Deep learning engineer
Deep learning engineer
Complete Roadmap)
Many beginners jump straight into fancy models and get lost. A strong foundation makes everything else
easier.
You don't need a PhD in mathematics, but you do need to be comfortable with the core concepts that
underpin deep learning. It's not just about memorizing formulas; it's about developing a mathematical
intuition.
Linear Algebra: This is the language of neural networks. Think vectors, matrices, operations
(multiplication, dot products), eigenvalues, and eigenvectors. You need to understand how these
represent data transformations.
● Resource (Free & Excellent): 3Blue1Brown's "Essence of Linear Algebra" series on YouTube.
This is a visual, intuitive introduction. Don't just watch; take notes, pause, and try to recreate the
examples. (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab)
●
● Resource (Free & Comprehensive): MIT OpenCourseware's 18.06 Linear Algebra course
(https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/). This is more traditional, with
lectures, problem sets, and exams. Go through the video lectures and try the problem sets.
● Resource (Paid, Structured): Coursera's "Mathematics for Machine Learning: Linear Algebra"
(https://www.coursera.org/specializations/mathematics-machine-learning). A good option if you
prefer a more structured, paid course.
●
● Practice: Khan Academy's Linear Algebra section offers excellent practice exercises.
Probability and Statistics: You need to understand distributions (Gaussian, binomial, etc.), statistical
significance, hypothesis testing, and concepts like mean, variance, standard deviation, and Bayes'
Theorem.
● Resource (Free & Comprehensive): Stanford's CS109: Probability for Computer Scientists
(https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/cs/cs109/cs109.1218/). This is a great introductory
probability course.
● Resource (Free & Practical): "Seeing Theory" (https://seeing-theory.brown.edu/). An
interactive, visual guide to probability and statistics. Excellent for building intuition.
● Resource (Paid): edX's "Probability and Statistics in Data Science using Python"
(https://www.edx.org/learn/probability/the-university-of-california-san-diego-probability-and-s
tatistics-in-data-science-using-python).
● Practice: Work through example problems in introductory statistics textbooks.
How to Learn This: Don't try to learn everything at once. Focus on one area (e.g., linear algebra) and
work through the resources sequentially. The key is active learning. Don't just read or watch; do the
exercises, work through the examples, and try to explain the concepts to yourself (or a friend). This
"Feynman Technique" is incredibly powerful.
Python is the dominant language in deep learning. You need to be fluent, not just familiar.
Core Python: Learn the fundamentals: data types, control flow (loops, conditionals), functions, classes
(object-oriented programming), and working with files.
● NumPy: The foundation for numerical computation in Python. Learn how to create and
manipulate arrays (tensors), perform mathematical operations, and use broadcasting.
How to Learn This: Again, practice. Don't just learn the syntax; work with real datasets (even small
ones). Kaggle is a great place to find datasets to practice with. Try to clean, transform, and visualize a
dataset using Pandas and Matplotlib.
Before diving deep into deep learning, it's beneficial to have a grasp of basic machine learning concepts.
This provides context and helps you understand why deep learning is used for certain problems.
● Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning: Understand the difference between these two
fundamental paradigms.
● Overfitting and Underfitting: Learn how to identify and address these issues.
● Evaluation Metrics: Understand metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and
AUC-ROC.
○ Resource (Free & Excellent): Andrew Ng's original Machine Learning course on
Coursera (https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning). Although it uses
Octave/Matlab, the conceptual explanations are timeless and incredibly valuable. Focus
on the lectures, not necessarily the programming assignments.
○ Resource (Free, Python-based): fast.ai's "Practical Deep Learning for Coders"
(https://course.fast.ai/). While it dives into deep learning quickly, Part 1 covers many of
these foundational ML concepts in a practical, code-first way.
This step is about understanding the "why" and "how" of neural networks.
The Neuron (Perceptron): Understand the basic building block of a neural network – the artificial
neuron. Learn about its inputs, weights, bias, activation function, and output.
Activation Functions: Explore different activation functions (sigmoid, ReLU, tanh, etc.) and understand
their properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Why is ReLU so popular? When might you use sigmoid?
● Resource (Free): The Welch Labs and 3Blue1Brown series mentioned above cover this well.
● Resource (Free): CS231n lecture notes on neural networks
(https://cs231n.github.io/neural-networks-1/).
Backpropagation: This is the core algorithm for training neural networks. Understand how gradients
are calculated and used to update the weights and biases. This is where your calculus knowledge
becomes essential.
Loss Functions: Learn about different loss functions (mean squared error, cross-entropy, etc.) and how
they measure the difference between the network's predictions and the true values.
You need to pick a deep learning framework and become proficient in it. The two main choices are
PyTorch and TensorFlow (with Keras).
● PyTorch: Known for its dynamic computation graph, flexibility, and Pythonic nature. It's favored
by researchers and is increasingly popular in industry.
○ Resource (Free & Excellent): The official TensorFlow and Keras tutorials
(https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials, https://keras.io/guides/). Start with the beginner
tutorials.
○ Resource (Free): Google's "Machine Learning Crash Course with TensorFlow APIs"
(https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course).
○ Resource (Paid): DeepLearning.AI TensorFlow Developer Professional Certificate
For beginners, I generally recommend PyTorch. It's more intuitive, Pythonic style makes it easier to
learn and debug. However, TensorFlow with Keras is also a very good option, and there's no definitively
Now you'll learn about the specific architectures used for different types of problems.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): The workhorse for image and video processing. Understand
convolutions, pooling layers, and how CNNs extract features from images.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Designed for sequential data (text, time series, etc.). Understand
the concept of recurrent connections, vanishing/exploding gradients, and common RNN variants like
LSTMs and GRUs.
● Resource (Free): "GANs from Scratch 1: A deep introduction. With code in PyTorch and
TensorFlow"
Transformers (and Attention Mechanisms): The current state-of-the-art for many NLP tasks (and
increasingly used in other areas). Understand the concept of self-attention and how Transformers
overcome the limitations of RNNs.
Data is the fuel for deep learning. You need to learn how to prepare and handle data effectively.
Data Collection and Cleaning: Learn how to gather data from various sources, handle missing values,
deal with outliers, and correct inconsistencies.
● Resource (Practical): Work with real-world datasets from Kaggle, UCI Machine Learning
Repository, or other sources. Practice cleaning and preparing the data.
● Resource (Conceptual): Read articles and blog posts about data cleaning best practices. There's
no single "course" for this; it's a skill learned through experience.
Feature Scaling and Normalization: Understand why and how to scale your features (e.g.,
standardization, min-max scaling).
Feature Engineering (for non-image/text data): For some types of data, you may need to create new
features from existing ones. This is less common in deep learning than in traditional ML, but still
relevant.
Handling Imbalanced Datasets: Learn techniques for dealing with datasets where one class is much
more frequent than others (e.g., oversampling, undersampling, using appropriate loss functions).
This is where you train your models and optimize their performance.
Splitting Data (Train/Validation/Test): Understand the importance of splitting your data into training,
validation, and test sets.
● Resource (Practical): The official PyTorch and TensorFlow tutorials (linked earlier) provide
excellent examples of training loops.
Hyperparameter Tuning: Learn how to systematically tune hyperparameters (learning rate, batch size,
number of layers, number of units, etc.) to optimize model performance.
● Resource (Free): Weights & Biases (wandb) is a great tool for tracking and visualizing
hyperparameter tuning experiments (https://wandb.ai/). It integrates with both PyTorch and
TensorFlow.
● Resource (Free): TensorBoard (part of TensorFlow) can also be used for visualization
(https://www.tensorflow.org/tensorboard).
● Resource (Free): Ray Tune is a scalable hyperparameter tuning library
(https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune/index.html).
● Techniques: Learn about different hyperparameter tuning techniques:
○ Grid Search: Trying all combinations of a predefined set of hyperparameter values.
○ Random Search: Randomly sampling hyperparameter values from a specified
distribution. Often more efficient than grid search.
○ Bayesian Optimization: A more sophisticated technique that uses a probabilistic model
to guide the search for optimal hyperparameters.
Regularization: Learn techniques to prevent overfitting (dropout, L1/L2 regularization, early stopping).
You need to rigorously evaluate your models to choose the best one.
Evaluation Metrics: Use appropriate metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, AUC-ROC, etc.) to
assess model performance. Choose the metrics that are most relevant to your specific problem.
Cross-Validation: Use cross-validation to get a more robust estimate of model performance, especially
when you have limited data.
Model Selection: Compare the performance of different models and choose the best one based on your
evaluation metrics and the specific requirements of your problem.
Finally, you need to deploy your trained model to make it available for use.
Model Serving:
● TensorFlow Serving: A flexible, high-performance serving system for machine learning models,
designed for production environments.
● TorchServe: A 1 model serving framework developed by PyTorch.
● 1. engineering.crisalix.com
● engineering.crisalix.com
● Flask/FastAPI: Build a simple web service using Python frameworks like Flask or FastAPI to
expose your model's predictions via an API.
● AWS (Amazon Web Services): Use services like SageMaker, EC2, Lambda, and ECS/EKS to
deploy your models.
○ Resource: AWS SageMaker documentation, tutorials, and example notebooks.
● Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Use services like AI Platform, Compute Engine, Cloud Functions,
and GKE.
○ Resource: Google Cloud AI Platform documentation and tutorials.
● Microsoft Azure: Use services like Azure Machine Learning, Virtual Machines, Azure Functions,
and AKS.
○ Resource: Azure Machine Learning documentation and tutorials.
● Containerization (Docker): Learn how to package your model and its dependencies into a
Docker container for easy deployment and portability.
○ Resource (Free): Docker's official documentation and tutorials
(https://docs.docker.com/).
● Kubernetes (Optional, but increasingly important): Learn the basics of Kubernetes for
orchestrating and scaling your deployed models.
○ Resource(Free): Kubernetes official documentation (https://kubernetes.io/docs/home/).
TOP COURSES
This sequence focuses on a strong foundation in both the theory and practice of deep learning, with a
slight preference for TensorFlow/Keras in the specialization.
Although not strictly a deep learning course, this is the single best starting point for anyone in machine
learning. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the core concepts, including linear regression,
logistic regression, and a basic introduction to neural networks. It's foundational, and Andrew Ng is a
phenomenal teacher.
● Prerequisites: Basic programming knowledge (doesn't have to be Python) and basic linear
algebra and calculus.
This is the definitive deep learning specialization on Coursera. It's a comprehensive, well-structured, and
highly respected sequence of courses. It builds directly on the concepts introduced in the "Machine
Learning" course.
● Prerequisites: Basic Python programming, basic linear algebra and calculus, and the concepts
covered in the "Machine Learning" course above.
● Key Features: Covers neural networks, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural
networks (RNNs), sequence models (LSTMs, GRUs), and more. Includes programming
assignments in Python using TensorFlow. Taught by Andrew Ng and a team of experts.
● The Specialization consists of five courses:
○ Neural Networks and Deep Learning: Fundamentals of neural networks,
backpropagation, activation functions, etc.
○ Improving Deep Neural Networks: Hyperparameter Tuning, Regularization and
Optimization: Techniques for training better models.
○ Structuring Machine Learning Projects: Practical advice on how to approach deep
learning projects.
○ Convolutional Neural Networks: Deep dive into CNNs for image processing.
○ Sequence Models: RNNs, LSTMs, GRUs, and attention mechanisms for sequential data.
If you want to solidify your PyTorch skills, this will help to reinforce your PyTorch knowledge with a new
perspective.
This specialization goes beyond the basics and covers more advanced topics like custom training loops,
distributed training, and advanced model architectures. It's a good choice after the Deep Learning
Specialization if you want to deepen your TensorFlow expertise.
This specialization fills a critical gap: deploying and maintaining models in production. It covers the
entire MLOps lifecycle.
● Prerequisites: Solid understanding of machine learning and deep learning concepts, experience
with Python and a deep learning framework (TensorFlow or PyTorch)
● Prerequisites: Strong calculus and linear algebra background. Some programming experience is
helpful.
● Key Features: Covers probability, statistics, machine learning fundamentals, and data analysis
techniques. Includes a capstone exam. This program is excellent preparation for more advanced
deep learning studies. It's a significant time commitment, but worth it for the depth of
knowledge.
○ Note: Consider taking the individual courses within this MicroMasters that are most
relevant to deep learning (probability, statistics, machine learning fundamentals) if you
don't want to commit to the entire program.
In this course, you will learn how to build deep neural networks in PyTorch. Also, you will learn how to
train these models using state of the art methods. You will first review multiclass classification, learning
how to build and train a multiclass linear classifier in PyTorch. This will be followed by an in-depth
introduction on how to construct Feed-forward neural networks in PyTorch, learning how to train these
models, how to adjust hyperparameters such as activation functions and the number of neurons.
This covers Reinforcement learning which is essential for Deep learning Engineers.