet
connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases
organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our
data is always accessible.
4) Low maintenance cost
Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software
maintenance costs for organizations.
5) Mobility
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via
mobile.
6) IServices in the pay-per-use model
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces
(APIs) to the users for access services on the cloud and pays the
charges as per the usage of service.
7) Unlimited storage capacity
Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing
our important data such as documents, images, audio, video,
etc. in one place.
8) Data security
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud
computing. Cloud offers many advanced features related to
security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
1) Internet Connectivity
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio,
video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data
through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do
not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these
data. However, we have no any other way to access data from
the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing.
Organizations may face problems when transferring their
services from one vendor to another. As different vendors
provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving
from one cloud to another.
3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned,
managed, and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud
users have less control over the function and execution of
services within a cloud infrastructure.
4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement the best security
standards to store important information. But, before adopting
cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be sending
all your organization's sensitive information to a third party,
i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While sending the data
on the cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's
information is hacked by Hackers.

Cloud Service Provider Companies

Cloud Service providers (CSP) offers various services such as
Software as a Service(SaaS), Platform as a service(PaaS),
Infrastructure as a service(LaaS), network services, business
applications, mobile applications, and infrastructure in the
cloud. The cloud service providers host these services in a data
center, and users can access these services through cloud
provider companies using an Internet connection.
1.Amazon Web Services (AWS)
2. Microsoft Azure
3. Google Cloud Platform
4. IBM Cloud Services
5. Oracle cloud
6. Alibaba Cloud
7. Rackspace
8. DigitalOcean
Vision of Cloud Computing
 Service level agreements in Cloud
Computing
A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is the bond for the
performance of the negotiation between a cloud service
provider and a client. Earlier, in cloud computing, all service
level agreements were negotiated between a customer and a
service consumer. With the introduction of large utilities such
as cloud computing providers, most service level agreements
are standardized until a customer becomes a large consumer of
cloud services. Service level agreements are also defined at
different levels, which are mentioned below:
 Customer-based SLA
 Service-based SLA

 Multilevel SLA
Some service level agreements are enforceable as contracts,
but most are agreements or contracts that are more in line with
an operating level agreement (OLA) and may not be
constrained by law.
Service level agreements usually specify certain parameters,
which are mentioned below:
 Availability of the Service (uptime)
 Latency or the response time
 Service components reliability
  Each party accountability

 Warranties
If a cloud service provider fails to meet the specified targets of
the minimum, the provider will have to pay a penalty to the
cloud service consumer as per the agreement. So, service level
agreements are like insurance policies in which the corporation
has to pay as per the agreement if an accident occurs.
The two major Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are :
1.Windows Azure SLA -
Windows Azure has separate SLAs for computing and storage.
For Compute, it is guaranteed that when a client deploys two or
more role instances to different fault and upgrade domains, the
client's Internet-facing roles will have external connectivity at
least 99.95% of the time. In addition, all role instances of the
client are monitored, and 99.9% of the time it is guaranteed to
detect when the role instance's process does not run and starts
properly.

2.SQL Azure SLA -

The SQL Azure client will have connectivity between the
database of SQL Azure and the Internet Gateway. SQL Azure
will handle a "monthly availability" of 99.9% within a month.
The monthly availability ratio for a particular tenant database is
the ratio of the time the database was available to customers
to the total time in a month.
Time is measured in intervals of a few minutes in a 30-day
monthly cycle.

OR
Web 2.0- Web 2.0, the focus moved away from a small
amount of people making a large amount of content, to a large
amount of people making even more content.
Web browser technologies are used in Web 2.0 development
and it includes AJAX and JavaScript frameworks. Recently, AJAX
and JavaScript frameworks have become very popular means of
creating web 2.0 sites.

Web 1.0- Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide
Web evolution.
Web 1.0 is the term used to describe the earliest form of the
internet. This was the first example of a global network, which
offered the potential for the future of digital communication
and information-sharing.
Basically, Web 1 was a few people writing content and web
pages for a large amount of people. So, people could access
facts, information, and content from the source.
Web 2.0- Web 2.0, the focus moved away from a small
amount of people making a large amount of content, to a large
amount of people making even more content.
Web browser technologies are used in Web 2.0 development
and it includes AJAX and JavaScript frameworks. Recently, AJAX
and JavaScript frameworks have become very popular means of
creating web 2.0 sites.
Web 3.0- Web 3.0 is described as "read-write-execute".
It is known as the future of the internet. It involves a space
where people operate on decentralised, almost anonymous
platforms. This means moving away from the big, guiding hands
of tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Twitter.
Web 3.0 was originally called the Semantic Web by World Wide
Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee, and was conceived as a more
autonomous, intelligent, and open internet.

Autonomic Computing
Autonomic Computing is a type of visionary computing that has
been started by IBM. This is made to make adaptive decisions
that use high-level policies. It has a feature of constant up-
gradation using optimization and adaptation.
Need Of Autonomic Computing
With the increase in the demand for computers, computer-
related problems are also increasing. They are becoming more
and more complex. The complexity has become so much that
there is a spike in demand for skilled workers. This has fostered
the need for autonomic computers that would do computing
operations without the need for manual intervention.
Areas Of Autonomic Computing
There are four areas of Autonomic Computing as defined by
IBM. These are as follows:
1.Self-Configuration: The system must be able to configure
itself automatically according to the changes in its
environment.
2.Self-Healing: IBM mentions that an autonomic system must
have property by which it must be able to repair itself from
errors and also route the functions away from trouble
whenever they are encountered.
3.Self-Optimization: According to IBM an autonomic system
must be able to perform in an optimized manner and ensure
that it follows an efficient algorithm for all computing
operations.
4.Self-Protection: the IBM States that an autonomic system
must be able to perform detection, identification, and
protection from the security and system attacks so that
systems’ security and integrity remain intact.
Advantages
 It is an open-source.
 It is an evolutionary technology that adapts itself to new
changes.
 It is optimized hence gives better efficiency and
performance thereby taking lesser time in execution.
 It is very secure and can counter system and security
attacks automatically.
  It has backup mechanisms that allow recovery from
system failures and crashes.
 It reduces the cost of owning (Total Cost of Ownership)
such a mechanism as it is less prone to failure and can
maintain itself.
 It can set up itself thereby reducing the time taken in
manual setup.
Disadvantages
 There will always be a possibility of the system crashing or
malfunctioning.
 This would result in an increase in unemployment due to
the lesser needs of people after it is implemented.
 The affordability would be an issue because it would be
expensive.
 It would need people who are very skilled to manage or
develop such systems, thereby increasing the cost to the
company that employs them.
 It is dependent on internet speed. Its performance
decreases with a decrease in internet speed.
 It would not be available in rural areas where there are
lesser provisions of stable internet connection.

Cloud Adoption
Cloud Adoption is a strategic move by organisations of reducing
cost, mitigating risk and achieving scalability of data base
capabilities. Cloud adoption may be up to various degrees in an
organisation, depending on the depth of adoption.

A variety of industries benefit from cloud adoption, including

healthcare, marketing and advertising, retail, finance, and
education.
1. Healthcare: Fueled by digital and social consumer
behaviors and the need for secure and accessible
electronic health records (EHRs), hospitals, clinics, and
other medical organizations are using cloud computing for
document storage, marketing, and human resources.
2. Marketing and Advertising: In an industry dependent on
social media, as well as the quick creation and publishing
of customer-relevant content, agencies are using hybrid
cloud adoption strategies to deliver critical client messages
to their local and worldwide audiences.
3. Retail: A successful e-commerce strategy requires a sound
 Internet strategy. With the help of cloud adoption,
Internet-based retail is able to effectively market to
customers and save their product data for less money.
4. Finance: Efficient expense management, human resources,
and customer communications are three of the most
important business needs of today’s finance organizations.
For these reasons, financial services institutions are now
placing their email platforms and marketing tools in the
cloud.
5. Education: Internet-based education opportunities are
now more popular than ever. The cloud allows
universities, private institutions, and K-12 public schools to
provide learning, homework, and grading systems online.

ECG ANAlYSIS