1

UNIT 2

INTRODUCTION
Distribution system is a part of power system, which is between distribution
substations the consumer. According to design considerations, the primary
distribution system is classified into three types radial, loop and network
systems.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF RADIAL TYPE DISTRIBUTION

FEEDER
Most distribution systems are designed as radial distribution systems as
shown in fig below. The radial system is characterized by having only on path
between each customer and a substation. The electrical power flows
exclusively away the substation and out to the customer along a single path,
which, if interrupted results in complete loss of power to the customer. Radial
design by far, is the most widely used form of distribution design, accounting
for over ninety- nine percent of all distribution in India. Its predominance is
due to two overwhelming advantages: its lower cost than the other two
alternative and simple in planning, design and operation.

FIG 2.2 BASIC RADIAL PRIMARY FEEDER CONFIGURATION

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Each radial feeder serves a definite service raea . Most radial feeder systems
are built as networks , but operated radially by opening switches at certain
points , throughout the physical network so that resulting configuration is
radial. . The planner determines the layout of the network and size of each
feeder segment in that network and decides where the open points should be
for proper operation as a set of radial feeders.

FIG 2.3 RADIAL PRIMARY FEEDER WITH TIE AND SECTIONALIZING

SWITCHES

The other type of radial primary feeder with express feeder and back feed is
as shown in fig 2.4.The section of the feeder between the substation LV bus
and the load center of the service area is called express feeder. From which
no sub feeders or laterals will be allowed to be tapped off. The portion from
load center towards the substation is called back feed portion. However ,a sub
feeder is allowed to provide a back-feed towards the substation from the load
center.

Fig :RADIAL PRIMARY FEEDER WITH EXPRESS AND BACKFEED CONFIGURATION

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Most of the utilities in developed countries are using single and two-phase
laterals to deliver power over short distances by tapping off only one or two
phases of the primary feeder minimizing the amount of wire that need be
strong for the short segment required to get the power in general vicinity
of few customers. Each service transformer in these systems feed power
into a small radial system around it.
Regardless of whether it uses single-phase laterals or not, the advantages
of the radial system, in addition to its lower cost, are the simplicity of
analysis and predictability for performance. Because there is only one path
between each customer and the substation, the direction of power flow is
absolutely certain. Equally important is that the load on any branch of the
system can be determined in the most straightforward manner by simply
adding up all the customer loads “downstream” from that piece of
equipment .Before the advent of economical and widely available computer
analysis, this was only an over helming advantage. Simple, straight
forward, ”back of the envelope” design procedures can be applied to the
distribution system with confidence that the resulting system would work
well.
The simplicity of analysis and confidence that operating behavior is strictly
predictable are major advantages.
Because load and power flow direction are easy to establish, voltage profiles
can be determined with accuracy without resorting to exotic calculation
methods; equipment capacity requirements can be ascertained at exactly
fault levels, can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy; and
protective devices, breaker-relays and fuses can be coordinated in an
absolutely assured manner, without resorting to network methods of
analysis.
The major drawback of radial feeder is that it is less reliable than loop
or network system because there is only one path between the substation
and the customer. Thus, if any branch along this path fails a loss of power
delivery results. Generally, when such failure occurs, a repair crew is
dispatched to re-switch temporarily the radial pattern network, transferring
the interrupted customers onto another feeder, until the damaged branch
can be repaired. This minimizes the period of outages, but an outage still
occurred because of the failure.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF LOOP TYPE DISTRIBUTION
FEEDER
An alternative to purely radial feeder design is a loop system as shown in
fig 2.5 consisting of a distribution design with two paths between the power
sources(substations, service transformers) and every customer. Equipment
is sized and each loop is designed so that service can be maintained
regardless of where an open point might be on the loop. Because of this
requirement, whether operated radially(with one open point in each loop)
or with closed loops, the basic equipment capacity requirements of the loop
feeder design do not change.
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FIG: LOOP PRIMARY FEEDER CONFIGURATION

In terms of complexity, a loop type distribution system is only slightly
complicated than a radial system, power usually flows from both sides
towards middle. Voltage drop , sizing and protection engineering are slightly
more complicated .
But if designed thus and if the protection (relay-breakers and sectionalizes)
is also built to proper design standards the loop system is more reliable
than radial systems. Service will not be interrupted to the majority of
customers whenever a segment is out of service, because there is no
“downstream” portion of any loop. The major disadvantage of loop systems
is capacity and cost. A loop must be able to meet all power and voltage drop
requirements when fed from only one end, not both. It needs extra capacity
on each end and the conductor must be large enough to handle the power
and voltage drop of the entire feeder, if fed from either end. This makes the
loop system inherently more reliable than a radial system, but the larger
conductor and extra capacity increase cost.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF NETWORK TYPE DISTRIBUTION FEEDER
Distribution network is the most complicated; the most reliable and even
in very rare cases also it is the most economical method of distributing
electric power. A network involves multiple paths between all points in the
network as a shown in fig 2.6.Power flow between any two points is usually
split among several paths and if a failure occurs it instantly and
automatically re-routes itself.
Rarely in a distribution network primary voltage-level network design is
involed, in which all or most of the switches between feeders are closed so
that the feeder system is connected between substations. This is seldom
done because it proves very expensive and often will not work well. Instead,
a “distribution network” almost always involves “interlaced” radial feeders
and a network secondary system grid of electricity strong conductor
connecting all the customers together at utilization voltage. Most
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distribution networks are underground simply because they are employed

only in high density areas, where overhead space is not available.

FIG NETWORK TYPE PRIMARY FEEDER CONFIGURATION

The reliability and the quality of service of the network type distribution
arrangement are much higher than the radial and loop arrangements.
However, it is more difficult to design and operate than the radial or loop
type systems.
DESIGN PRACTICE OF SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The Secondary distribution system receives power from secondary side of
distribution transformer at low voltage and supplies power to various
connected loads via, service lines. The secondary distribution system is the
final sub system of the power system.
The secondary distribution systems are generally radial type expect
for specific service areas such as hospitals, business centers, and military
installations which require highly reliable service. In such areas, secondary
distribution system may be a grid or mesh type network.

RADIAL SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

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Radial secondary circuit is shown in fig above .The secondary transformers

are located near load areas. The primary of distribution transformers
receives power from primary laterals via, fuse cut-out or fuse switch,
whereas the secondary side of distribution transformer (DT) supplies power
through secondary mains, through service conductor to service meter and
also includes:
➢ A separate service system for each customer with separate DT and
secondary connection(example, single phase DT)
➢ The radial system with a common secondary main which is supplied
by one DT and feeding a group of customers(example, Three phase
DT)
➢ The parallel connection system with a common secondary main that
is supplied by several DT’s that are all fed like common primary
feeders secondary banking of DT’s.
SECONDARY BANKING OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Banking’ denotes parallel connections. Banking of distribution
transformers on secondary side refers to connection between secondary
mains supplied by two or more distribution transformers connected to the
common primary. Figure shows radial circuits in which several
transformer ordinaries are connected to primary laterals and secondaries
are in parallel.
If secondary circuit has higher connected load, than one distribution
transformer KVA rating, then banking technique may be employed.
Merits of banking are:

FIG SECONDARY BANKING OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

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❖ Better voltage regulation due to reduced equivalent

impedance(Xe=Xt/2 for a bank of two transformers or Xt/3 for a bank
of three transformers)
❖ Reduced voltage dip and lamp flicker
❖ Improved service continuity and reliability. At least onetransformer
continues to feed in the event of failure of other
❖ Easy to supply higher loads
SECONDARY NETWORK TYPES
For higher reliability of secondary distribution system, secondary network
is preferred for high load density areas like hospitals, business localities
etc. In secondary network system the secondaries of distribution
transformer are connected to a common secondary network. Thus the
secondary network has power supply from several distribution. The loads
are connected to the secondary grid network.
Secondary network is two basic types:
(1) Grid network (2) Spot network
Grid network is used for suburban commercial loads spread over large area,
whereas spot network is used for concentrated essential loads such as
commercial buildings, hospitals, shopping centers etc.
GRID NETWORK
The essential components of the grid network are shown in FIG. Secondary
cables are installed along various streets in the commercial area and all
conductors of each phase are connected together at each street intersection
to form a secondary cable grid. Customer service connections are taken
from these cables. The cables grid is energized by means of several
distribution transformer network units. Each unit consists of a network
transformer and a network protector. At least two to five primary feeders
are used to supply the network unit. These feeders are usually in a voltage
range of 11kV or 33kV. Each feeder supplies several network unit and
adjacent network units are supplied from different primary feeders. The
overall design of the grid network system provides voltage within prescribed
limits to all customers, each with outage of any major system component
i.e.., primary feeder network unit. Some utilities use a double contingency
criteria for their networks such that service will be maintained to all
customers with any two major components out of service.
All parts of secondary network are usually underground. This includes the
network itself, service connections to customers, network units and
primary cables. Both primary and secondary network cables are inducts
under the street. Network units are in vault under the street or under a
footpath or in a building vault. At street crossing, there are manholes large
enough to hold the cable bus work necessary for the formation of the
network and for the workers to pull and slice cables. At points where
services to individual customers take off from the network, handholds
provide access for doing necessary work from the street level.
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FIG SECONDARY GRID NETWORK

SPOT NETWORK FOR SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION

It is usually not practical to serve new commercial buildings in the down
town areas form the grid network due to the magnitude; many utilities use
spot networks to serve these loads. Spot networks may also be used to
supply loads outside the down town area that requires high service
reliability.
The design concept and the equipment’s used in the spot network are
essentially the same as in the grid network. The spot network has a
common secondary bus fed by several distribution transformer
secondaries. The service connections are tapped from the common bus. The
spot network gives
SECONDARY MAINS
The objective of secondary main would be:
✓ Proper distribution of load among the transformer which serves as
link between two feeders(which are often referred to as network
transformer because alternate path can be provided by closing of
switches to other feeders)
✓ All the secondary mains are routed along the streets and are three
phase four-wire star connected with solidly grounded neutral
conductor. In the under grounded networks the secondary mains
usually consist of single conductor cables which may be either
metallic or non-metallic sheathed.
✓ On the other hand, the secondary mains in the overhead secondary
usually open wire circuit with weather proof conductors. The size of
conductor depends upon the network transformer ratings. For grid
type secondary mains the minimum conductor size must be able to
carry about 60% of the full load current to the largest network
transformer. This percentage will be much less for the underground
 9

secondary mains. The selection of the sizes of the mains is also

affected by the clearing of faults. In case of phase to phase to ground
short- circuits the secondary network is to be designed to clear of
itself without using sectionalizing fuses or other over load protective.
Substations:
INTRODUCTION
he purpose of a substation is to take power at high voltage from the transmission
or sub-transmission level, reduce its voltage, and route it onto a number of
primary voltage feeders for distribution in the area surrounding it. In addition, it
performs operational and contingency switching and protection duties at both the
transmission and feeder level as well as provides a convenient local site for
additional equipment such as communications, storage of tools, etc.
Substation are somewhat more important to system performance than their cost.
From both cost and reliability stand point, their interaction with the transmission
and distribution systems is often more important than they themselves, in the
sense that their influence on transmission and distribution reliability and costs
often out weights their own costs and reliability contributions. Thu in many ways,
good planning of the substation level is the key to good distribution system
planning. Certainly, poor substation level planning forfeits any hope of achieving
outstanding performance and economy at the distribution level.
In the substation, to perform any one or two or all the following operations:
➢ To switch on and off the power lines, known as switching operation
➢ To transform voltage from higher to lower or vice versa, known as
voltage transformation operation
➢ To convert A.C to D.C or vice versa, known as power converting
operations
➢ To improve the p.f by installing synchronous phase modifier at the end
of
the line known as p.f. correction operation
LOCATION OF SUBSTATION
The voltage levels, voltage regulation considerations, sub transmission cost,
substation cost, the cost of the primary feeder mains and the distribution
transformers dictate the location of substation. However, to select an ideal
location for substation the following rules should be considered
(i) Location of the substation as much as feasible close to the load center of its
service areas, so that the addition of load times the distances from the substation
is minimum
(ii) Its selection must be provision for proper for proper voltage regulation can be
obtainable without taking extensive measures
(iii) Its selection must be provision for proper access for incoming sub
transmission lines and outgoing primary feeders.
(iv) It should provide enough space for the future substation expansion.
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(v) It should help to minimize the number of customers affected by any service
outage.
CLASSIFICATION OF SUB STATION
Substations are classified according to service mounting, function and type
of apparatus used.
According to service
a) Transformer substations: In these sub stations which transform power
from one voltage to another. These are:
(i) Transmission or primary substations: Which receive power from a local
generating station (i.e., 11 kv or 33 kv) and step up its voltage (i.e.,220KV or
400 KV) for primary transmission so that huge blocks of power can be
transmitted over a long distance to the load centers economically.
(ii) Sub-transmission or secondary substation: which receive power from
primary substations through primary transmission at voltages above 132 KV
and step down its voltage to 33 KV or 11 KV per secondary transmission
(iii) Step down or distribution substations: Which receive power from sub
transmission substations or directly from power stations and step down its
voltage i.e., 400 V for three phase or 230 V for single phase for secondary
distribution.
b) Industrial substations: These supplies to the industrial consumers.
c) Switching substations: Which meant for switching operations of power lines
without transformation of voltage.
d) Synchronous substations: At these substations, synchronous phase
modifiers are installed for the purpose of system power factor improvement.
e) Frequency change substations: At times for industrial utilization high
frequency supply is essential. Therefore, normal frequency is converted into
other frequencies at these substations.
f) Converting substations: For special purposes such as electric traction,
electric welding, battery charging DC supply is required. The substation
converting AC to DC are called converting substations.
According to design
a) Indoor substations: When the atmosphere is contaminated with
impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive dust etc. It
is usual to install the apparatus within a building such substations known
as indoor substations are usually up to 33 KV or 11 KV only.
b) Outdoor substations: Outdoor substations are of two types namely.
i) Pole mounted substations: These are used for distribution purposes and
are usually double or four pole structures with suitable platforms.
ii) Foundation mounted substations: These are used for higher capacity of
transformers, because of rate of the transformer would be more than pole
mounted.
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS
Outdoor substations have the following merits over indoor substations are:
i) All the equipment is visible and hence fault identification is easier
ii) Extension of the installation is easier
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iii) Required less erection time

iv) There is no building is necessary and require less building material.
v) The construction work required is comparatively smaller and hence the cost
of the switch gear installation is low.
vi) Less in damages due to faults, as the operators can be spaced liberally.
The demerits of outdoor substations over indoor substations are:
i) Switching operation, supervision and maintenance of apparatus is to be
performed in the open air during all kinds of weather.
ii) Required more space for the substation
iii) They are exposed to sun, therefore to higher temperature and hence special
design of the apparatus to withstand those temperatures is necessary.
iv) Dust and dirt deposits upon the outdoor substation equipments needs
higher maintenance.
v) These are prone to lightening strokes. The choice of particular arrangement
depends upon the relative importance placed on such items as safety,
reliability, simplicity of releasing, flexibility of operations, initial cost, ease of
maintenance, availability of good area, location of connecting lines, provision
for expansion and appearance.
RATING OF THE DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
The rating of the distribution substation depends upon the following factors:
❖ Nature of the load connected
❖ Load density of the area feeder
❖ Rate of load growth
❖ Type of design adopted and equipment for the substation
❖ Quality of service to be provided
❖ Number of feeder emerging from the substation
❖ Voltage levels of primary feeders.
With increase in the load density, the additional load requirement can be met
by
(i) Either the service area of the given distribution substation maintaining
constant and increasing its rating or
(ii) Installing new distribution substations and there by maintaining the
capacity of the given distribution substation constant. It is helpful to consider
that the system changes:
(a) For short- term distribution planning the load density is constant
(b) For long-term planning the load density is increasing
It simplifies greatly to analyze a squared shape area representing a part of or
the entire service area of a distribution substation. Consider the square area
is served by four primary feeders from a central feed point as shown in fig in
which each feeder and its sub –feeders are of 3- Ф circuit.
The % of voltage drop from the feed point ‘F’ to the end of the feed point ‘H’as
% VdFH=%VdFG+VdGH
From the fig ,each feeder supplies a total load of
S4=A4D(KVA)
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FIG SQUARE SHAPED SERVICE AREA OF DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

Where A4=Area supplied by one of four feeders emerging from load center
‘F’,km2
D=Load density, kVA/km2
For square shaped area, the equation 4.2 can be modified as
S4=L42D (kVA) (A4=L42) ( 2.2)
For uniformly distributed load, the % voltage drop in the main feeder at 2/3L4
is given by

From the equation 2.4, it can be concluded that the total is located at a point
on the main feeder at a distance of 2/3 L4 from the feed point ‘F’
A analysis of square shaped service area of distribution substation can be
extended for a hexagonal shaped service area of distribution substation
served by 6 feeders feeds from center point ‘F’ of the substation location as
shown in FIG
Consider each feeder service area is equal to 1/6 pf the hexagonal shaped
service area or
 13

FIG HEXAGONAL SHAPED SERVICE AREA OF DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

The total load served from each feeder is given by
S6=A6D kVA (2.6)
Substituting the equation(2.5) in equation (2.6)

The load served by the feeder is assumed to be lumped, the % voltage drop in
the main feeder at 2/3L6 distance from the feeding point ‘F’ and is given by

Substituting equation 2.7 in equation 2.8

From the equation 2.9 it can be concluded that the total load is located at a

point on the main feeder at a distance of from the feed point ‘F’
COMPARISION BETWEEN FOUR FEEDER AND SIX FEEDER
MODEL
Consider a square shaped service area of distribution substation served by
four feeders from the center of substation i..e, n=4
The area served by each one of the feeder,

Total area served by all 4 feeders,

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Similarly ,total load served by all 4 feeders,

The % voltage drop in the main feeder,

The load current flowing in the feeder from the feeding point ‘F’ is given by

Similarly, for hexagonal shaped distribution substation service area served by

six feeders.

Total area served by all 6 feeders,

Total load served by all 4 feeders,

The %voltage drop in the main feeder,

The load current flowing in the feeder from the feeding point “F” is given by

Compare the service area of 4 and 6 feeder model in the following two cases:
Case-I
Thermally limited feeder: for a given size of conductor and voltage drop is
Neglected
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Substituting equation 2.10 in equation 2.11

Hence ,six feeder circuits can carry 1.5 times as much load as of the four
feeder circuit
Case-II
Voltage drop limited feeder: For a given size of conductor and consider
voltage drop is equal

SUBSTATION SERVICE AREA WITH ‘N’ PRIMARY FEEDERS

The service area of the distribution substation is supplied by ‘n’ number of
primary feeders emerging from feed point ‘F’ is shown in fig 4.3 .Consider the
load is uniformly distribution in the supplied area and each feeder supplies
an area
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FIG SUBSTATION SERVICE AREA WITH ‘n’ PRIMARY FEEDERS

The differential load supplied by the feeder in a differential area of dA is

where ,dA=differential area of the feeder,km2

The total supplied area of the feeder circuit can be determined as

And total load supplied by one of the ‘n’ feeders can be determined as

Consider this total load is located on the feeder circuit at 2/3 Ln distances
from the feed point ‘F
Addition of the % voltage drop contributions of all such areas is given by

Substituting Sn from equation 2.15 in equation 2.16

From the fig n(2 )=360

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The equation 2.18 is suitable, if the number of feeders ‘n’ 3

If number of feeders is one (i.e.., ,n=1)

Distribution System Analysis:

Introduction:
The performance of the distribution system and quality of the service provided
are measured in terms of freedom from the interruption and maintenance of
satisfactory voltage levels at the consumer premises i.e. within limits
appropriate for this type of service.
Based on experience, too high steady state voltage causes reduced life of
lamps and electronic devices, premature failure of some type of apparatus on
the other hand too low steady state voltage causes the lowered illumination
levels, slow hearing of heating devices, difficulties in motor starting
At the same time power losses in the distribution system should be minimum
so as to make the system more efficient, without affecting its performance.
Thus the calculation of voltage drop and power losses in the distribution
system is much significant. The size of the conductor for primary feeder is
based on acceptable voltage drop and losses in the conductor mechanical
requirement will be the decision factor.
CALCULATION OF VOLATGE DROP AND POWER LOSSES IN LINE
HAVING
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADING:
Single line diagram of 3phase feeder circuit is shown in figure.1. Consider the
size and
spacing along its entire length ‘L’ and power factor of all the loads connected
to the system is
same.
The line impedance per unit length
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Fig:1 single line diagram of 3 phase circuit

The feeder load is uniformly distributed as shown in fig:2 . The differential tapped off load
current ‘dI’ which corresponds to differential distance ‘dx’, y and (y+dy) is the distance
between the point 1& 2 from the feeding end of the circuit respectively.
Is and Ir are the sending end and receiving end currents of circuit, I1 and I2 are the currents
in the main feeder at points 1 and 2 respectively.

Consider total load is uniformly distributed from y=0 to y=L

FIG 1 the current at point 1 is

Multiplying and dividing the equation 1 with ‘dy’ it can be modified as

Where (i.e. current tapped per unit length)

For total circuit length ‘L’ the receiving end current is

When y=L, the receiving end current is zero.

Substituting constant ‘C’ in equation (3)

 19

Let for a given distance y

From equation 5: when y=L, and when y=0

From the above expression it can be observed that changes with distance
The series voltage drop due to at any point ‘y’ from the source of the main
circuit is

Similarly the total power loss,

VOLTAGE DROP AND POWER LOSS CALCULARTIONS FO LINE WITH

NON - UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS:
The single line diagram of 3 phase non uniformly distributed load
of feeder circuit is shown in figure (1), in which tapped off load increases
linearly with a distance ‘dy’.
 20

Fig. 1 non-uniformly distributed loads

Fig variation of current in feeder w.r.t distance

The negative slope of the fig2 is given by

Where C can be determined by

……..2
Substituting the value of ‘C’ in equation (1)

The current in the feeder at a distance “Y” away from the feeder circuit
breaker can be determined from the equation (3)

Where A is the integral constant When Y=0,

 21

substituting the value of ‘a’ in equation (4)

The voltage drop due to current at any point ‘Y’ from the source of the
circuit is

Total voltage drop

And similarly total power losses.

Non three phase systems:

In general there are many sub feeders or laterals on a primary system, which
are not necessary in 3 phase , for example a 1 phase which causes the voltage
drop and power loss due to load current not only in the phase wire but also
in the return path.
The voltage drop and power loss are compared with the balanced 3 phase
system.
Single phase, 2 wire system:
Consider a loaded 1 phase system, which is to be changed to an equivalent 3
phase, 3 wire balanced system maintaining the load constant.
 22

Where V= line to neutral voltage

From the eq (1) we get

i.e. the current in the single phase system is equal to times the current of the
system
Voltage drop in 3 phase system

Voltage drop in 1 phase system

i.e. voltage drop in single phase 2 wire system ungrounded system is equal to

times voltage drop of 3 phase system

the power loss in the single phase system is

The power loss in the 3 phase system is

i.e. the power loss due to the load current in the conductors of the single
phase system is equal to 2 times the power loss in one of the conductors of
3phase system.
Single phase, 2 wire with uni grounded system:
A system having grounding at only one location is called uni grounded system.
There is no earth current flowing through in this system, therefore presently
it is not generally used. It can be compared with 3 phase 4 wire balanced
system maintaining the load constant.
Since the power input to 3 phase system is same as that of the single phase
uni grounded system

i.e. the current in the single phase uni grounded system is equal to the 3
times the current of 3 phase system.
Voltage drop in 3 phase system
 23

Voltage drop in single phase

i.e. the voltage drop in single phase , 2 wire unigrounded system is equal to
6 times voltage drop of 3 phase 4 wire system
Single phase , 2 wire system with multi grounded common neutral:
Single phase, 2 wire multi grounded common neutral system as shown in the
figure. In this case the neutral is connected in parallel with ground at various
places through ground electrodes in order to reduce the current in neutral
conductor.

Fig . single phase 2 wire lateral with multiple grounded neutral

Let current in the phase conductor in and return current in the neutral
conductor is The return current in neutral conductor =
Where varies from 0.25 to 0.33 and it is almost independent of
size of the neutral conductor.
The voltage drop and power loss in per unit are

TWO PHASE PLUS NEUTRAL SYSTEM:

Two phase with neutral system in shown in figure. The neutral conductor can
be uni grounded or multi grounded. if the neutral is uni grounded all neutral
current is in neutral conductor itself.
Therefore it can be expressed as
From phase R and Y
The above equation is for balanced loads
 24

Let assume equal load division takes place among the phase.

Since the power input to the 3 phase system is same as two phase with
neutral system.

i.e. the current in the 2 phase with neutral system is equal to 1.5 times the
current of 3 phase system.
The voltage drop analysis can be performed depending upon whether the
neutral is uni grounding or multi grounding.
If the neutral is uni grounded and neutral impedance is equal to zero

If the neutral is multi grounded and neutral impedance is greater than zero.

The power loss analysis also depends upon whether the neutral is uni
grounded or multi grounded
If the neutral is uni grounded

On the other hand , if the neutral is multi grounded