DISPLACEMENT OF TRUSS

BY
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
The rod is subjected to tensile load
and will elongate.

2 graphs can be plotted.

1. Graph of load versus displacement
2. Graph of stress versus strain.

𝑃
Stress, s = 𝐴

𝑢
Strain, e = 𝐿
GRAPH OF LOAD VERSUS DISPLACEMENT
Area under graph is the work done by the
external forces, 𝑊𝑒 .
Area above graph is the complementary
work, 𝑊𝑒∗
∗
1
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑃𝑢
2
where P is the final force
u is displacement
,
When u is increased to u + du, then,
dWe = Pdu
When P is increased to P+dP, then,
dWe* = udP
 1 1𝑃 𝑢
𝐴 = 𝜎×𝜀 = ×
1
2 2𝐴 𝐿 GRAPH OF STRESS VERSUS STRAIN
𝑃𝑢 Energy
= 2 =
𝐴𝐿 Volume The areas 𝑊 ഥ𝑖∗ are the density of strain energy and
ഥ𝑖 and 𝑊
density of complementary strain energy, respectively. The
total strain energy is obtained by integrating over the
volume of the member. Thus,
1
𝑊𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖∗ = න 𝜎𝜀𝑑𝑉
2 vol

where s and e are the final values at equilibrium.

If u is increased to u + du, then e is increased to e + de ,
and ,
𝛿𝑊𝑖 = න 𝜎𝛿𝜀𝑑𝑉
vol
Similarly, stress is increased from s to s + d s , then

𝛿𝑊𝑖∗ = න 𝜀𝛿𝜎𝑑𝑉
vol
Consider a truss member, 𝛿𝑊𝑖∗ = න 𝜀𝛿𝜎𝑑𝑉
vol

𝜎 𝑃 𝑝 where
But, 𝜀 = 𝐸
= 𝐴𝐸
and 𝛿𝜎 = 𝐴 P is the member force due to actual load
p is the member force due to virtual load

𝑃 𝑝 𝑃 𝑝 𝑃 𝑝 𝑃𝑝𝐿
𝛿𝑊𝑖∗ =න ⋅ 𝑑𝑉 = ⋅ න 𝑑𝑉 = ⋅ 𝐴𝐿 =
vol 𝐴𝐸 𝐴 𝐴𝐸 𝐴 vol 𝐴𝐸 𝐴 𝐴𝐸

𝑚𝑃𝑗 𝑝𝑗 𝐿𝑗
For all members of the truss, ⇒ 𝛿𝑊𝑖∗ =෍
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐸𝑗

Equating 𝛿𝑊𝑒∗ = 𝛿𝑊𝑖∗

𝑃𝑗 𝑝𝑗 𝐿𝑗
⇒ 𝑢 1 = σ𝑚
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐸𝑗
EXAMPLE: Find the vertical and horizontal displacement of the truss at point b.
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT AT b

𝑚
𝑃𝑗 𝑝𝑗 𝐿𝑗
𝑣𝑏 = ෍
𝐴𝑗 𝐸𝑗
𝑗=1
 VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT AT b
P
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
Fba
120
𝑚
𝑃𝑗 𝑝𝑗 𝐿𝑗
𝑣𝑏 = ෍
F90 𝐴𝑗 𝐸𝑗
bcy 𝑗=1

Fbcx
120
4
𝐹𝑏𝑐𝑥 = × 90 = 120
3

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT AT B

120 120

90
120

90
120
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT AT B

120 (t) 120 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

90
90
(t) (c) 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = 902 + 1202 = 150kN
120
90
90
120
 p
4 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
3
𝑚
𝑃𝑗 𝑝𝑗 𝐿𝑗
Fbcy
1 𝑣 1 =෍
𝐴𝑗 𝐸𝑗
𝑗=1
Fbcx

4 4
𝐹𝑏𝑐𝑥 = × 1 =
3 3
4 4
3 3

1
4
1 3

4
3
 4 4
3 3
(t)

1
1 42
(t) (c) 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = + 12 = 1.67
4 3
1
1 3

4
3
 𝑚 𝑃𝑗 𝑝𝑗 𝐿𝑗 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑝𝑎𝑏 𝐿𝑎𝑏 𝑃𝑏𝑐 𝑝𝑏𝑐 𝐿𝑏𝑐 𝑃𝑎𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑐 𝐿𝑎𝑐
𝑣𝑏 = σ𝑗=1 = + 𝐴 𝐸 + 𝐴 𝐸
𝐴𝑗 𝐸𝑗 𝐴𝑎𝑏 𝐸𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐

𝐿
⇒ 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑝𝑎𝑏 + 𝑃𝑏𝑐 𝑝𝑏𝑐 +𝑃𝑎𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑐
𝐴𝐸

MEMBER P (kN) p (unit) Pp

(kN.unit)
ab
ac
bc
 120 (t) 120 4 4
3 (t) 3
90
90 1
(t) 1
120 (t)
90 4
90 1
3
120
1
4
Given: 3

MEMBER P (kN) p (unit) Pp

(kN.unit)
ab 120 4/3 160
ac 90 1 90
bc -150 -1.67 250
S=500 kN Vertical displacement at b is 25 mm
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT AT b

𝑚
𝑃𝑗 𝑝𝑗 𝐿𝑗
𝑢𝑏 = ෍
𝐴𝑗 𝐸𝑗
𝑗=1
1

0
0
 1 1

0
0

0
0
 0 1 1
1

0 0
0 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
0
0 0
0
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
 0 1 1
(t)
1

0 0
0

0
0 0
0
 120 (t) 120 0
1
(t) 1
1
90 0
90 0
(t) 0
120
90 90 0 0
0
120
0

MEMBER P (kN) p (unit) Pp

(kN.unit)
ab 120 1 120
ac 90 0 0
bc -150 0 0
120 Horizontal displacement at b is 6 mm
1. Change of Temperature 2. Lack of Fit

𝛿𝑊𝑖∗ = න 𝜀𝛿𝜎𝑑𝑉
vol 𝛿𝑊𝑒∗ = 𝛿𝑊𝑖∗
𝑝
But, 𝜀 = 𝛼𝛥𝑇 and 𝛿𝜎 = 𝐴
𝑢𝛿𝑃 = න 𝜀 𝛿𝜎𝑑𝑉
∗ 𝑝 𝑝 𝑣𝑜𝑙
𝛿𝑊𝑖 = න 𝛼𝛥𝑇 ⋅ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝛼𝛥𝑇 ⋅ 𝐴𝐿
vol 𝐴 𝐴
Δ𝐿 𝑝
𝑢 1 = 𝐴𝐿 = Δ𝐿𝑝
𝛿𝑊𝑒∗ = 𝛿𝑊𝑖∗ 𝐿 𝐴

𝑝 ⇒ 𝑢 = Δ𝐿𝑝
𝑢 1 = 𝛼𝛥𝑇 ⋅ 𝐴𝐿 ⇒ 𝑢 = 𝛼𝛥𝑇𝑝𝐿
𝐴
Example 2: Temperature effect and lack of fit

Obtain the vertical displacement at d if the truss is

subjected to:
(a) temperature increase of 50oC in member ac and ce.
(b) Member be is 25 mm too short.
Given a = 3.6 × 10−6 /°C
Obtain the vertical displacement at d
1
0 0 JOINT d

1 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
1
 1
0 0 JOINT e

1 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

4 4
Feby
1 1 𝐹𝑒𝑏𝑥 = ×1=
𝐹𝑒𝑏𝑥 3 3
 1
0 JOINT e
0
4/3
1 1 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

1 1 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
4/3

4/3 4/3
 1
0 JOINT b
𝐹4/3
𝑏𝑎𝑋 0
𝐹𝑏𝑎𝑦 4/3
1 1
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

1 1 3 4
4/3 𝐹𝑏𝑎𝑦 = × =1
4 3
4/3 4/3
 1
0 JOINT b
4/3 0
1 4/3
1 1
2 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
4/3
1 2 1 1
4/3 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

4/3 4/3
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
 1
0 JOINT c
4/3 0
1 4/3
1 1
2 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
4/3
1 2 1 1
4/3 4/3 4/3 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
4/3 4/3

2
 1
0 JOINT a
4/3 0
1 4/3
1 1
2 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
4/3
1 2 1 1
0 4/3 4/3 4/3 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
4/3 4/3

1 2
 1
4/3 0 0
1 4/3 𝐹𝑎𝑏 = 4/32 + 12 = 1.67
1 1
2
(t)
(t) (c)
4/3 (c) 𝐹𝑏𝑒 = 4/32 + 12 = 1.67
1 2 1 1
4/3 4/3
0 4/3 (c) (c)
4/3 4/3

1 2
Obtain the vertical displacement at d if the truss is subjected to temperature increase of 50oC in
member ac and ce
𝑣𝑑 = ෍ 𝛼𝛥𝑇𝑝𝐿 = 𝛼𝛥𝑇𝑝𝐿 𝑏𝑑 + 𝛼𝛥𝑇𝑝𝐿 𝑎𝑐 + 𝛼𝛥𝑇𝑝𝐿 𝑐𝑒 + ⋯ + 𝛼𝛥𝑇𝑝𝐿 𝑛

⟹ 𝑣𝑑 = ෍ 𝛼𝛥𝑇𝑝𝐿 = 𝛼 0 𝑝𝐿 𝑏𝑑 + 𝛼 50 𝑝𝐿 𝑎𝑐 + 𝛼 50 𝑝𝐿 𝑐𝑒 + ⋯ + 𝛼 0 𝑝𝐿 𝑛

1
⟹ 𝑣𝑑 = 𝛼 50 𝑝𝐿 𝑎𝑐 + 𝛼 50 𝑝𝐿 𝑐𝑒
4/3 0 0
4/3 = 𝛼 50 𝑝𝑎𝑐 𝐿𝑎𝑐 + 𝑝𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑐𝑒
1
1 1 = 3.6 × 10−6 50 −4/3 4 − 4/3 4 m
2
(t) = -1.92 mm
(t) (c)
4/3 (c)

1 2 1 1
4/3 4/3
0 4/3 (c) (c)
4/3 Vertical displacement at d = 1.92 mm
4/3

1 2
 Obtain the vertical displacement at d if member be is 25 mm too short
𝑣𝑑 = ෍ Δ𝐿𝑝 = Δ𝐿𝑝 𝑎𝑏 + Δ𝐿𝑝 𝑏𝑑 + Δ𝐿𝑝 𝑎𝑐 + Δ𝐿𝑝 𝑐𝑒 + Δ𝐿𝑝 𝑏𝑐 + Δ𝐿𝑝 𝑏𝑒 + Δ𝐿𝑝 𝑑𝑒

⟹ 𝑣𝑑 = ෍ Δ𝐿𝑝 = 0 𝑝 𝑎𝑏
+ 0 𝑝 𝑏𝑑
+ 0 𝑝 𝑎𝑐
+ 0 𝑝 𝑐𝑒
+ 0 𝑝 𝑏𝑐
+ 25 𝑝 𝑏𝑒
+ 0 𝑝 𝑑𝑒

1
4/3 0 0
1 4/3
1 1 𝑣𝑑 = ෍ Δ𝐿𝑝 = 25 𝑝
2 𝑏𝑒
(t)
(t) (c)
4/3 (c) =−25 × 1.67 = −41.67mm
1 2 1 1
4/3 4/3
0 4/3 (c) (c)
Vertical displacement at d = 41.67 mm
4/3 4/3

1 2