Military Institute of Science & Technology

Electrical Machine Lab

EECE-206

Experiment No: - 01

Experiment Name: - Regulation of the Transformer in Various Loads.

OBJECTIVE

 To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads.

 To study transformer regulation with resistive, inductive and capacitive loading.

DISCUSSION
The load on a large power transformer in a sub-station will vary from a very small value in the
early hours of the morning to a very high value during the heavy peaks of maximum industrial and
commercial activity. The transformer secondary voltage will vary somewhat with the load and,
because motors and incandescent lamps and heating devices are all quite sensitive to voltage changes,
transformer regulation is of considerable importance. The secondary voltage is also dependent upon
whether the power factor of the load is leading, lagging or unity. Therefore, it should be known how
the transformer will behave when it is loaded with a capacitive, an inductive or a resistive load. If a
transformer were perfect (ideal) its windings would have no resistance. Furthermore, it would require
no reactive power (vars) to set up the magnetic field within it. Such a transformer would have perfect
regulation under all load conditions and the secondary voltage would remain absolutely constant. But,
practical transformers do have winding resistance and they do require reactive power to produce their
magnetic fields. The primary and secondary windings possess, therefore, an overall resistance A and
an overall reactance X. The equivalent circuit of a power transformer having a turn ratio of 1 to 1, can
be approximated by the circuit shown in Figure 1. The actual transformer terminals are P1 P2 on the
primary side and S1 S2 on the secondary. In between these terminals we have shown the transformer
as being composed of a perfect (ideal) transformer in series with impedance consisting of R and X,
which represents its imperfections. It is clear that if the primary voltage is held constant, then the
secondary voltage will vary with loading because of R and X. An interesting feature arises with a
capacitive load, because partial resonance is set up between the capacitance and the reactance X so that
the secondary voltage E2 may actually tend to rise as the capacitive load value increases.

S1
P1 R X

T1

GEN E1 E2 Load

P2

Transformer S2

Figure-1

1/1
Equipment Required:

Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set

1. Mobile Work Station 01
2. Single Phase Transformer 01
3. Resistive Load 01
4. Capacitive Load 01
5. Inductive Load 01
6. AC Ammeter 02
7. AC Voltmeter 02
8. Power Supply 01
9. Connection Leads 01

CAUTION!
High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

0 - 0.25 A (ac) Transformer

I1 I2 0 - 0.25 A (ac)
4 A 1 5 A
E1 E2
0-100V (ac)

V V
ZL
0 – 250 V (ac)
0 – 250 V (ac)
N 2 6
Load
PS (1 - Transformer connected)

Figure-2

PROCEDURE:

1. Using your Single-Phase Transformer, Power Supply, Resistive Load, AC Ammeter and AC
Voltmeter, connect the circuit shown in Figure-2.
2. a. Place all of the Resistive Load switches in their open position for zero loads current.
b. Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly -100V ac as indicated by voltmeter E1.
c. Measure and record in Table -1 the input current I1, the output current I2 and the output
voltage E2.
d. Adjust the load resistance ZL to 4800Ω. Make sure that the input voltage remains at exactly
100V ac. Measure and record I1, I2 and E2.
e. Repeat (d) for each of the listed values in Table -1.
f. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

E1 (V ac) ZL (ohms) I1 (mA ac) I2 (mA ac) E2 (V ac)

∞ (No Load)
4800
2400
100V
1600
1200
960
Table-1

1/2
3. a. Calculate the transformer regulation, using the no-load and full-load output voltages
from Table-1.
b. Does the primary winding VA equal the secondary winding VA for every value of load
resistance in the Table? Explain. Yes/ No.

4 a. Repeat procedures using the Inductive Load in place of the resistance load.
b. Record your measurements in Table-2.

E1 (V ac) ZL (ohms) I1 (mA ac) I2 (mA ac) E2 (V ac)

∞ (No Load)
4800
2400
100V
1600
1200
960

Table-2

5 a. Repeat procedures 2 using the capacitive load in place of the Inductive Load.
b. Record your measurements in Table-3.

E1 (V ac) ZL (ohms) I1 (mA, ac) I2 (mA, ac) E2 (V ac)

∞ (No Load)
4800
2400
100V
1600
1200
960

Table-3

6. You will now construct an output voltage E2 vs. output current I2 regulation curve for each type
of transformer load.
a. Plot your recorded values of E2 (at each value of I2 listed in Table-1) on the graph paper.
b. Draw a smooth curve through your plotted points. Label this curve“resistive load”.
c. Repeat (a) for the inductive (Table-2) and capacitive (Table-3) loads. Label these curves
“inductive load” and “capacitive load”.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Explain why the output voltage increases when capacitance loading is used.

2. A transformer has very low impedance (small R and X):

a) What effect does this have on the regulation?
b) What effect does this have on short-circuit current?

3. Very large transformers are sometimes designed not to have optimum regulation properties in
order for the associated circuit breakers to be within reasonable size. Explain.

4. Will transformer heating be approximately the same for resistive, inductive or capacitive loads
of the same VA rating? Explain. Yes /No.

5. Why regulation of Transformer is negative value for Capacitive Load? Explain.

1/3
 Military Institute of Science & Technology
Electrical Machine Lab
EECE-206

Experiment No: - 02

Experiment Name: Study the properties of DC Self and Separately Excited Shunt Generator.

a. DC Self-Excited Shunt Generator:

OBJECTIVE

 To study the properties of the self-excited DC shunt generator under no-load and full-load
conditions.
 To learn how to connect the self-excited generator.
 To obtain the armature voltage vs armature current load curve of the generator.

DISCUSSION

The separately-excited generator has many applications. However, it does have the
disadvantage that a separate direct current power source is needed to excite the shunt field. This is
costly and sometimes inconvenient; and the self- excited DC generator is often more suitable. In a self-
excited generator, the field winding is connected to the generator output. It may be connected across
the output, in series with the output, or a combination of the two. The way in which the field is
connected (shunt, series or compound) determines many of the generator’s characteristics. All of the
above generators can have identical construction. Self-excitation is possible because of the residual
magnetism in the stator pole pieces. As the armature rotates a small voltage is induced across its
windings. When the field winding is connected in parallel (shunt) with the armature a small field
current will flow. If this small field current is flowing in the proper direction, the residual magnetism
will be reinforced which further increases the armature voltage and thus, a rapid voltage build-up
occurs. If the field current flows in the wrong direction, the residual magnetism will be reduced and
voltage build-up cannot occur. In this case, interchanging the shunt field leads will correct the
situation. It is the purpose of this Experiment to show these major points.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set
1. Mobile Work Station 01
2. Power Supply 01
3. Connection Leads 01
4. DC Ammeter 01
5. DC Voltmeter 01
6. DC Generator 01
7. 3 phase Synchronous Motor 01
8. Resistive Load 01
9. Timing Belt 01

CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

3/1
PORCEIDURE:

1. Because of its constant running speed, the synchronous motor will be used to mechanically
drive the DC generator. Using your Power Supply and Three-Phase Synchronous Motor,
connect the circuit shown in Figure-

Synchronous Motor/Generator

R - 500

S
1 4
1
Exciter
415V (ac)

2 2 5

3
3 6 7 8
240V (dc)

8
(Synchronous Motor ‘Y’ Connected )
N

PS

IA 0 - 1.5 A (dc)
A
0 – 400 V (dc)
DC Motor/Generator
V
RL
Armature
EA
1 2
Loads
Series Figure-1
3 Field 4
R-1000
Shunt
5 Field 6 7 8
Field Rheostat

(Connected DC Self-Excited shunt Generator)

Figure-1

DO NOT APPLY POWER AT THIS TIME!

2. Terminals 1, 2, and 3 on the power supply provide fixed three-phase power for the three stator
windings. (Three-phase power will be covered in later Experiments). Terminals 8 and N on the

3/2
 power supply provide fixed DC power for the rotor winding of 3 phases Synchronous Motor.
Set the rheostat control knob to its proper position for normal excitation.

3. a. Using your DC Generator, DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and Resistive Load, connect the circuit
shown in Figure-2.
b. Couple the synchronous motor and the DC generator with the timing belt.
c. Turn the DC generator field rheostat control knob full cw for minimum resistance.
d. Make sure the brushes are in their neutral position.
e. Place the resistance switches for no-load (all switches open).

CAUTION!

The switch in the excitation circuit of the synchronous motor should be closed (I) only when the
motor is running.

4. a. Turn on the power supply. The synchronous motor should start running.
b. Close the switch S.
c. Not if voltage EA builds up. Yes/No
d. If not, turn off the power supply and interchange the shunt field leads at terminals 5 and
6.
e. Measure the open circuit armature voltage. EA=____ Vdc
5. Vary the field rheostat and notice if the armature voltage EA changes.
Explain. Yes/No
6. a. Place the resistance switches so that the total load resistance is ∞ (Infinity), vary the
field rheostat until the generator is delivering an output voltage of 220V dc.
b. This is the correct setting of the field rheostat control for the rated power output of the
DC generator.

Do not touch the field rheostat control for the remainder of the Experiment!

7. a. Adjust the load resistance to obtain each of the values listed in Table-1.
b. Measure and record EA and IA for each of the resistance values listed in the Table.

RL(ohms) IA(amps) EA(volts) Power(watts)

∞ (No Load)
2400
1600
1200
960
800

Table -1

Note: Although the nominal output current rating of the generator is 0.5 A dc, it may be loaded up
to 0.75 A dc (50% overload) without harm.
c. Turn off the power supply.
d. Calculate and record the power for each of the resistance shown in Table-1.
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. If a self-excited generator has lost all of its residual magnetism, can it build up an output
voltage? Yes/No
2. How would you get a generator to work after it had lost all of its residual magnetism?
3. Does a generator slowly lose its residual magnetism with time? Yes/No
4. Plot the EA vs IA regulation curve on the graph Paper.
5. Calculate the regulation from no-load to full-load. Regulation =_________ %

3/3
 b. DC Separately Excited Shunt Generator:

OBJECTIVE

 To study the properties of the separately excited DC shunt generator under no- load and full-
load conditions.
 To obtain the saturation curve of the generator.
 To obtain the armature voltage vs armature current load curve of the generator.

DISCUSSION

A DC machine can run either as a motor or as a generator. A motor converts electrical power
into mechanical power while a generator converts mechanical power into electrical power. A generator
must, therefore, be mechanically driven in order that it may produce electricity.

Since the field winding is an electromagnet, current must flow through it to produce a magnetic
field. This current is called the excitation current, and can be supplied to the field winding in one of
two ways; it can come from a separate, external DC source, in which case the generator is called a
separately excited generator; or it can come from the generator’s own output, in which case the
generator is called a self-excited generator.

Assume that the shunt field is excited by a DC current, thereby setting up a magnetic flux in the
generator. If the rotor (or more correctly, the armature) is rotated by applying mechanical effort to the
shaft, the armature coils will cut the magnetic flux, and a voltage will be induced in them. This voltage
is AC and in order to get DC out of the generator, a rectifier must be employed. This role is carried out
by the commutator and the brushes.

The voltage induced in the coils (and, therefore, the DC voltage at the brushes) depends only
upon two things - the speed of rotation and the strength of the magnetic field. If the speed is doubled,
the voltage doubles. If the field strength is increased by 20%, the voltage also increases by 20%.

Although separate excitation requires a separate DC power source, it is useful in cases where a
generator must respond quickly and precisely to an external control source, or when the output voltage
must be varied over a wide range.

With no electrical load connected to the generator, no current flows and only a voltage appears
at the output. However, if a resistance load is connected across the output, current will flow and the
generator will begin to deliver electric power to the load.

The machine which drives the generator must then furnish additional mechanical power to the
generator. This is often accompanied by increased noise and vibration of the motor and the generator,
together with a drop in speed.

CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

3/4
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set

10. Mobile Work Station 01
11. Power Supply 01
12. Connection Leads 01
13. DC Ammeter 02
14. DC Voltmeter 01
15. DC Generator 01
16. 3 phase Synchronous Motor 01
17. Resistive Load 01
18. Timing Belt 01

PROCEDURE
(I) No Load Characteristics:

1. Because of its constant running speed, the synchronous motor will be used to m echanically
drive the DC generator. Using your Power Supply, AC Ammeter and Three-Phase Synchronous
Motor/Generator, connect the circuit shown in Figure-1

Synchronous Motor/Generator

R - 500

S
1 4

1
Exciter
415V (ac)

2 2 5

3
3 6 7 8
240V (dc)

8
(Synchronous Motor ‘Y’ Connected )
N

PS 0 - 1.5 A (dc)
A
IA
0 – 400 V (dc)

DC Motor/Generator
V
RL
Armature
EA
1 2
Load
Series
3 Field 4
0-300mA(dc)
Shunt R-1000
0-240V(dc)

IF
7 A 5 Field 6 7 8
Field Rheostat
N
( Separately Excited DC shunt Generator Connected)

PS Figure-1

3/5
2. Terminals 1, 2 and 3 on the power supply provide fixed three-phase power for the three stator
windings. (Three-phase power will be covered in later Experiments). Terminals 8 and N on the
power supply provide fixed DC power for the rotor winding. Set the rheostat control knob to its
proper position for normal excitation.
3. a. Using your DC Motor/Generator and DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, connect the circuit
shown in Figure-2.
b. Connect the shunt field of the generator, terminals 5 and 6, to the variable DC output of
the power supply, terminals 7 and N, while connecting the 300 mA meter in series with
the positive lead.
c. Connect the 400 V dc meter across the generator output (armature voltage) (terminals 1
and 2).
d. Couple the synchronous motor and the DC generator with the timing belt.

d. Using your Resistive Load, connect the circuit shown in Figure-1. Place the resistance
switches so that the total load resistance is ∞ (Infinity/ all switches open).

f. Make sure the brushes are in their neutral position.

g. Have your instructor check your circuit.

CAUTION!

The switch in the excitation circuit of the synchronous motor should be closed (1)
only when the motor is running.

4. a. Turn on the power supply. The synchronous motor should start running.

b. Close the switch (S) Synchronous motor.

c. Vary the shunt field current IF by rotating the voltage control knob on the power supply.
Note the effect on the generator output E A (armature voltage) as indicated by the 400 V
dc meter.
d. Measure and record in Table -1 the armature voltage EA for each of the listed field
currents.
IF (mA) EA(Volt)
0
50
100
150
200
Table-1

(II) Load Characteristics:

5. Adjust the shunt field current IF until the generator is delivering an output voltage
of 220 V dc.
6. a. Adjust the load resistance to obtain each of the values listed in Table -2
While maintaining the nominal IF value.
b. Measure and record EA and IA for each of the resistance values listed in the Table.

Note: Although the nominal output current rating of the generator is 0.5 A dc, it may be loaded up
to 0.75 A dc (50% overload) without harm.

RL(ohms) IA(amps) EA(volts) Power(watts)

∞(No Load)
2400
1600
1200
960
800
Table -2

3/6
7. a. With the load resistance adjusted for an output current IA of 0.75 A, turn the field
current IF on and off by removing the connecting lead from terminal 6 to the DC
generator.
b. Do you notice that the driving motor is obviously working harder when the generator is
delivering power to the load? Yes/No
c. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

8. Calculate and record the power for each of the values listed in Table-2.
Can you explain why there is an armature voltage even when the field current is zero?

REVIEWQUESTIONS

1. State two ways by which the output polarity of a shunt DC generator can be changed.
2. Plot the EA vs. IF characteristic curve for your DC shunt generator on the graph Paper.
Use the data from Table-1. Note that the curve “bends over” as the field current
increases. Can you explain why this happens?
3. Plot the EA vs. IA regulation curve on the graph paper. Use the data from Table-2.
4. Calculate the regulation from no-load to full-load (0.5Adc).
Regulation =_______%

3/7
 Military Institute of Science & Technology
Electrical Machine Lab
EECE-206

Experiment No: 03
Experiment Name: Study the properties of DC Shunt and Series Motor.

a. DC Shunt Motor:

OBJECTIVE

 To study the torque vs. speed characteristics of a DC shunt motor.

 To calculate the efficiency of the DC shunt motor.

DISCUSSION

The speed of any DC motor depends mainly upon its armature voltage and the strength of the
magnetic field. In a shunt motor, the field winding, as well as the armature winding, is connected in
parallel (shunt) directly to the DC supply lines. If the DC line voltage is constant, then the armature
voltage and the field strength will be constant. It is, therefore, apparent that the shunt motor should run at
a reasonably constant speed.
The speed does tend to drop with an increasing load on the motor. This drop in speed is mainly
due to the resistance of the armature winding. Shunt motors with low armature winding resistance run at
nearly constant speeds.
Just like most energy conversion devices, the DC shunt motor is not 100% efficient. In other
words, all of the electric power which’s supplied to the motor is not converted into mechanical power.
The power difference between the input and output is dissipated in the form of heat, and constitutes what
are known as the “losses” of the machine. These losses increase with load, with the result that the motor
gets hot as it delivers mechanical power.
In this Experiment you will investigate the efficiency of a DC shunt motor.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set

1. Mobile Work Station 01
2. Power Supply 01
3. Connection Leads 01
4. DC Ammeter 01
5. DC Voltmeter 01
6. DC shunt motor 01
7. Dynamometer 01
8. Tachometer 01
9. Timing Belt 01

CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on! The
power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

4/1
PROCEDURE:

1. Using your Power Supply, DC Motor, DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and Electrodynamometer,

connect the circuit shown in Figure-1.

0 - 1.5 A (dc) IA
7 A
0 – 400 V (dc)
0 - 240V (dc)

DC Motor/Generator Electro-
V
Dynamometer
Armature

N 1 2

Series
PS Field
3 4

Shunt R-1000

5 Field 6 7 8
Field Rheostat

( DC Shunt Motor Connected)

240V (ac)

PS
Figure-1

CAUTION! DO NOT APPLY POWER AT THIS TIME!

Notice: that the motor is wired for shunt field operation and is connected to the variable DC
output of the power supply (terminals 7 and N). The electrodynamometer is connected to
the fixed 220 V ac output of the power supply (terminals 1 and N). Couple the
dynamometer to the DC Motor with the timing belt.
2. set the shunt field rheostat control knob at its full cw position (for maximum shunt field
excitation). Make sure the brushes are in their neutral position.
3. Set the dynamometer control knob at its full ccw position(to provide a minimum starting
load for the DC Motor).
4. Turn on the power supply. Adjust the variable output voltage to 220 Vdc as indicated by
the meter. Note the direction of rotation; if it is not clockwise, turn off the power supply
and interchange the shunt field connections.

5. a. Adjust the shunt field rheostat for a no-load motor speed of 1500 r/min as indicated
on your tachometer. (Make sure that the voltmeter, connected across the input of your
circuit, indicates exactly 220 V dc).

4/2
 Note: Do not change the field rheostat adjustment for the remainder of the experiment.

b. Measure the line current, as indicated by the ammeter, for a motor speed of 1500
r/min. Record this value in Table-1.

E (volts) TORQUE (N.m) I (amps) SPEED (r/min)

0
0.2
220 0.4
0.6
0.8
Table-1

Note: For an exact torque of 0 Nm uncouple the motor from the dynamometer.
6. a. Apply a load to your DC motor by varying the dynamometer control knob until the
scale marked on the stator housing indicates 0.2 Nm
(Readjust the power supply, if necessary, to maintain exactly 220Vdc).
b. Measure the line current and motor speed. Record these values in Table-1.
c. Repeat for each of the torque values listed in the Table, while maintaining a
constant 220 V dc input.
d. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
7. a. Plot the recorded motor speed values from Table-1 on the graph paper.
b. Draw a smooth curve through your plotted points.
c. The completed graph represents the speed vs torque characteristics of a typical DC
shunt-wound motor.
(no load speed) - (full load speed)
8. Calculate the speed vs. torque regulation =  100%
full load speed
Speed regulation = ______%
9. Set the dynamometer control knob at its full cw position (to provide the maximum starting
load for the shunt-wound motor).
10. a. Turn on the power supply and gradually increase the DC voltage until the motor is
drawing 1.5A of line current. The motor should turn very slowly or not at all.
b. Measure and record the DC voltage and the torque developed.
Torque = __________Nm
c. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Calculate the mechanical output power by the shunt-wound DC motor when the torque is 0.8
2xNxT
N.m. Pout (W) =
60
2. What is the input power (in watts) of the motor in Question1? Input power = ____W
3. Knowing the input and output power in watts, calculate the efficiency of the motor in Question
1. Efficiency = (power out/power in) x 100% Efficiency =______%
4. What are the losses (in watts of the motor in Question 1)? Losses = ______ W
5. List where some of these losses occur.
6. Give two reasons why losses are undesirable.
7. How much larger is the starting current than the normal full load current?

4/3
 b. DC Series Motor:

OBJECTIVE

 To study the torque vs speed characteristics of a Series wound DC motor.

 To calculate the efficiency of the Series wound DC motor.

DISCUSSION

The shunt wound DC motor was seen to have almost constant speed because its armature voltage
and magnetic field remained substantially unchanged from no-load to full-load. The series motor behaves
quite differently.

In this motor, the magnetic field is produced by the current which flows through the armature
winding, with the result that the magnetic field is weak when the motor load is light (the armature
winding draws minimum current).The magnetic field is strong when the load is heavy (the armature
winding draws maximum current). The armature voltage is nearly equal to the supply line voltage (just as
in the shunt wound motor if we neglect the small drop in the series field).Consequently, the speed of the
series wound motor is entirely determined by the load current. The speed is low at heavy loads, and very
high at no load. In fact, many series motors will, if operated at no load, run so fast that they destroy
themselves. The high forces, associated with high speeds, cause the rotor to fly apart, often with
disastrous results to people and property nearby.

The torque of any DC motor depends upon the product of the armature current and the magnetic
field. For the series wound motor this relationship implies that the torque will be very large for high
armature currents, such as occur during start-up. The series wound motor is, therefore, will adapted to
start large heavy-inertia loads, and is particularly useful as a drive motor in electric buses, trains and
heavy duty traction application.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set

10. Mobile Work Station 01
11. Power Supply 01
12. Connection Leads 01
13. DC Ammeter 01
14. DC Voltmeter 01
15. DC shunt motor 01
16. Electro-Dynamometer 01
17. Tachometer 01
18. Timing Belt 01

CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on! The
power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

4/4
PROCEDURE:

2. Using your Power Supply, DC Motor/Generator, DC Voltmeter, DC Ammeter and Electro-

dynamometer, connect the circuit shown in Figure-1.

DC Motor/Generator
0 - 1.5 A (dc) Armature
Electro-
IA Dynamometer
7 A 1 2
0 - 240V (dc)

V Series
3 Field 4
0 – 400 V (dc) \
N
Shunt R-1000

5 Field 6 7 8
Field Rheostat
( DC series Motor Connected)
240V (ac)

PS
Figure-1

CAUTION! DO NOT APPLY POWER AT THIS TIME!

Couple the Electro-dynamometer to the DC Motor with the timing belt.

Notice: that the motor is wired for Series operation (the field winding and the rheostat are
not used) and is connected to the variable DC output of the power supply (terminals 7 and
N). The electrodynamometer is connected to the fixed 240 V ac output of the power supply
(terminals 1 and N). Make sure the brushes are in their neutral position.
2. Set the dynamometer control knob at its mid-range (approx) position (to provide a starting
load for the DC Motor).
3. a. Turn on the power supply. Gradually increase the DC voltage until the motor start
to turn. Note the direction of rotation; if it is not clockwise, turn off the power supply and
interchange the series field connection
b. Adjust the variable output voltage to 220 V dc as indicated by the meter.

4. a. Adjust the loading of your DC series wound motor by varying the dynamometer
control knob until the scale marked on the stator housing 0.6 N-m. (Readjust the power
supply, if necessary, to maintain exactly 220V dc)

b. Measure the line current and motor speed (use your hand tachometer) Record these
values in Table-1.
c. Repeat for each of the torque values listed in the Table, while maintaining a
constant 220 V dc input.

d. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

E (volts) TORQUE (N.m) I (amps) SPEED (r/min)

0.3
0.4
220
0.5
0.6

Table-1

4/5
 Note: For an exact torque of 0.0 N-m uncouple the motor from the dynamometer.

5. a. Plot the recorded motor speed values from Table-1 on the graph paper.
b. Draw a smooth curve through your plotted points.
c. The completed graph represents the speed vs torque characteristics of a typical DC
series -wound motor.
6. Calculate the speed vs. torque regulation (full load=0.6 N-m using equation)

(no load speed) - (full load speed)

Speed Regulation =  100%
full load speed

7. Set the dynamometer control knob at its full cw position (to provide the maximum starting
load for the series-wound motor).
8. a. Turn on the power supply and gradually increase the DC voltage until the motor is
drawing 1.5A of line current. The motor should turn very slowly.
b. Measure and record the DC voltage and the torque developed.
E=…………………V, Torque = __________Nm
c. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
9. a. The line current in procedure 8 is limited by the equivalent DC resistance of the series
wound motor.
b. Calculate the value of the starting current if the full line voltage (220 V dc) were to the
series wound DC motor.
Starting current = ……...A

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

8. Calculate the mechanical output power by the series-wound DC motor when the torque is 0.8
2xNxT
N.m. Pout (W) =
60
Where, Pout=Mechanical output power in watts (W), N= Speed in revolution per minute
(r/min), T= torque in Newton-meter (N.m)

Pout =……………W

9. What is the input power (in watts) of the motor in Question1? Input power = …………..W
10. Knowing the input and output power in watts,
Calculate the efficiency of the motor in Question 1 …………………………………….
Efficiency = ……….. %
11. What are the losses (in watts) of the motor in Question 1? Losses = …………………W
12. How much larger is the starting current than the normal full load current?
13. Compare the shunt wound DC motor and the series wound DC motor on the basis of:

a) Starting torque……………………………………………….

b) Starting current……………………………………………....

c) Efficiency………………………………………………………

d) Speed regulation…………………………………………..

4/6
 Military Institute of Science & Technology
Electrical Machine Lab
EECE-206

Experiment No: - 04

Experiment Name: Study the properties of Three-Phase Alternator in various loads.

OBJECTIVE

 To determine the voltage regulation characteristics of the alternator with resistive, capacitive
and inductive loading.
 To observe the effect of unbalanced loads on the output voltage.

DISCUSSION

The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air- gap. At no-load,
this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation.

Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-
turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magneto motive force) of the rotor
depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor, and lagging power
factors oppose it.

Because the stator MMF has such an important effect upon the magnetic flux, the voltage regulation
of alternators is quite poor, and the DC field current must continuously be adjusted to keep the Voltage
constant under variable load conditions.

It one phase of a three-phase alternator is heavily loaded, its voltage will decrease due to the IR and
IXL drops in the stator winding. This voltage drop cannot be compensated by modifying the DC field
current because the voltages of the other two phases will also be changed. Therefore, it is essential that
three-phase alternators do not have loads that are badly unbalanced.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set

1. Mobile Work Station 01
2. Power Supply 01
3. Connection Leads 01
4. AC Ammeter and DC Ammeter 02
5. AC Voltmeter 01
6. DC Motor 01
7. 3 phase Synchronous Generator 01
8. Resistive Load 01
9. Inductive Load 01
10. Capacitive Load 01
11. Techo Meter 01
12. Timing Belt 01

5/1
CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

PROCEDURE:

1. Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Generator, DC Motor, Resistive Load, Power Supply, AC
Ammeter, AC Voltmeter connect the circuit shown in Figure-1. Note that the balanced resistive
load is Y-connected to the three-phase output of the alternator. The alternator rotor is connected
to the variable 0-220Vdc output of the power supply, terminals 7 and N. The DC shunt motor
winding is connected to the fixed 220 V dc output of the power supply, terminals 8 and N.

2. a. Couple the DC motor to the alternator with the timing belt.

b. Set the DC motor field rheostat at its full cw position (for minimum resistance).
c. Set the alternator field rheostat at its full ccw position (for maximum resistance).
d. Adjust each resistance section for a resistance of 1200Ω.

DC Motor/Generator
8
240V(dc)

Armature

N 1 2

PS Series
3 Field 4
R-1000
Shunt

5 Field 6 7 8
Field Rheostat

(DC Shunt Motor Connected)

ZL Synchronous Motor/Generator

R-500
0 - 1.5A (ac)
S
A 1 4
I1(ac)
Loads
0-500V (ac) V Exciter
2 5

E1
3 6 7 8
0- 240V (dc)

I2 (dc) 0 - 1.5A (dc) (3 - Alternator ‘Y’ Connected)

7 A
N

PS
Figure-1

3. a. Turn on the power supply and, using your hand tachometer, adjust the DC motor
rheostat for a motor speed of 1500 r/min.

5/2
 Note: This speed must be kept constant for the remainder of this Experiment!

b. Close the switch S.

c. Gradually increase the DC excitation from zero 0 to 0.25 amps dc.
d. Measure and record in Table 1

I2 (dc) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

E1 (ac)
Table 1

3. a. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator until the output voltage

E1 = 415 V ac. Measure and record the full load I1= ___ A ac & I2= ___A dc
b. Open the three resistance load switches for no load on the alternator and measure and
record the no load E1 and I2. Remember to check the motor speed and readjust to 1500
r/min if required. E1= _____ V ac, I2= ___A dc
c. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
d. Calculate the alternator regulation with resistive loading.

ZL(Ohms) E1 I1(ac) I2(dc) RPM freq.(Hz)

∞ (No Load)
Full Load(1200 Ω)
Table 2

VNL  VFL
Regulation =  100%
VFL

4. a. Using your Inductance Module, replace the resistive load with an inductive load.
b. Adjust each inductance section for a reactance XL of 1200Ω.
c. Repeat procedure 3 and record the full load values of I1and I2.

Il = _____ A ac, I2= _____ A dc

d. Measure and record the no load values of E 1 and I2.

E1=_____ V ac, I2 =_____ A dc

e. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
f. Calculate the alternator regulation with inductive loading.

ZL(Ohms) E1 I1(ac) I2(dc) RPM freq.(Hz)

∞ (No Load)
Full Load(1200 Ω)

Table 3

VNL  VFL
Regulation =  100%
VFL

5. a. Using your Capacitance Module, replace the inductive load Module.

b. Adjust each capacitance section for a reactance X of 1200Ω.

c. Repeat procedure 3 and record the full-load value of I1and I2.

I1= _____ A ac, I2= _____ A dc

5/3
 d. Measure and record the no load values of E1 and I2.

E1_____ V ac, I2= _____ A dc

e. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
f. Calculate the alternator regulation with capacitive loading.

ZL(Ohms) E1 I1(ac) I2(dc) RPM freq.(Hz)

∞ (No Load)
Full Load(1200 Ω)

Table 4

VNL  VFL
Regulation =  100%
VFL

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Explain which Regulation are better in three loads?

2. Explain why the alternator output voltage increases with capacitance loading.
3. Explain why the alternator output voltage decreases with inductive loading.
4. Could it be dangerous to connect an alternator to a long transmission line, if the line looks
like a capacitor? Explain. Yes/No
5. The rotor of an alternator, at rated power, dissipates more heat at a low power factor
(lagging) load than a high power factor load. Explain. Yes/No
6. If an industrial customer of an electrical power company connects a large single-phase load
to a three phase power line, then every other user on that power line will have unbalanced
three-phase power, even if there loads are balanced. Explain why.

5/4
 Military Institute of Science & Technology
Electrical Machine Lab
EECE-206

Experiment No: - 05

Experiment Name: Three-Phase Alternator synchronizing process in power utility system.

a. Alternator synchronizing process:

OBJECTIVE
 To learn how to synchronize an alternator to the electric power utility system.
 To observe the effects of improper phase conditions upon the synchronizing process.
DISCUSSION

The frequency of a large electric power utility system is established by the speed of rotation of
many powerful alternators all connected by various tie-lines into the total network. The collective
inertia and power of these generators is so great that there is no single load or disturbance which would
be large enough to change their speed of rotation. The frequency of an electric system is, therefore,
remarkably stable. An alternator can only deliver power to an existing electric power system if it
operates at the same frequency as the system. A system whose frequency is 50 Hz cannot receive
power from an alternator operating at 50.001 Hz. They must both operate at exactly the same
frequency. This is not as difficult to realize as may first appear, because automatic forces come into
play when an alternator is connected into an existing system to keep its frequency constant.

Synchronization of an alternator with a large utility system, or infinite buss as it is called is

analogous to meshing a small gear to another of enormous size and power. If the teeth of both gears are
properly synchronized at the moment of contact, then the meshing will be smooth. But should tooth
meet tooth at the critical instant, shock will result with possible damage to the smaller gear. Smooth
synchronization of an alternator means first that its frequency must be equal to that of the supply. In
addition, the phase sequence (or rotation) must be the same. Returning to our example of the gears, we
would not think of trying to mesh two gears going in opposite directions, even if their speeds were
identical. The next thing to watch for when we push gears together is to see that the tooth of one meets
the slot of the other. In electrical terms the voltage of the alternator must be in phase with the voltage
of the supply. Finally, when meshing gears we always choose a tooth depth which is compatible with
the master gear. Electrically, the voltage amplitude of the alternator should be equal to the supply
voltage amplitude. With these conditions met, the alternator is perfectly synchronized with the network
and the switch between the two can be closed.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set

1. Mobile Work Station 01
2. Power Supply 01
3. Connection Leads 01
4. AC Ammeter 01
5. AC Voltmeter 02
6. DC Motor 01
7. 3 phase Synchronous Generator 01
8. Synchronizing Module 01
9. Techo Meter 01
10. Timing Belt 01

CAUTION!

6/1
High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

PROCEDURE

1. Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Generator, DC Motor, Synchronizing Module, Power

Supply, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter, connect the circuit shown in Figure-1. Note that
the output of the alternator is connected through the synchronizing switch to the fixed 415V
3-ф output of the power supply, terminals 1, 2 and 3. The rotor of the alternator is
connected to the variable 0-220Vdc output of the power supply, terminals 7 and N. The DC
shunt motor is connected to the fixed 220Vdc output of the power supply, terminals 8 and
N.

DC Motor/Generator
8
240V(dc)

Armature

N 1 2

PS Series
3 Field 4
R-1000
Shunt

5 Field 6 7 8
Field Rheostat

(DC Shunt Motor Connected)

0 - 500V (ac)

1
E2 V2
415V (ac)

Synchronous Motor/ Generator

2

3
R - 500
PS S
I1(ac)
A 1 4
Synchronizing

1 2 3
Module

0 - 1.5A (ac) Exciter

2 5
6 E1
4 5 V1
0 - 500V (ac)
3 6 7 8

(3 - Alternator ‘Y’
0-240V (dc)

Connected)
I2(dc)
7 A
0 - 1.5A (dc)
N

PS
Figure-1

2. a. Couple the DC Motor to the alternator with the timing belt.

b. Set the DC motor field rheostat at its full cw position (for minimum resistance).
c. Place the synchronizing switch in its open position.

3. a. Turn on the power supply and, using your tachometer, adjust the power supply
output for a motor speed of approximately 1500 r/min.
b. Measure the power company (PDB) supply voltage E2= ____ V ac
c. Close the switch S.

6/2
 d. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator until the alternator output voltage E 1 is equal
to the power company (PDB) voltage E2.

Note: These two voltages must be kept equal for the remainder of this Experiment.

e. The three synchronizing lights should be flickering on and off.

4. a. Carefully adjust the DC motor speed until the beat frequency becomes
quite low.
b. Do all three lights become bright and then dark, at the same time? Yes/No
c. If they do not all become dark and then bright simultaneously, the phase sequence is
wrong. Turn off the power supply and interchange any two of the leads coming from the
stator.
d. Carefully adjust the motor speed until all three lights slowly darken and then slowly
brighten. Your alternator frequency is very nearly equal to
that of the power company.
e. When all of the lights are completely dark, the alternator and supply voltages are in
phase.
f. When all of the lights are fully bright, the alternator and supply voltages are 180° out of
phase. (This is the “tooth-to-tooth” condition,
and the synchronizing switch should never be closed under these conditions).
g. Check to see that the two voltages E1 and E2 are equal. It not, readjusts the DC
excitation to the alternator.

5. a. Close the synchronizing switch when all three lights are dark and note the behavior of I1
at the moment of closure.
b. Close the synchronizing switch when all three lights are dim and note the behavior of I1
at the moment of closure.
c. Close the synchronizing switch when all three lights are partially bright and note the
behavior of l at the moment of closure.

6. a. With the synchronizing switch open, adjust the DC excitation to the

alternator until the output voltage E1 = 415 V ac.
b. Adjust the motor speed until all three lamps are synchronized.
c. Close the synchronizing switch when all three lights are dimmest and note the effect
upon l at the moment of closure and after closure.
I1at closure = _______.Amp, I1 after closure = ______Amp
d. Open the synchronizing switch.
e. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What conditions must be met to synchronize an alternator to an existing three phase

power line?
2. An alternator could be severely damaged mechanically in attempting to synchronize it
with the power line. Under what two conditions could this happen?
3. An alternator generating a different value of voltage also may not be exactly in phase
with the power line, but one condition must be met in order for it to deliver power.
What is that condition?

6/3
 b. The effect of dc excitation and prime mover torque on the Alternator:

OBJECTIVE

 To observe the effect of DC excitation upon the power delivered by an alternator.

 To observe the effects of power delivered by an alternator upon the torque of the prime mover.
DISCUSSION

Apart from portable or mobile engine drive AC alternators in remote areas or for emergency
use, most AC generators feed into large electrical distribution networks where the frequency and
voltage have been established by the others generators operating in the system. Alternators are then
said to feed into an “infinite buss”, meaning literally, a large electrical distribution system of
tremendous power. The existing frequency and voltage of this infinite buss cannot be altered be the
addition of any incoming alternator.

The incoming alternator will have a constant flux in its air-gap because of the fixed-frequency
and voltage of the “infinite buss” it is connected to. The flux is normally produced by the DC rotor
current and/or the AC currents in the stator. Should the DC current be less then that needed to produce
the required flux, then the stator must supply the difference by drawing lagging reactive power from
the infinite buss.

Conversely, if the DC rotor current is larger than required, the stator will draw leading reactive
power from the infinite buss, and the alternator looks like a capacitor.

Changing the DC excitation of the alternator that is “tied” into an infinite buss can only cause it
to exchange more or less reactive power with the infinite buss.

An alternator can only deliver active power (watts) to an infinite buss by forcing its rotor to
move ahead of its normal no-load position. Mechanical torque must be exercised to attain and keep this
advanced rotor position. The torque multiplied by the speed is measure of the mechanical power witch
the alternator receives and, therefore, the electric power it delivers. It is clear then, that the prime
mover must apply torque to the rotor. The more torque applied the greater will be the active power
delivered by the alternator until it reaches the limit of its capacity.

An alternator can smoothly glide into synchronous motor operation when the prime mover
ceases to deliver driving torque to it. In fact, an alternator (operation as a synchronous motor off the
buss) may deliver mechanical power to its prime mover. An alternator, driving by a water turbine, can,
in steeples fashion, become a synchronous motor. Driving the water turbine as a water pump.

CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

PROCEDURE

2. Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator,

Synchronizing Module, Power Supply, AC Ammeter, DC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter, 3
phase watt meter connect the circuit shown in Figure-1. Note that the output of the
alternator output is connected through the wattmeter and synchronizing switch to the fixed
415V 3-ф output of the power supply, terminals 1, 2 and 3. The rotor of the alternator is
connected to the variable 0-240Vdc output of the power supply, terminals 7 and N. The DC
shunt motor is connected to the fixed 240Vdc output of the power supply, terminals 8 and
N.

6/4
 DC Motor/Generator
240V(dc)

8
Armature

N 1 2

PS Series
3 Field 4
Shunt R-1000

5 Field 6 7 8
Field
Rheostat
( DC Shunt Motor Connected)
1
415V (ac)

3
E2
PS V2
Synchronizing
Watt meter
1 2 3
Module

W1 W2

1 2 3 4 5 6 Synchronous Motor/ Generator

4 5 6

R - 500
S
I1(ac)
A 1 4
E1
0 - 1.5A (ac) Exciter
0 - 500V (ac) V1
2 5

3 6 7 8
25 V ac
0-240V (dc)

0 - 1.5A (dc) (3 - Alternator Connected)

I2(dc)
7 A
N

PS Figure-1

2. a. Couple the DC Motor to the alternator with the timing belt.

b. Set the DC motor field rheostat at its full cw position (for minimum resistance).
c. Place the synchronizing switch in its open position.

3. a. Turn on the power supply and, using your tachometer, adjust the power supply
output for a motor speed of approximately 1500 r/min.
b. Close the switch S and adjust the DC excitation of the alternator until the alternator
output voltage E1 = 415V ac.
c. Synchronizing the alternator with the power line and close the synchronizing switch.
d. Carefully adjust the DC excitation of the alternator as well as the speed of the motor
until both wattcmeters indicate zero watts. Measure

E1 = ………V ac, I1 = ………A ac, I2 = ………A dc

6/5
 The alternator is now “floating” on the power line. It is neither receiving power from
the line nor delivering power to the line.

The effect of excitation and prime mover torque of a Alternator

Position of W1 W2 E1 E2 I1(ac) I2(dc) VA Watt Remark

Alternator (var)
Floating
Position
Increase dc
excitation
Max
Decrease dc
I1 =0.12
excitation
A(ac)
Increase dc motor
/Prime mover torque
Decrease dc motor/
Prime mover torque
Table: 5.1

4. a. Slowly increase only the DC excitation of the alternator until,

I1 = 0.17A ac (rated current). Measure W1, W2, E1 & I2

W1 = ………W, W2 = ……… W,

E1 = ………V ac, I2 = ………A dc

b. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
c. Calculate the apparent and active power delivered by the alternator.
Apparent power(S) …………..................=………VA
Active power(S) …………......................=………W
d. Did an increase in DC excitation affect mainly the active or reactive power delivered by
the alternator?
5. Repeat procedure 3 until both wattmeter indicate 0 W

6. a. Slowly decrease only the DC excitation of the alternator until,

I1 = 0.17A ac (rated current). Measure W1, W2, E1& I2

W1 = ………W, W2 = ……… W,

E1 = ………V ac, I2 = ………A dc

b. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
c. Calculate the apparent and active power delivered by the alternator.
Apparent power(S) …………..................=………VA
Active power(S) …………......................=………W
d. Did a decrease in DC excitation affect mainly the active or reactive power delivered by
the alternator? Yes / No.
e. Was the nature (positive, negative) of the reactive power the same in procedure 4 and 6
? Explain……………………………………..
7. Repeat procedure 3 until both wattmeter indicate 0 W.
8. a. slowly decrease only the field excitation of the DC motor causing it to increase
its torque until, I1 = 0.17A ac.
(The motor speed, being locked-in with the alternator speed, which, in turn, is locked-in
with the power line frequency, cannot increase)
Measure W1, W2, E1& I2

W1 = ………W, W2 = ……… W,

E1 = ………V ac, I2 = ………A dc

b. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
c. Calculate the apparent and active power delivered by the alternator.
Apparent power(S) …………..................=………VA
Active power(S) …………......................=………W

6/6
 d. Did an increase in torque affect mainly the active or reactive power delivered by the
alternator?
9. Repeat procedure 3 until both wattmeter indicate 0 W.
10. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator and the torque of the DC motor so that
alternator delivers 60 W of active power at a power factor of 50%. Make measurements
using each method.
a. Alternator over-excited

W1 = ………W, W2 = ……… W, E1 = ………V ac,

I1 = ………A ac I2 = ………A dc
b. Alternator under-excited

W1 = ………W, W2 = ……… W, E1 = ………V ac,

I1 = ………A ac I2 = ………A dc

11. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator and the torque of the DC motor so that the
alternator behaves as a perfect three-phase capacitance with a capacitor of 110 var.
Measure W1, W2, E1& I2

W1 = ………W, W2 = ……… W, E1 = ………V ac,

I1 = ………A ac I2 = ………A dc
12. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator and the torque of the DC motor so that the alternator
behaves as a perfect three-phase inductance with a capacity of 110 var.
Measure W1, W2, E1& I2

W1 = ………W, W2 = ……… W, E1 = ………V ac,

I1 = ………A ac I2 = ………A dc

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. An AC generator, driven by a water turbine, delivers 10000 kVA at a power factor of 90%.
a. If the DC excitation is reduced, will the apparent power increase or decrease?
b. If the DC excitation is increased, will the apparent power increase of decrease?
2. A DC motor driving an alternator develops a mechanical output power of 100 kw. If the
efficiency of the alternator is 94%, calculate the active power it can deliver to an infinite buss.
3. The power factor of an alternator which is connected into an infinite buss does not depend upon
the electro-mechanical devices also connected to that buss. Explain.
4. The output frequency of an alternator tied into an infinite buss is dependent upon the frequency
of the infinite buss. Explain.

6/7