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Normalization ss2

Normalization in database management systems (DBMS) is a process aimed at reducing redundancy and preventing anomalies in data. It involves several normal forms, including First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form (3NF), Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), Fourth Normal Form (4NF), and Fifth Normal Form (5NF), each with specific guidelines to ensure efficient and organized database design. The advantages of normalization include reduced data redundancy, improved data consistency, simplified database design, enhanced query performance, and easier maintenance.

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15 views5 pages

Normalization ss2

Normalization in database management systems (DBMS) is a process aimed at reducing redundancy and preventing anomalies in data. It involves several normal forms, including First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form (3NF), Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), Fourth Normal Form (4NF), and Fifth Normal Form (5NF), each with specific guidelines to ensure efficient and organized database design. The advantages of normalization include reduced data redundancy, improved data consistency, simplified database design, enhanced query performance, and easier maintenance.

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NORMAL FORMS

Normalization is the process of minimizing redundancy from a relation or set of


relations. Redundancy in relation may cause insertion, deletion, and update anomalies.
So, it helps to minimize the redundancy in relations. Normal forms are used to
eliminate or reduce redundancy in database tables.

What is Database Normalization?


In database management systems (DBMS), normal forms are a series of guidelines that
help to ensure that the design of a database is efficient, organized, and free from data
anomalies. There are several levels of normalization, each with its own set of
guidelines, known as normal forms.

Here are the important points regarding normal forms in DBMS:


1. First Normal Form (1NF): This is the most basic level of normalization. In 1NF,
each table cell should contain only a single value, and each column should have a
unique name. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify
queries.
2. Second Normal Form (2NF): 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each
non-key attribute be dependent on the primary key. This means that each column
should be directly related to the primary key, and not to other columns.
3. Third Normal Form (3NF): 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring that all non-key
attributes are independent of each other. This means that each column should be
directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table.
4. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures
that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures
that each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key.
5. Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that
a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies.
6. Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves
decomposing a table into smaller tables to remove data redundancy and improve
data integrity.
Normal forms help to reduce data redundancy, increase data consistency, and improve
database performance. However, higher levels of normalization can lead to more
complex database designs and queries. It is important to strike a balance between
normalization and practicality when designing a database

The advantages of using normal forms in DBMS include:


 Reduced data redundancy: Normalization helps to eliminate duplicate data in
tables, reducing the amount of storage space needed and improving database
efficiency.
 Improved data consistency: Normalization ensures that data is stored in a consistent
and organized manner, reducing the risk of data inconsistencies and errors.
 Simplified database design: Normalization provides guidelines for organizing
tables and data relationships, making it easier to design and maintain a database.
 Improved query performance: Normalized tables are typically easier to search and
retrieve data from, resulting in faster query performance.
 Easier database maintenance: Normalization reduces the complexity of a database
by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable tables, making it easier to add,
modify, and delete data.
Overall, using normal forms in DBMS helps to improve data quality, increase database
efficiency, and simplify database design and maintenance.

1. First Normal Form


If a relation contain composite or multi-valued attribute, it violates first normal form
or a relation is in first normal form if it does not contain any composite or multi-
valued attribute. A relation is in first normal form if every attribute in that relation
is singled valued attribute.
Example 1 – Relation STUDENT in table 1 is not in 1NF because of multi-valued
attribute STUD_PHONE. Its decomposition into 1NF has been shown in table

ID Name Courses
------------------
1 A c1, c2
2 E c3
3 M C2, c3
In the above table Course is a multi-valued attribute so it is not in 1NF. Below Table is
in 1NF as there is no multi-valued attribute
ID Name Course
------------------
1 A c1
1 A c2
2 E c3
3 M c2
3 M c3
2. Second Normal Form
To be in second normal form, a relation must be in first normal form and relation must
not contain any partial dependency. A relation is in 2NF if it has No Partial
Dependency, i.e., no non-prime attribute (attributes which are not part of any
candidate key) is dependent on any proper subset of any candidate key of the
table. Partial Dependency – If the proper subset of candidate key determines non-
prime attribute, it is called partial dependency.
Example 1 – Consider table-3 as following below.
STUD_NO COURSE_NO COURSE_FEE
1 C1 1000
2 C2 1500
1 C4 2000
4 C3 1000
4 C1 1000
2 C5 2000
{Note that, there are many courses having the same course fee. } Here,
COURSE_FEE cannot alone decide the value of COURSE_NO or STUD_NO;
COURSE_FEE together with STUD_NO cannot decide the value of
COURSE_NO; COURSE_FEE together with COURSE_NO cannot decide the
value of STUD_NO; Hence, COURSE_FEE would be a non-prime attribute, as it
does not belong to the one only candidate key {STUD_NO, COURSE_NO} ; But,
COURSE_NO -> COURSE_FEE, i.e., COURSE_FEE is dependent on
COURSE_NO, which is a proper subset of the candidate key. Non-prime attribute
COURSE_FEE is dependent on a proper subset of the candidate key, which is a
partial dependency and so this relation is not in 2NF. To convert the above relation
to 2NF, we need to split the table into two tables such as :
Table 1: STUD_NO, COURSE_NO Table 2: COURSE_NO, COURSE_FEE

Table 1 Table 2
STUD_NO COURSE_NO COURSE_NO COURSE_FEE
1 C1 C1 1000
2 C2 C2 1500
1 C4 C3 1000
4 C3 C4 2000
4 C1 C5 2000
2 C5 NOTE: 2NF tries to reduce the redundant data getting stored in memory. For
instance, if there are 100 students taking C1 course, we don’t need to store its Fee as
1000 for all the 100 records, instead, once we can store it in the second table as the
course fee for C1 is 1000.
Example 2 – Consider following functional dependencies in relation R (A, B , C,
D)
AB -> C [A and B together determine C]
BC -> D [B and C together determine D]
In the above relation, AB is the only candidate key and there is no partial
dependency, i.e., any proper subset of AB doesn’t determine any non-prime
attribute.
1. X is a super key.
2. Y is a prime attribute (each element of Y is part of some candidate key).
Example 1 – In relation STUDENT given in Table 4, FD set: {STUD_NO ->
STUD_NAME, STUD_NO -> STUD_STATE, STUD_STATE ->
STUD_COUNTRY, STUD_NO -> STUD_AGE} Candidate Key: {STUD_NO}
For this relation in table 4, STUD_NO -> STUD_STATE and STUD_STATE ->
STUD_COUNTRY are true. So STUD_COUNTRY is transitively dependent on
STUD_NO. It violates the third normal form. To convert it in third normal form,
we will decompose the relation STUDENT (STUD_NO, STUD_NAME,
STUD_PHONE, STUD_STATE, STUD_COUNTRY_STUD_AGE) as: STUDENT
(STUD_NO, STUD_NAME, STUD_PHONE, STUD_STATE, STUD_AGE)
STATE_COUNTRY (STATE, COUNTRY)

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